92. Wriothesley, Chronicle, vol. 2, p. 95, and Stow, Annals, p. 613.
93. Head, Ebbs and Flows ... , p. 236.
94. Warwick and Northampton escaped death.
95. Elton, Reform and Reformation, p. 377. Norfolk’s goods passed from Somerset to Northumberland in 1550.
96. Rutland Papers, pp. 118-19.
97. ‘Reversal of the Supposed Attainder of Thomas Duke of Norfolk, 1 Mary, cap. 13, and ‘Restitution in blood of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey’, 1 Mary, cap. 1. A copy of Surrey’s restitution is in Arundel Castle Archives, G2/10.
98. Green, Framlingham, p. 80.
99. Cruden, History of Gravesend, p. 176.
100. Nichols, Chronicles of Queen Jane, pp. 38-9.
101. Catholic Mary dropped this title from late in 1554.
102. The extent of his estates are given in Arundel Castle Archives, MD 490.
103. National Archives, PROB/II/37.
104. Norfolk Record Office, NRS 27260, fol. 199.
105. Childs, p. 315.
106. Bannerols were wide banners, displaying the marriages of the deceased’s ancestors.
107. Small pennon flags.
108. Nichols, Machyn’s Diary, p. 70.
109. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/7.
110. Nichols and Brill, Wills of Eminent People ... , pp. 54-5.
111. Gentleman’s Magazine, new series, vol. 23 (1845), p. 268.
112. Norfolk’s effigy shows him in old age with a large beard. He had built a new Howard mausoleum at Framlingham in 1547 and the remains of Henry Fitzroy were moved there from Thetford and reburied under a monument erected in 1555. Both the dukes’ French-style Renaissance tombs incorporate parts of the former monuments prepared for them at Thetford in the late 1530s and moved to Framlingham after the completion of the mortuary chapel. Portions of the third duke’s original Thetford tomb were excavated in 1935. Other pieces, found in the 1860s, are in the British Museum. See Richard Marks, ‘The Howard Tombs at Thetford and Framlingham’, Archaeological Journal, vol. 141 (1984), pp. 252-68.
Chapter 9: An Equal of Kings
1. Cal. Scot., vol. 9, p. 310.
2. Norfolk Record Office, NRS 27270 - ‘Castles, honours, manors and other hereditaments as Thomas late Duke of Norfolk ...was seized on the day of his death ...’ - not only lists his properties but also indicates how they came into the Howards’ hands. It also details the possessions sold by the crown during the reign of Edward VI and the jointures of Elizabeth, Duchess of Norfolk, and Frances, Countess of Surrey.
3. He had served an apprenticeship under his grandfather, assisting him at Mary’s coronation in October 1553 and at the banquet that followed.
4. A subdivision of a county having its own court.
5. A ‘rape’ was one of the six administrative districts which formerly divided Sussex. Each comprised several hundreds.
6. Robinson, p. 55.
7. Henry VIII spent part of his progress at Rycote after his marriage to Catherine Howard in 1540. The house was demolished in 1807 and only a small part of the front façade of the Tudor house remains.
8. Arundel paid over £2,000 as a dowry and a number of manors in Sussex, including the former monastic site at Michelham; Slinfold, Horsted and Rogate. See Arundel Castle Archives, G1/5.
9. 2 and 3 Philip & Mary, cap. 1. See Arundel Castle Archives, G1/7.
10. Arundel Castle Archives, G2/10, copies of the Act for the restitution in blood, dated 24 October 1553, of Thomas Earl of Surrey.
11. Nichols, Machyn’s Diary, p. 139.
12. The christening was in the Chapel Royal at the Palace of Westminster. Among the other godparents was Elizabeth, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk. See Nichols, Machyn’s Diary, p. 141.
13. Her body was later reburied at Arundel. Henry Machyn, the undertaker, recorded on 28 August the setting ‘up of the hearse at St Clement’s without Temple Bar for my young Duchess of Norfolk, the wife to the young Duke of Norfolk’ and her funeral that followed on 1 September. ‘The church and the place and the street [hanged with black] and [coats of] arms and by three of the clock, she was brought [to the church with] one hundred mourners and her [coffin] had a canopy of black velvet with three four staffs born over her and many banners. The Bishop of London [Edward Bonner] in his cope and his mitre [on his head] and all the choir of [St] Paul’s ... and eight heralds of arms ... and many lords and knights and gentle ladies and gentlewomen [attended]. See Nichols, Machyn’s Diary, pp. 149-50.
14. He had died in 1544.
15. As Earl Marshal, Norfolk organised Mary’s funeral at Westminster in December 1558 and Elizabeth’s coronation on 15 January 1559. As Chief Butler of England he organised the feast afterwards.
16. Norfolk Record Office, COL 13/53, where the document, a seventeenth-century copy, is misdated to 1561. See Blomefield, vol. 3, p. 280, and Dennis Rhodes, ‘A Party at Norwich in 1562’, Norfolk Archaeology, vol. 37 (1978-80), pp. 116-20, where convincing evidence for redating the party is provided.
17. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/6.
18. See, for example, his title and form of address in indentures and deeds, dated 1560 and 1570 in Arundel Castle Archives, G1/7.
19. A deed dated 1563 describes ‘all my capital messuage or mansion as now newly built with all the edifices, orchards and gardens’. The Palace fronted Charing Cross. See Kent, ‘The Houses of the Dukes of Norfolk in Norwich’, Norfolk Archaeology, vol. 24 (1932), pp. 79-80. A settlement dated 31 July 1569, also refers to ‘all that capital messuage lately re-edified and built by the said duke set lying and being in the parish of St John in Maddermarket’. See NRS 2292, 11 C 5.
20. This could be said to have been the only monastery that survived the Dissolution as, instead of closing it, Henry VIII exchanged it for lands owned by the Diocese of Norwich. However, the last monk left in 1545 and its buildings were soon demolished.
21. In the Norfolk Record Office there is a probate inventory for James Hills of Norwich, a ‘tennis court keeper’ for one of Norfolk’s successors as duke in the early seventeenth century. See DN/INV 39/82.
22. Allen, History of . . . Lambeth, p. 340.
23. Robinson, p. 56. North died on 31 December 1564 and Norfolk purchased it the following day. See David Knowles and W. G. Grimes, Charterhouse (London, 1954), p. 38.
24. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, p. 63.
25. Sadler Papers, vol. 1, p. 721.
26. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, pp. 167-8.
27. Nichols, Machyn’s Diary, p. 294. The duke had a mansion at this time within the parish of St Katherine Cree.
28. Longleat House, MSS of the Marquis of Bath, PO/Vol/5. Partially printed in Third Report of Royal Commission on Historical MSS (London, 1872), p. 195, and more fully in Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, vol. 14 (1874), pp. 197-9.
29. See Guy, pp. 299-303.
30. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 371.
31. DNB2, vol. 28, p. 433, and HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 461.
32. Fénelon, vol. 1, pp. 17-18.
33. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, p. 141, and Robinson, p. 60. The reference to the pillow recalls the murder of Darnley.
34. Guy, p. 461.
35. Hardwick State Papers, vol. 1, p. 190.
36. Hardwick State Papers, vol. 1, p. 191.
37. Guy, p. 462.
38. Hardwick State Papers, vol. 1, p. 520, and HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 414.
39. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, p. 157.
40. Camden, Historie of . . . Elizabeth, p. 130.
41. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 419.
42. DNB2, vol. 28, p. 433.
43. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 156/60.
44. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 156/66.
45. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 156/67.
46. Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, vol. 14 (1874), pp. 196-7.
47. A small wheel-less carriage with curtains on the sides, slung between two horses.
48. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 156/72.
49. Ha
tfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 153/51.
50. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 427.
51. Ibid.
52. It is ascribed to Walsingham in various contemporary hands on the manuscript copies in the British Library - Harleian MS 290, fol. 117 and Harleian MS 4,314, fol. 120. A printed version is in BL Cotton MS Caligula C, ii, fols 284- 291. The printed version in Harleian MS 290 is printed in Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham, vol. 1, pp. 68-79.
53. Her involvement in the murder of Darnley.
54. Another pamphlet, published as An Answer to a Slanderous Book - Walsingham’s Discourse - and dated 15 March 1570, is in BL Cotton MS Julius F, xi, fols 391ff.
55. An analysis of Norfolk’s debts in September 1571 indicated that his lordship of Clun in Shropshire was liable to be forfeited because of non-payment of £4,400 to Sir Rowland Heyward; the manor of Beeding in Sussex was mortgaged to the merchant tailor John Godd for £130; Wigborough Manor, Essex, was also mortgaged to William Watson for £125 and a number of jewels and plate were in pawn for £15. To clear these debts, Norfolk instructed the sale of a number of lands, including the manor of Tollesbury, Essex, for £2,200 to the appropriately named Mr Pawn. Alderman Jackman’s executors were also owed £2,150, part of the Earl of Arundel’s debt, which the duke was to discharge. See HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 527.
56. Robinson, p. 55.
57. SPD - Edward VI, Mary & Elizabeth, 1547-80, p. 345. Ridolphi was to remain in Walsingham’s home ‘without conference [contact with the outside world] until he may be examined of certain matters which touch her majesty very nearly’.
58. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 458.
59. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 436.
60. Ibid., p. 346. Cited by Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham, vol. 1, p. 67.
61. Northumberland sought refuge in Scotland but was handed over to Elizabeth by Moray and beheaded at York in August 1572. Westmorland, attainted for treason, fled to Flanders and died in Nieuport in 1601.
62. Norfolk wrote to Cecil immediately after his release, saying it was no small comfort to him to be out of ‘yonder pestilent, infectious house’ and he feared the sickness would grow ‘worse before it mends’. See HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 479.
63. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/21.
64. BL Harleian MS 290, fol. 88.
65. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, pp. 199-200.
66. Ridolphi returned to Rome where Pope Pius V made him a papal senator and he lived for another four decades in Florence, fat and prosperous from lucrative financial transactions. He died there on 18 February 1612.
67. Robinson, p. 63, and Williams, Tudor Tragedy, pp. 200-202.
68. ‘A Carthusian’, Historical Account of the Charterhouse, p. 115.
69. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 520.
70. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 522.
71. Ibid.
72. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, pp. 522-3.
73. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 526.
74. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 523.
75. HMC Hatfield, vol. 1, p. 527.
76. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 6/114. Security was not as lax at the Tower as one might think from this. Prisoners ‘who were concerned in the Duke of Norfolk’s plot’ were carefully watched and their conversations noted secretly. See Longleat House, MSS of Marquis of Bath, Dudley Papers, DU/Vol.2/26, the reports by Richard Farmer, one of those suspected by Elizabeth Massey of not bearing the queen goodwill.
77. A list of questions asked of Norfolk are in BL Cotton MS Julius F, vi. fol. 11.
78. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers, CP 5/62-66.
79. A royal bodyguard, formed by Thomas Cromwell, armed with poleaxes. Hatfield House Cecil Papers, CP 157/94.
80. National Archives, KB 8/42, roll and file of court of Lord High Steward, charges against Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, and also BL Lansdowne MS 256, fols 153-67, for the arraignment.
81. BL. Add. MS 48,027, fols 83-125; Cotton MS Caligula D, vi, fol. 200; Sloane MS 1,421, fols 32-81; MS 2,172 fols 59-66; Stowe MS 396, fols 9, 13 and 24. See also Salmon, State Trials, vol. 1, pp. 82-116.
82. BL Add. MS 48,023, fols 151-2.
83. Nott, vol. 1, appendix 35, pp. lxxxii-lxxxviii. See Arundel Castle Archives, C212.
84. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, Venerable Philip Howard, p. 6.
85. Robinson, p. 66.
86. Written on page 2 of the dedication to Edward VI. Dix kept the book, signing it ‘Wyllym Dix’ on the dedication page, on either side of an image of the young king, and on its last page. The book, 21.6 x 17.1 cm., is bound in red morocco with the gold stamp of the Hon. Thomas Greville. It is now in the library at Arundel Castle.
87. The note says the copy belonged to ‘Mr Iadis, of Bryanston Square’ [London], near Marble Arch, which was built between 1811 and 1821. The present whereabouts of the book are unknown.
88. From the old Norse hap, a mischance.
89. Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk.
90. Hatfield House, Cecil Papers 5/102-3.
91. Arundel Castle Archives, T4.
92. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/22.
93. Brown, Tryal of Thomas Duke of Norfolk, preface; Edwards, Marvellous Chance, p. 398. The fight with the gentlemen pensioners is mentioned in BL Add. MS 48,027, fols 122-125B. This does not appear in contemporary printed accounts.
94. SPD, Edward VI, Mary & Elizabeth, 1547-80, p. 446.
95. HMC Hatfield, vol. 10, p. 446.
Chapter 10: Martyr Earl
1. Norfolk, p. 115. The original MS on which this account was based is dated c. 1630 and remains in the Arundel Castle Archives. Arundel House, approached by a narrow lane through the densely packed houses lining the south side of The Strand, had extensive gardens edging the Thames, with its own landing stairs. A fine view of Old St Paul’s and the city could be seen over the rooftops from its leads.
2. Norfolk, p. 5. Possibly the silver gilt font used for the christening of Prince Edward on 15 October 1537.
3. Martin was not openly a member of the Catholic Church but was ‘wholly Catholic in his judgement and affection’. He wrote that ‘as long as his grace [Norfolk] did prosper, I lived in his house to my conscience without trouble. When he was in The Tower and other men ruled his house, I was willed to receive the communion or to depart.’ After he left Norfolk’s service he went to Europe and was ordained a priest.
4. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 2.
5. Norfolk, p. 11.
6. Norfolk Record Office MS, 21509/4 and 5. The payments also included sums paid to the Tudor bureaucracy of criminal justice: 5s for ‘engrossing of his pardon for the privy signet’; 25s to ‘Mr Dister and his clerks for drawing [writing] the pardon and for the charges of the passing of the Great Seal, £8 13s 7d’. Bannister’s wife and two servants were paid £9 19s 10d for ‘riding about the same at [the court] at Richmond’.
7. Norfolk Record Office MS 21509/368. Dix’s accounts of money owed to him for the period Michaelmas 1571 to Michaelmas 1578 are in the same file.
8. Robinson, p. 70.
9. Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. 4, p. 376.
10. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 22.
11. 23 Elizabeth I, cap. 6. The Act says ‘that your said subject and his heirs be and shall be from henceforth, by the authority of this present Act, restored and enabled only in blood, as son and heir of the said Thomas, late Duke of Norfolk ... and that your said subject and his heirs may ... hold and enjoy all and every such honours, castles, manors, lordships, lands, tenements, rents etc.’
12. Nichols, Progresses, vol. 2, p. 312. Another description is provided by Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. 4, pp. 435ff.
13. Going home to Arundel House from St Paul’s Cathedral one day, he ‘observed all the signs of all the houses’ on the left side of Fleet Street ‘which are some hundreds ... and coming into his house, he caused one of his servants to write them down on a paper as he named them’. Another was sent with the list and found it to be an accurate record. See Norfolk, pp. 127-8.
14. Th
e earl also spent much time administering his estates. On 28 July 1584, he appointed Luke Baitman as his new tennis court keeper at Howard House, in succession to Anthony Norton, ‘servant to me’, who had held the post since the days of the fourth duke. See Arundel Castle Archives G1/9.
15. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 31-2.
16. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, pp. 84-5.
17. The fourth duke, in his advice to his children on suitable members of the English aristocracy to befriend them after his execution, identified Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, as one ‘who might do you more good than any kinsman you have’. There were rumours that Oxford blamed Burghley for not stopping Norfolk’s execution and had even planned to rescue the duke from the Tower. But Oxford was a fickle friend. In 1580-81 he accused Henry Howard, with others, of supporting Mary Queen of Scots and being covert Catholics. In turn, they asserted he was a drunkard, an atheist and a potential murderer. In 1582, Sir Roger Townsend, one of the Howards’ retainers, heard talk that thugs employed by Oxford were planning to attack Thomas Knyvett, a gentleman of Elizabeth’s Privy Chamber, and a kinsman of the family, in revenge for a duel he fought with Oxford in which the earl was ‘dangerously’ wounded. Knyvett was duly assaulted at Blackfriars, but Townsend could not name the assailants ‘for I was so far behind, as I could not discern [who] they were’. See CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 35-6.
18. The room survives and serves as the library.
19. Norfolk, p. 20.
20. Allen (1532-94) was the leader of the exiled English Catholics in Europe during Elizabeth’s reign and in 1568 founded a college at Douai to instruct English students in the Catholic religion. The college was expelled in 1578 but reestablished at Reims. Allen supported plans to enthrone Philip II of Spain in England. He is buried in the church of the Holy Trinity, attached to the Venerable English College in Rome, where a memorial to him remains on the north wall.
21. See Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spy Master, pp. 101-7.
22. Tierney, Arundel, p. 376.
House Of Treason: The Rise And Fall Of A Tudor Dynasty Page 39