23. Heywood, or Haywood, was arrested at sea by Walsingham’s men and banished in early February 1584. He died in Naples in 1595. Arundel’s interrogation is detailed in Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 46-8. One of Arundel’s inquisitors was Lord Hunsdon, Chamberlain to the queen, who had been his father’s page.
24. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 126.
25. Norfolk, pp. 52-6. Kellway applied for a warrant from Burghley in August 1587, empowering him to arrest papists fleeing England for France whom he ‘might take in passing’. He was appointed sheriff of Hampshire in 1586-7.
26. 27 Elizabeth 1, cap. 2 made it high treason to shelter a Catholic priest.
27. BL Cotton MS Titus B, ii, 201ff. Other copies are in Harleian MS 787, fols 46-9, and Sloane MS 2,172, fols 41-3, and Add. MS 33,594, fol. 216.
28. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 114-15. Almost certainly the forgery was the work of Walsingham’s master forger and decipherer, Thomas Phelippes. It was claimed to have been forged ‘by some who had notice beforehand of his going, as the Secretary and some of his [Arundel’s] greatest enemies had ...’
29. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 154.
30. BL Add. MS 15,891, fol. 148.
31. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fols 13, 29, 30, 32, 39, 54.
32. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fols 23, 25, 72.
33. BL Egerton MS 2,074, fol. 46.
34. BL Add. MS 48,029, fols 111ff. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 139-44, Norfolk, pp. 64-5.
35. Bodleian Library, Tanner MS, 78, fol. 1.
36. Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, ‘London East’, London, 1930, p. 84.
37. Tierney, Arundel, p. 385.
38. Hammond was ‘an old aged woman ... a laundress in the Tower’.
39. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 102.
40. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, pp. 185-6.
41. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 81.
42. Hunsdon (?1524-96) was the son of Mary Boleyn and her first husband, and cousin to Elizabeth.
43. Norfolk, pp. 87-9.
44. Salmon, State Trials, vol.1 , p. 165.
45. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 107, Lansdowne MS 256, fol. 167, and Stowe MS 396, fol. 14. Another report has this version: ‘Behold here a clean hand and an honest heart!’
46. Some reports erroneously say ‘twenty-second’ - this version comes from BL Lansdowne MS 94, fol. 167, and Harleian MS 834, no. 5, fols 59-62. It refers correctly to the Act against harbouring priests, 27 Elizabeth 1, cap. 2.
47. Salmon, State Trials, vol. 1, p. 166.
48. Salmon, State Trials, vol. 1, p. 166. Popham’s brief for the prosecution is in BL Egerton MS 2,074, fol. 81.
49. Robinson, p. 75.
50. Salmon, State Trials, vol. 1, p. 168.
51. BL Add. MS 48,029, fol. 74.
52. Norfolk, p. 94.
53. BL Add. MS 48,029, p. 110.
54. Derby returned to his Lancashire home deeply troubled by the trial and his role in it. He called his servants together and told them ‘he had been more beholden to Queen Elizabeth than any of his predecessors ... but this one thing did grieve him more than all the favours that he received from her, that she had made him her High Steward to condemn the Earl of Arundel, who was condemned upon a letter, which, as he thought, was not sufficiently proved, but may well be counterfeited and “this lies heavy upon my conscience”.’ See Godfrey Goodman, The Court of King James the First ... , two vols (London, 1839), vol. 1, pp. 141-2.
55. Norfolk, p. 96.
56. She died, unmarried, from tuberculosis in 1598.
57. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/9. Arundel’s debts at March 1585 totalled £17,977 and he was paying interest on loans of £4,666. Income from the Howard estates amounted to £4,249. See BL Lansdowne MS 45, no. 84.
58. Tierney, Arundel, p. 397.
59. Robinson, p. 78.
60. DNB2, vol. 28, p. 408.
61. Fourth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, pt i, p. 372 (London, 1874).
62. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/23. It is unlikely the paper ever reached Arundel, as it fell into Burghley’s hands.
63. Tierney, Arundel, p. 403.
64. CRS, Pollen and MacMahon, p. 332. See also Roger B. Manning, ‘The Prosecution of Sir Michael Blount, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1595’, Historical Research, vol. 57 (November 1984), p. 216.
65. Norfolk, pp. 68-71. Some believed he had some kind of foreknowledge of his hour of death. About seven or eight days before, he laid out a calendar of prayers he intended to say on each day and when it came to the Sunday, he paused, and said: ‘Hitherto and no further’.
66. BL Lansdowne MS 94, fol. 118.
67. BL Lansdowne MS 79, fol. 74.
68. DNB2, vol. 28, p. 408.
Chapter 11: Resurgam
1. Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon, History of the Great Rebellion, two vols, London, 1702, vol. 1, p. 44.
2. According to the disgraced Secretary of State William Davison, he was one of those who urged Mary Queen of Scots’ execution. See BL Cotton MS Titus C, vii, fol. 48.
3. Langton, vol. 1, p. 46.
4. Langton, vol. 1, p. 107.
5. National Archives, SP 12/211/50.
6. ‘Warping’ - a laborious and repetitive method of moving sailing ships out of harbour, in the absence of wind. The anchor, attached to a cable, is rowed out ahead of the ship and dropped to the seabed. The crew them wind in the cable with a windlass and the ship is pulled in the direction of where the anchor has been dropped. The operation is repeated as necessary.
7. This type of warship was a larger version of the galley, lateen-rigged on three masts and carrying 300 slaves to man the oars. It was able to fire broadsides from guns mounted above the banks of oars. Six galleasses sailed with the Armada, but being more suited to naval operations in the calmer waters of the Mediterranean, suffered in the storms of the North Sea and English Channel.
8. SPD, Elizabeth 1581-90, p. 507, and Langton, vol. 1, pp. 288-9.
9. Cited by Robinson, p. 83.
10. DNB2, vol. 28, p. 322.
11. Robinson, p. 85.
12. G. P. V. Akrigg (ed.), The Letters of James VI and I (London, 1984), p. 179.
13. P. Croft, ‘Libels, Popular Literacy and Public Opinion in Early Modern England’, Historical Research, vol. 68 (1995), p. 278.
14. Akrigg, op. cit., pp. 257 and 250.
15. National Archives, PROB 11/123.
16. The accounts of Owen Shepherd, Receiver of Northampton’s lands for 1609, show expenditure of £451 14s 6d to Richard Hovell junior for building the almshouses at the east end of the churchyard at Castle Rising. The foundation, built around a square garden, had twelve rooms for poor women, another for their governess, and a spacious hall and kitchen. A ‘decent’ chapel projected from the east wall. The inmates qualified for admission if they had ‘led an honest life and conversation’ and in religion, were ‘grave and discreet’. They had to be unmarried and at least fifty-sixty years of age, and ‘no common beggar, harlot, scold, drunkard, haunter of taverns, inns or ale-houses’. See Blomefield, vol. 4, p. 673. They still accommodate eligible ladies today.
17. Suffolk sold Howard House, in Charterhouse Square, in 1611 to Thomas Sutton for £13,000. Sutton founded a charity there for forty male pensioners, known as Brothers.
18. Norman McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, two vols (Philadelphia, 1939), vol. 2, p. 144, fn 6.
19. Arundel Castle Archives, G1/87.
Appendix 1: The Howard Homes
1. The site of the East Hall was for years called ‘the Candle yard’ because of its use in making candles for the palace.
2. Robinson, p. 37.
3. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, p. 44.
4. John Holland, ‘chaplain to the right high and mighty’ Thomas Howard, third duke, leased for twenty-one years the parsonage of Feltwell St Mary, Norfolk, to George Holland, gentleman in 1545. Were these relations of Bess Holland? See Norfolk Record Office, NAS 1/1/10/19.
5. National Archives,
LR 2/115.
6. The seneschal was responsible for the administration of the Kenninghall estate.
7. National Archives, SP 1/245/145; Manning, ‘Kenninghall’, p. 296.
8. Howlett, ‘Household Accounts of Kenninghall’, pp. 53 and 58-9.
9. National Archives, C 54/59, and Thomas Allen, History . . . of Lambeth, pp. 340-41.
10. Norfolk Archaeology, vol. 3 (1849), p. 208. In 1849, a gravestone of fifteenth-century work, incised with angels, was found at a depth of fourteen feet (4.27 m.) below the surface on the site of the palace. On the reverse were the arms of the fourth duke. This slab probably came from St Benet’s. Ibid., p. 418. Blomefield reports that ‘in the palace yard at the entrance of a house near the river, lies a large grave stone with an abbot in his robes cut thereon’ (vol. 4, p. 268).
11. Norfolk Record Office, MC 146/24 624X5.
12. Williams, Tudor Tragedy, p. 69.
13. Kent, p. 81.
14. Bray, Diaries of John Evelyn, vol. 2, pp. 269-70. The River Wensum in this period was clogged by discharges from innumerable ‘bog-houses’. See Rawcliffe and Wilson, Norwich since 1550, p. 150.
15. Kent, p. 84.
16. Norfolk Record Office, MC 146/24 624X5.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscripts
ARUNDEL CASTLE, WEST SUSSEX MSS OF THE DUKES OF NORFOLK
A 113 - Papers relating to the household expenses of Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, and his son Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (later third Duke of Norfolk), 1523.
C212 - Copy of a letter from Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, to his children shortly before his execution, 1572.
G¼ - Papers relating to Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk.
G⅕ - Papers relating to Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk.
G⅙ - Papers relating to Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.
G1/7 - Papers relating to Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk.
G1/9 - Will of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, and a copy of the settlement on Anne [Dacre], Countess of Arundel, and her children, 1611.
G1/21 - Copies of three documents relating to the imprisonment in the Tower of Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, 1569-70.
G1/22 - Death warrant signed by Queen Elizabeth I, for execution of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk, Palace of Westminster, dated 9 February 1572.
G1/23 - Copy of an anonymous note sent to Philip, Earl of Arundel, within the Tower, c. 1595.
G1/83 - Copies of Letters Patent, dated 1 February 1514, created Thomas Howard [second] Duke of Norfolk for services to the crown in Scotland and also granting an augmentation of arms and manors in Berkshire, Derbyshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Wiltshire.
G1/84 - Letters Patent appointing Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, as Lieutenant General of the English army in Scotland, dated 26 February 1523.
G1/87 - Letters Patent, restoring Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, all such titles of land in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Surrey and Sussex and precedence as Philip, Earl of Arundel, his father, had enjoyed, and as Earl of Surrey, to such dignities of Baronies as Thomas, late [fourth] Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, lost by attainder; 22 November 1608.
G2/8 - Copy of Act of Attainder, 1485, against John Howard, [first] Duke of Norfolk and of his son, Thomas.
G2/9 - Copy of a petition, dated 1510, for an Act of Restitution granted to Thomas, Earl of Surrey.
G2/10 - Copies of Act of Restitution in blood, dated 24 October 1553, of Thomas, Earl of Surrey, afterwards fourth Duke of Norfolk.
MD 490 - Extent of Estates of Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, 1554.
MS 1638 - The Genealogie of the Princelie Familie of the Howards by Henry Lily, 1637.
T1 - Certified copy of will, dated 31 August 1516, of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk, allotting a jointure to Agnes [Tylney] his wife and disposal of lands.
T4 - Original will, dated 31 May 1571, of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk.
In the Library of Arundel Castle - a copy of the New Testament, printed by Richard Jugge, printer to the Queen’s Majesty, London, 1566, bearing on the second page of dedication a letter from Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, to his auditor and retainer, William Dix; the Tower of London, 10 February 1572.
BRITISH LIBRARY, LONDON
Additional Charters
6,289 - Indenture between Thomas [Howard] Earl of Surrey, Great Admiral of England, and John Heron, Treasurer of the Chamber, and John Hopton, Comptroller of the King’s Ships, for the construction of a pond at Deptford ‘for certain ships to ride in’; 9 June 1517.
Additional MSS
5,754, fol. 12 - Payments to Lord William Howard for his service in the Scottish campaign of October 1542.
6,113, fol. 81 - Contemporary account of the christening of Prince Edward at Hampton Court; 15 October 1537.
8,715, fol. 220b - Letter from Ridolfo, Bishop of Faenza, to Signor Ambrogio, Papal Secretary, about Queen Anne’s ‘pretended’ miscarriage; 10 March 1536.
10,110, fol. 237 - An account of Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk’s expedition on the Scottish borders; October 1542.
15,891, fol. 126 - Letter from Sir Francis Walsingham to Sir Christopher Hatton
about the interrogation of the Earl of Arundel’s secretary Mr John Keeper;
Seething Lane, London, 30 January 1584.
fol. 148 - Letter from Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, to Sir Christopher
Hatton; the Tower, 7 May 1585.
fol. 154 - Letter from Sir Francis Walsingham to Sir Christopher Hatton
about Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel; Barn Elms, Surrey, 1 May 1585.
17,492 - A small collection of sixteenth-century poetry in a quarto volume, including some by Lord Thomas Howard and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas.
32,348, fol. 77 - Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk’s complaints about lack of horses and wagons in the Scottish campaign; 19 October 1542.
32,647, fol. 115 - Letter from Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, to Sir
William Fitzwilliam, Earl of Southampton, about the lack of drink for the
English army about to invade Scotland; 7 September 1542.
fol. 121 - Letter from Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, to the Privy
Council about the supply of beer to the king’s army assembling for the
military expedition against Scotland; Kenninghall, 11 September 1542.
fol. 193 - Letter from Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, and Sir
Anthony Browne, Master of the Horse, about the non-arrival of ships carrying
victuals; York, 20 September 1542.
fol. 194 - Letter from Sir George Lawson, Treasurer of Berwick, to Thomas
Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, about shortages of equipment and victuals
for the English army; Berwick, 18 September 1542.
fol. 196 - Letter from Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, to Gardiner
and Wriothesley, seeking their help in defending him from blame for delayed
military supplies; 21 September 1542.
32,648, fol. 46 - Letter from Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, to Gardiner
and Wriothesley, asking them to intercede with the king, to prevent him being
appointed Warden of the Marches; Newcastle, 12 October 1542.
fol. 65 - Letter from Henry VIII to Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk,
reassuring him that he will not be ‘troubled’ by the Wardenry of the Marches;
16 October 1542.
fol. 96 - Letter from the Duke of Suffolk and Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall
announcing Norfolk’s invasion of the Scottish borders; 28 October 1542.
fol. 108 - Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, and others to the
Privy Council, announcing his withdrawal from Scotland; Kelso, 28 October
1542.
fol. 112 - Thomas Howard, third Duk
e of Norfolk, to Gardiner and Wriothesley,
complaining of ‘the lax’; Kelso, 28 October 1542.
fol. 114 - Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, to Wriothesley about the
results of his military expedition to Scotland; 29 October 1542.
fol. 120 - Henry VIII to Norfolk, inquiring about the success of the military
expedition to Scotland; 2 November 1542.
fol. 156 - Account of the Battle of Solway, 24 November 1542.
45,131, fol. 85 - Drawing of the tomb of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk, at the Cluniac Priory of Our Lady, Thetford, Norfolk.
46,372, fols 1-5v - Bill of Attainder against John Howard, first Duke of Norfolk, and Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, his son; 7 November 1485.
48,023 (Yelverton MS 26), fols 151-52 - Letter from Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, to Elizabeth I after his attainder, ‘written by the woeful hand of a dead man’; the Tower, 21 January 1572. Another copy is in Add. MS.
48,027 (Yelverton MS 31) fols 83-125v - Papers relating to the imprisonment, trial and execution of Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, 1570-72, including contemporary accounts of his execution. This account by [William Fleetwood, Recorder of London] recounts at fols 122-5v, a fight with gentlemen pensioners immediately after the beheading that does not seem to appear in contemporary printed accounts.
48,028 (Yelverton MS 32), fols 160-65 - Act of Attainder of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 29 June 1540.
48,029 (Yelverton MS 33), fol. 73 - Order of arraignment of Philip Howard, Earl
of Arundel; 14 April 1589.
fols 74-80 - Charges against Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel.
fol. 81 - Confession of Sir Thomas Gerard; 25 October 1588.
fol. 102 - Confession of William Bennet, priest; 16 October 1588.
fols 111ff - Star Chamber proceedings against Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel;
17 May 1586.
Arundel MS
152, fol. 294 - Account of the interrogation of Sir Thomas More by Thomas Cromwell; Tower of London, 31 April 1535.
Cotton MS
Caligula B, vi, fol. 35 - Catherine of Aragon to Cardinal Wolsey, announcing the victory at Flodden; 16 September 1513.
House Of Treason: The Rise And Fall Of A Tudor Dynasty Page 40