by Rob Harper
27 aug. 1785, and 30 June 1788, crp 13:122, 351; 14:346, 526; 15:483.
15. William Finley to irvine, 13 may 1784, box 5, folder 22, inF; Finley to irvine, 30 Jan. 1785,
box 5, folder 24, inF; irvine to harmar, 31 may 1785, harmar 2:77; Thomas Wilkins to david
duncan et al., 20 July 1785, and James mclelland to duncan, 24 July 1785, reel 1, isaac craig
papers, carnegie library of pittsburgh, microfilm; Finley to irvine, 27 Feb. 1786, box 6, folder 4,
inF; duncan to harmar, 28 mar. 1786, harmar 3:22; duncan to harmar, enclosing deposition of
John leith, 16 may 1786, harmar 3:48– 49; armstrong to harmar, [may 1786], box 1, folder 18,
John armstrong papers, 1772– 1950, indiana historical society, indianapolis; irvine to isaac
craig and John Finley, 22 July 1786, box 6, folder 5, inF; duncan to irvine, 1 dec. 1786, box 6,
folder 5, inF; letters to irvine, Jan. 1787, box 6, folder 6, inF; duncan to irvine, 10 Feb. 1787, box
6, folder 7, inF; duncan to harmar, 17 June 1787, harmar 6:2; duncan to irvine, 7 dec. 1787, box
6, folder 11, inF; duncan to irvine, 23 mar. 1788, box 6, folder 14, inF; Journals of the Continen-
tal Congress, 1774– 1789, ed. Worthington c. Ford (Washington, dc: U.s. government printing
notes to pages 156–160
217
Office, 1904– 37), 28:488n. On the importance of salt springs, see Johann david schoepf, Travels
in the Confederation, 1783– 1784, trans. alfred J. morrison (philadelphia: W. J. campbel ,
1911), 254– 56; sachs, Home Rule, 46– 51.
16. harmar to irvine, 10 dec. 1786, box 6, folder 5, inF; denny 132, 133– 34; duncan to har-
mar, 28 mar. 1786, harmar 3:22.
17. James tucker and aaron gregg, depositions, 31 Jan. 1782, rprg 19:417– 18; david enoch
and daniel leet, petition, 2 Feb. 1782, rprg 19:426– 28; Thomas scott to timothy matlack, 15
Feb. 1782, rprg 19:466; James Brison to charles Biddle, 22 apr. 1790, rprg 25:198; crp 13:38.
18. douglass to dickinson, 5 aug. 1785, rprg 22:344– 45; inhabitants of Washington town,
petition, [23 sept. 1785], rprg 22:437– 39; certificates for division of townships, 1786– 89, rprg
22:1098, 23:768, and 24:731– 33.
19. Butler 454– 56 (quotations 454).
20. Butler 456– 58, 488– 490, 500.
21. indian council, 18 may 1785, mphs 25:691– 93; robins to harmar, 17 may 1785, harmar
2:66. captain Wolf may have been a shawnee, also known as Biaseka, the son of cornstalk: sami
lakomäki, Gathering Together: The Shawnee People Through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600–
1870 (new haven, ct: yale University press, 2014), 115.
22. John h. moore, ed., “a captive of the shawnees, 1779– 1784,” West Virginia History 23,
no. 4 (July 1962): 294– 95 (“not a slave,” 294); mcKee, letters to de peyster and Wal s, 29 may
1783, mphs 20:125– 26; Wal s to James sherlock, 10 apr. 1784, Vsp 3:574; Butler 444, 460; anne
crabb, “ ‘What shall i do now?’: The story of the indian captivities of margaret paulee, Jones
hoy, and Jack cal away, 1779– ca. 1789,” Filson Club History Quarterly 70, no. 4 (Oct. 1996): 392–
95; aron, How the West Was Lost, 53– 56.
23. robert petterson to [Walter Finney], 12 July 1786, enclosed in Finney to harmar, 22 July
1786, harmar 3:80 (“Banditty”); crBJ 30 aug. 1775; Butler 445– 47; richard Butler to William
grayson, 31 may 1785, draper 3U:600– 601; Butler to irvine, 26 aug. 1787, box 6, folder 9, inF;
Butler, petition, 31 aug. 1788, rprg 24:340– 42; Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, ed.
charles s. hall (Binghamton, ny: Otsiningo publishing company, 1905), 581; parsons to his
children, 7 Jan. 1786, Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, 480– 82; heart to Judd, 8 Jan.
1786, Judd papers; heart to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 22 Jan. 1785 [1786], Life and Letters of Samuel
Holden Parsons, 486– 87; evans, “Journal of griffith evans, 1784– 1785,” 231– 32; henry innes to
John Brown, 4 apr. 1788, box 2, pp. 10– 13, innes papers, no. 439, ayer manuscripts; david an-
drew nichols, Red Gentlemen and White Savages: Indians, Federalists, and the Search for Order
on the American Frontier (charlottesville: University of Virginia press, 2008), 39.
24. Butler 520, 522– 24 (“every one,” 520; “god gave us,” 522; “the destruction,” 524); denny 73.
25. speech of maloontha, shade, and painted pole, [1786], draper manuscripts, 23U:33– 34
(“striving”); Thomas hutchins to John Francis hamtramck, 27 aug. 1786, enclosed in ham-
tramck to harmar, 1 sept. 1786, harmar 4:14 (“firm peace”); heart to Judd, 4 June 1786, Judd
papers (“a few Banditi”); duncan to harmar, 28 mar. 1786, harmar 3:22; denny 81– 84, 87– 88,
93; John hart to John doughty, 27 apr. 1786, box 1, folder 17, armstrong papers; major ancrum,
letter, 8 may 1786, mphs 11:488– 89; duncan to harmar, 16 may 1786, harmar 3:48; “diary of
major erkuries Beatty,” 177– 78; Beatty to armstrong, 14 June 1786, box 1, folder 18, armstrong
papers; captain taeenica, information, 6 July 1786, harmar 3:75; philip leibert, report, 20 July
1786, harmar 3:85; Joseph saunders, report, 24 July 1786, harmar 3:96; half King, speech, 2 sept.
1786, and Jacob springer to hutchins, 13 sept. 1786, harmar 4:27; george Brickell and Thomas
girty, depositions, and anonymous report, 13 and 14 sept. 1786, enclosed in Ferguson to
218
notes to pages 161–164
harmar, 16 sept. 1786, harmar 4:28– 29; speech of the Wyandots and delawares, 23 sept. 1786,
and robins to Ferguson, 29 sept. 1786, both enclosed in Ferguson to harmar, 18 Oct. 1786, har-
mar 4:38, 43; dowd, Spirited Resistance, 13– 16.
26. george rogers clark to John Wyl ys, 25 June 1786, harmar 3:64 (“chastise”); Knox to
harmar, 27 June 1786, harmar 3:66 (“unprovoked aggression”); henry to Virginia delegates, 5
July 1786, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches, 3 vols., ed. William Wirt henry
(new york: charles scribner’s sons, 1891), 3:363 (“attacking”); ebenezer denny to harmar, 15
June 1786, denny 88; levi todd to henry, 22 June and 12 July 1786, Vsp 4:151, 155; henry to
samuel Brown, 11 aug. 1785, Patrick Henry, 3:313; John may to henry, 19 apr. and 14 July 1786,
Vsp 4:119– 20, 204– 5; henry to Virginia delegates, 16 may 1786, Patrick Henry, 3:350; henry to
annie christian, 20 Oct. 1786, Patrick Henry, 3:379– 80. On Blue licks, see levi todd to robert
todd, 26 aug. 1782, Vsp 3:333– 34.
27. Finney to harmar, 22 July 1786, harmar 3:92 (“conviction”); harmar to Finney, 11 Oct.
1786, letterbook a, 28:166, harmar (“co- operate”); articles of confederation, 1 mar. 1781, arti-
cle Vi, par. 5 (“certain advice”); henry to Virginia delegates, 16 may 1786, Patrick Henry, 3:350–
52; Finney to harmar, 3 July 1786, harmar 3:72; harmar to Finney, 27 July 1786, letterbook a,
28:141– 43, harmar; levi todd to henry, 29 aug. 1786, Vsp 4:166; letters to henry, 7 dec. 1786,
and judges’ opinion, 15 may 1786, Vsp 4:191– 95; Knox to harmar, 22 Jan. 1787, harmar
5:9– 12.
28. depositions, 29 nov. 1786, Vsp 4:186– 89 (“Beef,” “a gun,” 188; “arbitrary power,” 187);
levi todd, letters to robert patterson, n.d., draper 1mm:166– 67; acting magistrates of Fayette
county to henry, 7 dec. 1786, draper 1mm:171.
29. Finney to harmar, 31 Oct. 1786, harmar 4:73 (“turn’d back”); l. c. helderman, “The
northwest expedition of george roger
s clark, 1786– 1787,” Mississippi Val ey Historical Re-
view 25, no. 3 (dec. 1938): 326– 31 (“who’s for home,” 327); l. todd to henry, 29 aug. 1786, Vsp
4:166; caleb Wal ace to William Fleming, 23 Oct. 1786, draper 9J:244; andrew r. l. cayton,
Frontier Indiana (Bloomington: indiana University press, 1996), 95– 96.
30. Benjamin logan to edmund randolph, 17 dec. 1786, and resolutions, 13 sept. 1786, Vsp
4:204– 5 (“delinquents,” 205); l. todd to henry, 29 aug. 1786, Vsp 4:166; robins to Ferguson, 29
sept. 1786, enclosed in Ferguson to harmar, 18 Oct. 1786, harmar 4:43; anonymous letter to
henry, 7 dec. 1786, Vsp 4:192; Finney to harmar, 31 Oct. 1786, harmar 4:73; lewis Wetsel , in-
formation, 14 nov. 1786, harmar 4:88; [mcKee], report on logan expedition, n.d., draper
23U:38; denny 93– 94; William lytle, narrative, Historical Collections of Ohio, ed. henry howe
(cincinnati, Oh: derby, Bradley & co., 1848), 299– 301.
31. harmar to Knox, 14 may 1787, letterbook B, 28:79– 82, harmar (“plundering”); Finney to
harmar, 8 dec. 1786, harmar 4:99 (“partial strokes”); duncan to harmar, 17 June 1787, harmar
6:2 (“dont mean”); abraham coon [Kuhn] and massayeh haire to Butler, 28 Oct. 1786, harmar
4:66 (“keep back”); Butler to harmar, 13 Feb. 1787, harmar 5:37; John Finley to harmar, 16 apr.
1787, harmar 5:61; daniel Brodhead to daniel Britt & co., 16 may 1787, isaac craig papers; innes
to Brown, 4 apr. 1788, box 2, pp. 10– 13, innes papers, ayer manuscripts 439, newberry library,
chicago; Wyl ys to harmar, 12 may 1788, harmar 7:83; Kentucke Gazette 1– 2 (1787– 88), photo-
stat (ann arbor: University of michigan, 1918), 15 dec. 1787, [2], 9 Feb. 1788, [2], 23 Feb. 1788,
[2], 31 may 1788, [2], and 16 aug. 1788, [2].
32. logan to shawnees, [9 Oct. 1786], draper 23U:38– 39 (“proportionable”); “diary of
major erkuries Beatty,” 437 (“good deal”); general court- martial, 21 mar. 1787, Vsp 4:258– 59;
harmar to Knox, 14 may 1787, letterbook B, 28:76– 82, harmar; logan to randolph, 17 may and
notes to pages 165–168
219
24 sept. 1787, Vsp 4:286– 87, 344; captain Johnny, speech, 20 aug. 1787, Kentucke Gazette, 1:3, 25
aug. 1787, [3– 4]; [patterson] to mcKee, n.d., draper 2mm:9; tanner, “coocoochee,” 27– 28.
33. Journals of the Continental Congress, 28:487– 88, 34:536; tanner, Atlas, 87. For non-
helema, see charles a. hanna, The Wilderness Trail, 2 vols. (new york: Knickerbocker,
1911), 2:388; louise phelps Kellogg, “non- hel- e- ma, shawnee princess,” in Old Chil icothe: Shaw-
nee and Pioneer History, ed. William albert galloway (Xenia, Oh: Buckeye, 1934), 285– 88;
dhdW 308n25; henry to William Fleming, 19 Feb. 1778, FdUO 209; matthew arbuckle to
Fleming, 26 July 1777, FdUO 25– 27; William mcKee to edward hand, 31 dec. 1777, FdUO 195;
William preston and Fleming to henry, 14 mar. 1778, FdUO 225; preston and Fleming to shaw-
nees, 3 apr. 1778, FdUO 261; “attack on Fort donnal y,” FaUO 69; col. de la Balme to le cha-
valier de la luzerne, in Kaskaskia Records: 1778– 1790, ed. clarence Walworth alvord, collections
of the illinois state historical library, vol. 5 (springfield: illinois state historical library,
1909), 166; schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, 277; Benjamin harrison to clark, 9 apr. 1783,
grc 19:223; clark and Butler to the president of congress, 22 June 1785, and petition of Katha-
rine, alias grenadier, n.d., draper 14s:157– 60.
34. heart to harmar, 2 Feb. 1788, harmar 7:20 (“strongest marks”); heart to harmar, 12
may and 1 June 1787, harmar 5:83, 106– 8; heart to Judd, 5 June and 8 July 1787, Judd papers;
heart, “part of the state of pennsylvania,” [spring 1787], maps 6- c- 8, harmar.
35. north to [harmar], 29 July 1786, harmar 3:98; david luckett to harmar, 10 July 1785,
harmar 2:97; huffnagle to harmar, July 1785, harmar 2:104; george Brickel , deposition, 13 sept.
1786, harmar 4:28– 29; Ferguson to harmar, 16 sept. 1786, harmar 4:30; conference of William
Butler and cornplanter, 10 sept. 1786, harmar 4:24; nichols, Red Gentlemen, 129; taylor, Di-
vided Ground, 158– 60, 246. For Buffalo creek, see alyssa mt. pleasant, “after the Whirlwind:
maintaining a haudenosaunee place at Buffalo creek, 1780– 1825” (ph.d. diss., cornell Univer-
sity, 2007).
36. heart to harmar, 26 aug. 1787, harmar 6:67 (“humanity compel s”); heart to Judd, 30
Oct. 1787, Judd papers (“continual y killing”); harmar to Knox, 15 June 1788, scp 2:46 (“no offi-
cer”); duncan to harmar, 11 sept. 1787, harmar 6:72; heart to harmar, 2 Feb. 1788, harmar 7:20;
John Jeffers to harmar, 5 Oct. 1789, harmar 11:50.
37. heart, letters to Judd, 1786– 90, Judd papers (“proprietor,” 4 June 1786; “my Friends,” 15
nov. 1786; “sufficient influence,” 21 July 1787); heart to Wadsworth, 22 Jan. 1785 [1786], Life and
Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, 486– 87; parsons, letters, 1 and 7 nov. 1789, Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, 567– 68. For heart’s cartographic skil , see heart, “part of the state of
pennsylvania,” and other holdings of the William l. clements library.
38. minutes of the supreme executive council, 29– 30 Oct. 1790, crp 16:501– 4, 508 (“fine
prime goods,” 502; “moth eaton,” 504); “treaty with the six nations, 1789,” avalon project at yale
law school, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/six1789.asp (accessed 28 sept. 2016); agreement between the six nations and commissioners for lands on lake erie, &c., 9 Jan. 1789,
pa 11:529– 33; Jeffers to harmar, 8 sept. 1790, harmar 13:85; Brackenridge to Thomas mifflin, 4
Oct. 1790, pa 11:732– 33; Jacob slough to Butler, 28 June 1791, richard Butler papers, Burton
historical collection, detroit public library; Jeffers to craig, 30 dec. 1791, isaac craig papers;
nichols, Red Gentlemen, 131– 33; taylor, Divided Ground, 246– 49.
39. hutchins to harmar, 30 sept. 1786, harmar 4:45; hutchins, unaddressed, 10 Jan. 1788,
box 3, folder 18, Thomas hutchins papers, 1759– 1807, collection 308, hsp; hutchins, unad-
dressed, 23 apr. 1788, box 3, folder 20, hutchins papers, hsp; peter s. Onuf, Statehood and
Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington: indiana University press, 1987);
220
notes to pages 169–173
andrew r. l. cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780– 1825
(Kent, Oh: Kent state University press, 1986); White, Middle Ground, 445– 48; nichols, Red
Gentlemen, 88– 92; patrick griffin, “reconsidering the ideological Origins of indian removal:
The case of the Big Bottom ‘massacre,’ ” in The Center of a Great Empire: The Ohio Country in
the Early Republic, ed. andrew r. l. cayton and stuart d. hobbs (athens: Ohio University
press, 2005), 14– 18.
40. Thomas p. slaughter, The Whiskey Rebel ion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolu-
tion (new york: Oxford University press, 1986); r. eugene harper, The Transformation of West-
ern Pennsylvania, 1770– 1800 (pittsburgh, pa: University of pittsburgh press, 1991); aron, How
the West Was Lost; Bouton, Taming Democracy; Woody holton, Unruly Americans and the Ori-
gins of the Constitution (new york: hill and Wang, 2007); sachs, Home Rule.
41. The best account of the st. clair campaign is colin g. calloway, The Victory with No
Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army (new york: Oxfo
rd University
press, 2014). see also isabel Thompson Kelsay, Joseph Brant, 1743– 1807: Man of Two Worlds (syr-
acuse, ny: syracuse University press, 1984); White, Middle Ground, 454– 65; dowd, Spirited Re-
sistance, 99– 108; cayton, Frontier Indiana, 146– 63; larry l. nelson, A Man of Distinction Among Them: Alexander McKee and the Ohio Country Frontier, 1754– 1799 (Kent, Oh: Kent state University press, 1999); John sugden, Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees (lincoln: University of
nebraska press, 2000); helen hornbeck tanner, “The glaize in 1792: a composite indian com-
munity,” Ethnohistory 25, no. 1 (Winter 1978): 15– 39.
42. Jonathan cass to craig, 1 apr. 1792, isaac craig papers; Jeffers to harmar, 1 may and 1
June 1790, harmar 12:95, 120; Jeffers to isaac craig, 22 nov. 1791, isaac craig papers; nichols,
Red Gentlemen, 141, 166– 69; taylor, Divided Ground, 288– 93; michael leroy Oberg, Peacemak-
ers: The Iroquois, the United States, and the Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794 (new york: Oxford
University press, 2016).
43. treaty of greenville, 3 aug, 1795, avalon project, yale law school, http://avalon.law.
yale.edu/18th_century/greenvil.asp (accessed 2 Oct. 2016); dowd, Spirited Resistance, 111– 15; White, Middle Ground, 466– 73; calloway, Victory with No Name, 142– 52; andrew r. l. cayton,
“ ‘noble actors’ Upon ‘the Theatre of honour’: power and civility at the treaty of greenville,” in
Contact Points: American Frontiers from the Mohawk Val ey to the Mississippi, 1750– 1830, ed.
andrew r. l. cayton and Fredrika J. teute (chapel hill: University of north carolina press,
1998), 235– 69.
44. White, Middle Ground, 493– 502; Joy a. Bilharz, The Al egany Senecas and Kinzua Dam:
Forced Relocation Through Two Generations (lincoln: University of nebraska press, 1998); tay-
lor, Divided Ground, 313– 15; Oberg, Peacemakers, 138– 43.
45. david andrew nichols, Engines of Diplomacy: Indian Trading Factories and the Negotia-
tion of American Empire (chapel hill: University of north carolina press, 2016); lawrence B. a.
hatter, Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.-
Canadian Border (charlottesville: University of Virginia press, 2017); susan gaunt stearns,