The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov
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12. Instructions to General Adjutant Count Saint Priest, [n.d., June 1812]; Bagration to Alexander, No. 283, 18 June 1812; Bagration to Barclay de Tolly, No. 294 (secret), 18–22 June 1812, General Staff Arcbives, XIII, 49, 96–97, 414.
13. S. Shvedov, ‘O plane otstupleniya russkoi armii vglub strany v 1812 g.,’ in Otecbestvennaya voina 1812 g. Rossia i Evropa, (Borodino, 1992), 35
14. Clausewitz, 24–25.
15. I. Radozhitsky, Pokbodnie zapiski artilerista s 1812 po 1816 g, (Moscow, 1835) I, 37.
16. Russkaya starina, 9(1885): 396–97. Zakrevsky to Vorontsov [n.d. July 1812] in arkbiv knyazya Vorontsova, (Moscow, 1891), vol. 37, 229. Rayevsky to Samoilov, 10 July 1812, arkbiv Rayevskikb (St Petersburg, 1908), I, 152–153; Odental to Bulgakov, 14 August 1812, Russkaya starina, 8(1912): 166.
17. Barclay de Tolly, Description of Military Operations of tbe 1st Army, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvenii Voenno–Istoricheskii arkhiv (Russian State Military Historical Archive, hereafter cited as RGVIA), f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3571, l. 10.
18. Zapiski Yakova Ivanovicha de Sanglena (1776–1831), Russkaya starina, 37/3 (1883): 546
19. Muravyeov, 89; Timiriazev, ‘Stranitsy proshlogo,’ Russkii arkbiv, 22/1 (1884): 156.
20. Radozhitsky, 37; Gribanov, 185; Yermolov, I, 155.
21. Bagration to Barclay de Tolly, 3 August 1812, No. 394, General Staff Arcbives, XIV, 199.
22. Bagration to Barclay de Tolly, 8 August 1812, No. 416, General Staff Arcbives, XIV, 250–251.
23. Yermolov, 157.
24. Zhirkevich, 648. Troitsky, 107; Voronovsky, 88.
25. Bagration to Yermolov, 10 August 1812, Russkii Invalid, 169 (August 1912): 5.
26. L.A. Simansky, ‘Zhurnal,’ in Voenno–Istoricbeskii sbornik 1(1913): 158; Pushin, Diary of 1812–1814, Entry of 2 August.
27. Barclay de Tolly, Description of Military Operations of the 1st Army, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3571, ll. 28–29.
28. Pushin, 45; Yermolov, I, 180; Grabbe, II, 66–67; Lowernstein, 234–35.
29. Vistitsky, 186; Zhirkevich, 653; Voronovsky, 155; Bagration to Barclay de Tolly, 28 August 1812, in Aglamov, 289; Barclay de Tolly, Description of Military Operations of tbe 1st Army, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3571, l. 30.
30. Neizvestnii Barclay, 79. Also see Michael Glover, A Very Slippery Fellow: The Life of Sir Robert Wilson, 1777–1849 (Oxford, 1978), 104.
31. Wilson (I860): 114–15; Dokhturov to his wife, circa August 1812, Russkii arkhiv, 1 (1874): 1101, 1118; Muravyev, 102; Vistitsky, 184.
32. Bagration to Rostopchin, July 1812, in Dubrovin, 72–73; Bagration to Chichagov, 15 August 1812, in A. Afanasiev, 1812–814: Sekretnaya perepiska General P.I. Bagrationa, iz sobrania Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzea [hereafter cited as Sekretnaya perepiska], (Moscow, 1992), 168; Yermolov to Bagration, 31-July-1 August 1812, Sekretnaya perepiska, 177–178 Bagration to Yermolov, [n.d] July 1812, Yermolov, I, 176.
33. Wilson (1860): 130.
34. M. Konshin, ‘Iz Zapisok Konshina,’ in Istoricheskii Vestnik, 8/17 (1884): 283; Uxkull, 74–75; Simansky, 159.
35. Radozhitsky, 128.
36. Grabbe, II, 57.
37. Zakrevsky to Vorontsov, 17–18 August 1812, in arkhiv knyazya Vorontsova, (Moscow, 1891), vol. 37, 229–230.
38. Radozhitsky, I, 125, 129.
39. Zhirkevich, 8(1874): 648; Muraviyev, 187.
40. P. Glebov, ‘Slovo o Barklaye de Tolli,’ Sovremennik, 1 (1858): 155.
41. Shuvalov to Alexander, 12 August 1812, in Dubrovin, 71–73.
42. Alexander Shishkov, Zapiski, mnenia i perepiska, (Berlin, 1870), I, 154; Zhilin (1988): 134–35.
43. Cathcart, 62.
44. Alexander to Bagration, 20 August 1812, Correspondence of Bagration, 239; Correspondence of Kutuzov, IV, 75; Odental’ to Bulgakov, 28 August 1812, Russkaya starina, 8 (1912): 170.
45. Clausewitz, 139, 142.
46. Bogdanovich, II, 125; Voronovsky, 168.
47. Sherbinin, 20.
48. Bagration to Rostopchin, 3 September 1812, in Dubrovin, 109.
49. Kutuzov to Rostopchin, 31 August 1812, in M.I. Kutuzov: sbornikdokumentov, IV, 118–120.
50. Disposition for Advance to the village of Borodino, M.I. Kutuzov: sbornikdokumentov, IV, 121.
51. Levin Bennigsen, ‘Zapiski grafa L.L. Bennigsen o kampanii 1812 goda,’ in Russkaya starina, 139 (1909): 494; Barclay de Tolly, Description of Military Operations of the 1st Army, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3571, I. 37; Vistitsky, 186; Kutuzov to Alexander, 4 August 1812, M.I. Kutuzov: sbornikdokumentov, IV, 129.
52. Clausewitz, 149–150
53. Norov, 189.
54. St Priest, 393.
55. Barclay de Tolly, Description ofMilitary Operations ofthe 1st Army, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3571, II. 38–40.
56. Brandt, 215.
57. Girod de l’Ain, 252–253
58. Orders to Army, 31 August-2 September, in Bogdanovich, II, 531–532; Order to the 2nd Western Army, 4 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 74.
59. D. Davydov, ‘Iz Dnevnika partizanskikh deistvii 1812 goda,’ in Borodino: Dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 348; Konovnitsyn to Bagration, 4 September 1812 in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 73–74; Fleischmann, Ch, Denkwiitdigkeiten (Berlin, 1892), 25.
60. Labaume, 127–128.
61. Istoriya leib-gvardii Yegerskogo polka za sto let, (St Petersburg, 1896), 84.
62. Labaume, 124; Adams, 184–185
63. Barclay de Tolly to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, RGVIA, f. VUA, d.3652. l. 8.
64. Bogdanovich, II, 147; Rapport sur les affaires du 5 Septembre 1812, 6 September 1812, in Nicolas Ternaux-Compans, Le general Compans (1769–1845), d’apres ses notes campagnes et sa correspondence de 1812 a 1813 par son petit-fils, (Paris, 1912), 352.
65. Clausewitz, 166; Vistitsky, I, 186; Ofitsialnye izvestia iz armii ot 27 avgusta [Official New from the Army of 27 August], RGVIA, f. VUA, d.3652. l.48; Description de la Bataille de Borodino livrée les 24 et 25 aout 1812, RGVIA, fond VUA, delo 3562, l.6.
66. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, II, 211; Buturlin, I, 250.
67. Neyelov, 6–7, 16–17.
68. Garnich (1955), 189; Fedorova, O. and V. Ushakov, Pole russkoi slavy, (Moscow, 1979), 27–29; Abalikhin, B. ed, ‘Bessmerten tot, Otechestvo kto spas:’ Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, (Moscow, 1995), 98.
69. Norov, 190; Yermolov, 154.
70. Ofitsialnye izvestia iz armii ot 27 avgusta [Official New from the Army of 27 August], RGVIA, f. VUA, d.3652. l.48. Also see Zemtsov, V, ‘Divizia Kompana v boiyu za Shevardinskii redut 5 Sentiabrya 1812 g.,’ Sergeant, No.7 (Moscow 2000), 3–8.
71. Paskevich, 100.
72. J.J. Pelet, ‘Moskovskaya bitva,’ in Borodino v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov (St Petersburg, 2001), 322–323.
73. Gourgaud, 148; Denniée, 64–65; Vaudoncourt, 176; Lejeune, 203; Fain, 3; Thiry, 132; Kukiel, 172–173. Kolaczkowski, I, 117; Dumonceau, 131.
74. SieverstoKutuzov,8 October1812,No. 276,RGVIA,f.VUA,d.3561,ll. 20–22b;Beskrovny,52;Tarle,29; Troitsky, 139; Oboleshev, 34. Zemtsov, without indicating his sources, referred to 18,000 men and 46 cannon, Sergeant, 7 (2000): 3–8; idem, Bitva pri moskve reke (Moscow, 1999), 34. Years later, Gorchakov himself estimated 11,000 men under his command at Shevardino. Gorchakov to Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, 13 May1837, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3465, ch. 2, l. 270.
75. SieverstoKutuzov, 8 October1812,No. 276,RGVIA, f. VUA,d. 3561,l. 20–21;Kolaczkowski,117–118;
76. Griois, II, 29.
77. Ségur (1958): 54.
78. Löwenstern to Kutuzov, [?] September 1812, RGVIA. F. 103. op. 208a. sv. 0, d. 4, ch. 1, l.206; Saint Priest, Diary, 393; Bogdanovich, II, 148.
79. Rapport sur les différentes affaires ou le 57e regiment s’est trouvé pendant la campagne de 1812, in Ternaux-Compans, 344.
80. Kutuzov to Alexander, 8 September 1812, General Staff Archives, XVI, 108.
81. Sievers to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, No. 276, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3561, l. 20–21.
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82. Rapport sur les affaires du 5 septembre 1812, in Ternaux-Compans, 345, 352–353.
83. Sievers to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, No. 276, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3561, l. 20–21.
84. A letter of Adjutant Lehucher of the 57th Line suggests that other battalions might have participated in this attack. Lahucher to Dournet, 16 September 1812, in Grunwald (1963): 121.
85. Ternaux-Compans, 353; Grunwald (1963): 121.
86. Journal de la division Friant in Chuquet, 61.
87. Gourgaud, 149.
88. Chambray, 44; Dumonceau, 131; Ternaux-Compans, 175; Thiers, XIV, 303; Bogdanovich, 149; Buturlin, 253.
89. Löwenstern to Kutuzov, [n.d, October 1812], in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma,vospominaniya, 182–183; Gorchakov, 197–98; Lowernstein, 248; Denniée, 65–66; Gourgaud, 201–206; Sievers to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, No. 276, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3561, l. 21–22.
90. Kukiel, 28 (1929): 25.
91. Andreyev, 190–191.
92. Löwenstern to Kutuzov, [n.d.] September 1812, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 182.
93. Report of the 61st Line in Ternaux-Compans, 349.
94. Guillemard, 138.
95. Report of the 61st Line in Ternaux-Compans, 349; Vossen, 469; Berthezene, II, 44; Dutheille de Lamothe, 42; Boulart, 252; Fain, 4; Thiers, 303–306.
96. Denkwurdigkeiten des Grafen v. Toll, II, 27; Bogdanovich, 146, 537; Wilson (1860): 137.
97. Murat to Berthier, 9 September 1812 in Markham, Imperial Glory, 290.
98. A. Khatov, Boi pri redute Shevardinskom 24-go avgusta 1812 g. (St Petersburg, 1839), 30.
99. Sievers to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, No. 276, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3561, l. 22; Panchulidzev to Golitsyn, 12September1812,RGVIAf. 846, op. 16,d. 3561.l.47;YuzefovichtoPanchulidzev,22September1812,in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 218.
100. Ségur (1958): 55
101. Vossen, 468–469.
102. Boppe, Les Espagnoles a la Grande Armée, 146–147; Berthezene, II, 44.
103. Panchulidzev to Golitsyn, 12 September 1812, RGVIA f. 846, op. 16, d. 3561, l.47.
104. Kutuzov to Alexander; Kaisarovto Rostopchin, 6 September1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnayakhronika, 102–103; Kutuzov to his wife, 6 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 146; B. Kolubyakin, ‘Voina 1812 g. Borodinskaya operatsiya i Borodinskoye srazheniye,’ in Trudy Imperatorskogo Russkogo voenno-istoricheskogo obshestva, 6 (1912): 75.
105. For details see list of soldiers nominated to awards in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 265–266.
106. See list of the oficers and the rank-and-ile, attached to Yuzefovich to Panchulidzev, 22 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 218–220.
107. Gorchakov to Bagration, 22 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 217.
108. Panchulidzev to Golitsyn, 12 September 1812, RGVIA f. 846, op. 16, d. 3561. l.47b.
109. Report of the 111th Line in Ternaux-Compans, 354–355.
110. Raswadowski of the 8th Polish Lancers referred to the 6th Polish Lancer while Wedel, who served in the 9th Chasseurs a Cheval describes the attack without specific details. Wedel, 80–82; Bielecki, Dal nam przyklad Bonaparte (Krakow, 1984), II, 97–98
111. Gorchakov to Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, 13 May 1837, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3465, ch. 2, l. 270–271.
112. Kutuzov to Kutuzov, 6 September 1812, Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 87.
113. Saint Priest, 393.
114. Larrey, IV, 43; Griois, 30; Roos, 111.
115. Mayevsky, 370.
116. Mitarevsky, 173.
117. Bennigsen, 495–496.
118. Attestations du Docteur Ywan, in Ségur, VI, 15
119. Neverovsky, 379; Vorontsov; Ségur (1958): 56.
120. Rapport sur les affaires du 5 Septembre 1812; 111e Régiment de Ligne, état des pertes éprouv’ees par le susdit regiment a j’affaire du 5 Septembre 1812, in Ternaux-Compans, 352–356; Kukiel 28 (1929): 27; Castellane, I, 147.
121. Report of the 61st Line in Ternaux-Compans, 349–351; Ségur (1958): 54; Labaume, 124; Lejeune, 204; François, 787; Ternaux-Compans, 356, 359; Martinien, 179, 250, 332, 580, 653; Girolamo Cappello Gli Italiani in Russia nel 1812, (Gitta di castello, 1912), 151; Guillemard, 138.
122. ‘Rasskaz Georgiyevskogo Kavalera iz divizii Neverovskogo,’ in Chtenia imperatorskogo obschestva istorii drevnostei, 1 (1872): 119.
123. Alexander to Kutuzov, 5 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 99.
124. Rostersofthe1stWesternArmy,4–6 September1812,inBorodino:dokumenta lnayakhronika,78,92,106. Several cavalry regiments were detached from the army and not included in the roll-call of 5–6 September.
125. M.I. Kutuzov: sbornikdokumentov, IV, 98.
126. Vasiliev and Eliseyev, 66.
127. Kutuzov to Alexander, 4 September 1812. in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 75.
128. Neverovsky to Gorchakov, 4 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 84.
129. Vasiliev and Eliseyev, 14–52; Larionov, 132
130. Kutuzov to Alexander, 31 August 1812, in M.I. Kutuzov: sbornik dokumentov, 98; Alexander to Kutuzov, 5 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 99.
131. Chambray, I, 274.
132. Laugier, 15–16.
133. Holzhausen, 27; Calosso, 51; Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, III, 141.
134. Oleg Sokolov, ‘Kapitan N: Portret frantsuzskogo ofitsera 1812 goda,’ Rodina, 6/7(1992): 14–15; Jean-Paul Bertaud, ‘Napoleon’s Officers,’ in Past and Present 112 (Aug., 1986): 104. For further data on the French officer corps see Jacques Houdaille’s studies ‘Les officiers du Premier Empire (1803–1815),’ Population (French Edition), 4/5(1995): 1229–1235, and ‘Les generaux francais,’ Population, 4/5 (1994): 1169–1173.
135. For excellent discussion see Tselorungo, 154, 166, 189.
136. N. Dubrovin, ‘Russkaya zhizn v nachale XIX v,’ in Russkaya starina, 12 (1901): 494
137. Tselorungo, 78, 97.
138. 18th Bulletin, 10 September 1812, in Markham, Imperial Glory, 295; Caulaincourt, Mémoires, 424. The timing of the first reconnaissance is sometimes also given as 6:00 a.m (Thiers, Britten Austin, Denniée) or simply as ‘the first light of day’ (Ségur), ‘at dawn’ (Lejeune, Brandt) or ‘early morning’ (Pelet). Castellane refers to 1:00 A.M.
139. Pelet, 22; Kolaczkowski, 119–120.
140. Rapp, 199–200
141. Bausset, II, 77; Castellane, I, 148; Brandt, 217.
142. Fabvier is often referred to as ‘colonel’ but, in September 1812, he was a captain of the Guard. Quintin, 322.
143. Rory Muir, Salamanca 1812 (New Haven, 2001), 208.
144. Gourgaud, 127–128.
145. Rapp, 200.
146. Muravyev, 375.
147. Denniée, 69
148. Holzhausen, 82–83.
149. Suckow, 178; Pajol, 41; Vossler, 59; Boulart, 252;
150. Kutuzov to E. Kutuzova, 6 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya,87.
151. Gourgaud, 130.
152. Ordre pour la bataille, 6 September 1812, Correspondance de Napoleon Ier, No.19181, XXIV, 239; Albert Du Casse, Mémoires et correspondance politique et militaire du prince Eugène, (Paris, 1859), VIII, 2–3; Denniée, 67.
153. Ségur, IV, 362; Davout, Mémoires et souvenirs, II, 95; Gallaher, 246; Thiers, VIII, 130.
154. Bogdanovich, II, 166.
155. Duffy, 85.
156. For an interesting note see Chandler, 798.
157. Ordre, 7 September 1812, Correspondance de Napoleon 1er, No. 19181. For interesting discussion, see Kukiel, 28 (1929): 28.
158. Zemtsov,61.
159. Denniée, 81; Fain, II, 47; Castellane, 150–151; Roguet, IV, 482. Cate incorrectly calculated 140,000 and 120,000 cartridges expended by the French and Russian infantry, which only gives 1,5–2 expended cartridges per soldier. Denniée and Roguet referred to ‘1,400,000 cartouches.’ The War of the Two Emperors, 235.
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nbsp; 160. Planat de la Faye, 81.
161. Pion des Loches, 288–289.
162. Barclay de Tolly to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 3561, l. 8–9; Bagration to Alexander I, 8 September 1812, No. 488, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 109.
163. Dedem, 236.
164. Kaisarov to Rostopchin, 7 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 92–93.
165. Ségur (1958): 57.
166. Bourgogne, 7.
167. Fezensac, 30.
168. Griois, II, 33.
169. Girod de l’Ain, 255.
170. Vionnet de Maringoné, 12
171. Boulart, 252; Combe, 79; Holzhausen, 97; Fezensac, 30; Dedem, 235–236.
172. Ségur (1958): 62.
173. Brandt, 218.
174. Dumonceau, II, 133.
175. Biot, 31–32
176. Rotenhan, 25–27.
177. Disposition of the 1st and 2nd armies, 5 September 1812, Feldmarshal Kutuzov: sbornikdokumentov i materialov (Moscow, 1947) 159.
178. Garnich, 141.
179. Kutuzov to Alexander, 6 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumentalnaya khronika, 102.
180. ‘Rasskaz o Borodinskom srazhenii otdelnnogo Unter–Ofitsera Tikhonova,’ in Chtenia imperatorskogo obschestva istorii drevnostei, 1 (1872), 119.
181. Barclay de Tolly, Izobrazheniye, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16. d. 3571, l. 42–43
182. Journal of Military Operations of the 1st and 2nd Western Armies, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3485, l.43b; Barclay de Tolly to Kutuzov, 8 October 1812, RGVIA, f. VUA, op. 16, d. 3561, l. 8; Sherbinin, 395.
183. Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 112, 135, 138.
184. Sherbinin, 397; Bolgovsky, 339–340.
185. Dmitri Buturlin, ‘Kutuzov v 1812 g.,’ in Russkaya starina, 10 (1894): 207; St Priest, 393; Eugène of Württemberg, 1 (1848): 52, 73, 83.
186. Gerua, 30–32.
187. N. Pavlenko, ‘Nekotorye voprosy Borodinskogo srazheniya,’ in Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 5 (1941): 34–35.
188. Garnich (1955): 203, 223–224
189. Popov (1998): 122–143
190. Aglamov, 51.
191. Major General P.N. Ivashov’s Daily Journal, Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 4 (1939): 128.
192. Kutuzov’s Order on Supervising Engineer Units and Establishment of Communications between the Armies, 3 September 1812; Bagration’s Order to the 2nd Western Army, 3–4 September 1812, in Borodino: dokumenty, pisma, vospominaniya, 62–63.