Eternity Street

by John Mack Faragher

  216 “whipped me severely”: “People vs. Miguel Soloma,” 1850.11.29, Box 1, #74, Criminal/Seaver.

  216 “He tied me”: “People vs. Martin Duerte,” 1850.08.02, Box 1, #30, Criminal/Seaver.

  217 “he gave me”: “People vs. Jose Cerbelo Barilla [sic],” 1850.07.02, Box 1, #65, Criminal/Seaver.

  217 “the peaceable and quiet”: “Francesca Pérez Silvas vs. Pio Pico,” 1851.01.04, Box 1, #27, DCC.

  218 Women were victims: Faragher 2014.

  218 “I cried out”: “People vs. Santiago Olivera, Cura Valdez, Simplicio Valdez, and Esteban Silvas,” 1852.02.03, Box 1, #94, Criminal/Seaver; Woolsey 1979:93.

  219 “He shut the door”: “People vs. Thomas Foster,” 1853.07.15, Box 2, #128, Criminal/Seaver.

  220 “We congratulate”: Star 1856.06.07.

  220 “I am sorry to tell”: Wilson to Margaret Wilson, 1856.08.03, Box 5, Wilson 1836–1941.

  220 Foster suicide: Alta California 1862.01.30.

  220 “violently tore her”: “Marie Jesus Bouchet Blair vs. Nicholas Blair,” 1852.09.22, Box 2, #70, DCC.

  220 “We enjoyed ourselves”: Blair to María Jesús Bouchet de Blair, 1852.09.22, Box 10, Stearns 1821–1935.

  221 Blair suicide: Sacramento Daily Union 1852.10.04.

  221 “The California ladies”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:91.

  221 Carrillo divorce: “Francisca Sepúlveda vs. José Antonio Carrillo,” 1853.10.02, Box 4, #100, DCC; Star 1853.12.10; Chavez-García 2004:119.

  221 “Felipe Rheim”: “People vs. Felipe Reim [sic],” 1850.07.01, Box 1, #15, Criminal/Seaver.

  222 “While laboring”: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1857.07.01, Box 13, #440, DCC.

  222 “Violence, like charity”: Gilligan 1997:5.

  222 “gloriously intoxicated”: Newmark 1916:58–59, 64.

  222 “in a manner”: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1858.09.11, Box 14, #455, DCC.

  223 This time: “Rosaria Dias de Rheim vs. Felipe Rheim,” 1860.03.09, Box 20, #700, DCC.

  223 Rheim suicide: Star 1860.04.21.

  223 “Even though you love”: Koegel 1994 2:128.

  CHAPTER 15

  226 “gentle horses:” Lewis Granger to Abel Stearns, 1851,02.04, Stearns 1821–1935.

  226 Sonoreños attacked: “People vs. Antonio Borcamonte and F. Perato,” 1850.09.04, Box 1, #53, Criminal/Seaver; Sacramento Transcript 1850.09.26.

  226 they escaped: Alta California 1850.11.30.

  227 “sons and assistants”: Alta California 1851.01.14.

  227 “by the hands of “: “People vs. Francisco Lugo, et al.,” 1851.01.28, Box 1, #84, Criminal/Seaver.

  228 “Old Man Lugo “: Bell 1881:174–75.

  228 Agua Mansa: Vickery 1977:18–32.

  229 “Chief of the Cahuilla”: Phillips 1975:47–48, 50–51, 164.

  229 “pretty as Arabians”: Brent 1926:10–11.

  229 thirty to forty dollars a head: Cleland 1951:106.

  230 a very large retainer: Bell 1881:196.

  230 “rapidly rolling”: Brent to Edward Brent, 1851.04.16, Brent 1850–1939.

  231 “Let’s kill”: “People vs. Francisco Lugo, et al.,” 1851.03.06, Box 1, #84, Criminal/Seaver.

  231 “The witness confessed”: Brent 1926:21.

  232 “It was an impossibility”: Brent 1926:17–18.

  232 married at Council Bluffs: Hyde 2000:238.

  233 “I spoke to Mrs. Robinson”: “People vs. José María Lugo et al.,” 1850.08.03, Box 1, #49, Criminal/Seaver.

  233 “Qué escándalo es éste”: “People vs. George W. D. Robinson,” 1850.08.14, Box 1, #62, Criminal/Seaver.

  233 “His bearing”: Brent 1926:21.

  234 “race feeling”: Ibid.

  234 “They say that”: Alta California 1851.04.05.

  234 “These bands are composed”: Alta California 1851.06.17.

  234 “Our boys have been”: Brent 1926:23–26.

  235 Don Antonio had simply ignored: Star 1851.06.14.

  235 “the sympathy”: Brent 1926:34–36.

  236 “If the men had descended”: Brent 1926:37.

  236 “armed to the teeth”: Warner 1876:35–36.

  236 “A great deal”: Brent 1926:50–51.

  237 “They had threatened”: Star 1851.05.26.

  237 “determined to take”: J. Bankhead Magruder to B. D. Wilson, 1851.05.25, Hanks 2000:246–47.

  238 “They made some inquiries”: Star 1851.06.14.

  238 “His offer was”: Lugo 1950:213.

  238 “in military order”: Star 1851.06.14.

  240 “as if doomed”: Star 1851.11.20.

  241 “They replied”: Star n.d., reprinted New York Spectator 1851.08.14.

  241 “The Indians first”: Star 1851.11.20.

  242 “I saw the bodies”: Star 1851.06.14.

  242 “resented the gloating”: Brent 1926:65.

  242 “The volunteers”: Alta California 1851.06.17.

  242 “He can return”: Los Angeles County officials, proclamation, 1851.06.02, Alta California 1851.06.28.

  242 “a beautiful sword”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.

  243 coroner’s jury exonerated: Star 1851.06.14.

  243 “lawless and reckless scum”: Alta California 1851.06.17.

  244 “Behind these efforts”: Brent 1926:65.

  244 “Other American settlers”: Ibid.

  244 “the most ordinary”: Star 1852.03.06.

  244 refused to settle down: Daily Evening Bulletin 1874.09.12, 1874.11.26, 1877.02.05; Alta California 1876.06.14; Los Angeles Herald 1876.06.14.

  CHAPTER 16

  245 “Let us remember”: Wilson 1952:23–24.

  246 “Most of our”: Keller 1859:346–47.

  246 vineyards: Alta California 1851.08.07.

  246 “crowded from morn”: Bell 1881:47.

  247 “Police Regulations”: Los Angeles Common Council 1850–74, 1850.07.27, 1:53-55, 61–62 (hereafter cited as Common Council).

  247 “I wish”: Charles Henry Brinley to Abel Stearns, 1852.08.30, Stearns 1821–1935.

  247 “Los Angeles had”: Bell 1881:47–48.

  247 “Indians arrested”: Star 1852.10.09.

  248 “unlawful”: Star 1853.12.03; Guillow 1996:137–38.

  248 Juan Pelon, a Cahuilla: “Causa Criminal Contra el Yndio Juan Pelon,” 1850.01.10, ACR 6:874–91.

  248 “took an axe”: Star 1852.12.03.

  248 “drunken frolic”: “People vs. Juan Chapo,” 1854.06.07, Box 3, #173, Criminal/Seaver.

  248 “On Monday”: Star 1852.10.09.

  249 clubs and stones: Alta California 1851.04.04; Sacramento Daily Union 1851.04.10.

  249 churchurki: Reid 1968:46.

  249 “produced enormous excitement”: Brent 1926:7; Star 1851.05.17.

  249 banned the playing of peon: Common Council 1851.05.07, 1:165.

  250 “How many of the Indians”: Star 1851.11.01, reprinted New York Tribune 1851.12.20.

  250 Juan Antonio arrived: Star 1851.11.08, reprinted Alta California 1851.11.13.

  250 “the big men”: Star 1851.07.19, reprinted Alta California 1851.07.24.

  250 “Nothing could be”: Star 1851.07.05, reprinted Alta California 1851.07.14.

  251 “is regarded by all”: San Diego Herald, 1851.11.27; Hill 1927:139.

  253 “On Saturday morning”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17; Alta California 1851.12.03.

  253 “were in his favor”: William Marshall, 1851.12.10, Roll 9, Binder 7, “Whaley House Papers.”

  253 “The moment has arrived”: Garra to Estudillo, 1851.11.21, Roll 9, Binder 6, “Whaley House Papers;” Evans 1966:343.

  254 “The tocsin of war”: Thomas Whaley to Rachel Pye Whaley, 1851.12.02, Roll 9, Binder 5, “Whaley House Papers.”

  254 “The native Californians”: San Diego Herald 1851.11.27, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.04.

  255 imminent danger of attack: Williams to Los Angeles Co
unty authorities, 1851.11.20, Alta California 1851.12.21.

  255 “urgent necessity”: Star 1851.11.29, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.12.

  255 “It would strain”: Bean to Governor John McDougal, 1851.11.30, Alta California 1851.12.12.

  256 “If we lose this war”: Garra to Antonio, c1851.12.01, Star 1851.12.20; Phillips 1975:81.

  256 “I have a good strong”: Garra to Duff Weaver, c1851.12.02, Star 1851.12.05.

  256 “he was ready”: Antonio to Olvera, 1851.12.08, Star 1851.12.13; Alta California 1851.12.27.

  256 “I am your prisoner”: Alta California 1852.01.06.

  256 “catch bad men”: Star 1851.12.13, reprinted Alta California 1851.12.18.

  257 “These prisoners”: Alta California 1851.12.14.

  257 makeshift gallows: Alta California 1851.12.13.

  257 “It was not my intention”: Statement of William Marshall, 1851.12.10, Roll 9, Binder 7, “Whaley House Papers;” Bibb 1976.

  257 “We shall soon number”: Whaley to Anne E. Launay, 1851.12.17, Roll 9, Binder 5, “Whaley House Papers.”

  258 “To have done less”: O. M. Wozencraft to Luke Lea, n.d., Phillips 1975:102.

  258 “join with us”: Alta California 1852.01.03.

  258 “owed no allegiance”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17.

  259 “His whole deportment”: San Diego Herald 1852.01.17.

  259 “What’s the use?”: Smythe 1908:192.

  259 Treaty of Temecula: Kappler 1928:1124–26.

  259 “They came to collect”: Star 1852.01.24, reprinted Alta California 1852.01.28.

  260 “To place upon”: Star 1852.03.13.

  260 “Where will you”: Journal of the Third Session of the Legislature of the State of California (San Francisco: G. K. Fitch and V. E. Geiger, State Printers, 1852):602–4.

  261 “We have been”: Cahuillas to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1856.05.15, Phillips 1975:135.

  261 “You must remain quiet”: Beattie and Beattie 1939:236-37, 251.

  261 Cahuilla legend: Bean 1965:5.

  CHAPTER 17

  263 two hundred homicides: Faragher 2014; an average of 20 homicides per year (1850-59) in a population of 7,341 (the mean of the population for Los Angeles County in 1850 and 1860) is a homicide rate of 272/100,000; cf. Ciudad Juarez, 240/100,000 in 2010, Washington Post 2012.08.20.

  263 “Who today”: Star 1851.09.27, clipping Hayes 1877b 47:136.

  264 “We are told”: Star 1851.06.27, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:92.

  264 “to watch over”: Common Council 1851.07.12, 1:178–79.

  265 a total of eighty-three men: Star 1851.07.12, clipping Hayes 1877b 49:18.

  265 “might be called”: Bancroft 1882–90 36:486.

  265 “admirably calculated”: Star 1851.07.12, clipping Hayes 1877b 49:18.

  265 “Our views”: Star 1851.10.11.

  265 when two men: Star 1852.07.24.

  266 “In accordance with”: Star 1852.07.31.

  267 “Young men”: Ibid.

  267 “everyone could see”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.

  267 “Justice was the goal”: Star 1852.08.07.

  267 “Rico! Rico! Rico!”: Star 1852.12.04.

  268 “His death”: Star 1852.11.13.

  268 “the deceased, Gen.”: Star 1852.11.20, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:121.

  268 “even applied torture”: Coronel 1994:70–71.

  269 “a gang of desperadoes”: Star 1852.11.27.

  269 “father one night”: Los Angeles Herald 1899.01.23.

  269 “I belonged to”: Star 1852.12.04, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:133.

  269 Harry Love: Star 1852.06.19 [misidentified as “Lull”], 1852.06.26 [corrected to “Love”].

  270 “a people’s court”: Bell 1881:41–43.

  270 “launched into eternity”: Star 1852.12.04, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:133.

  270 she implicated yet another: Ibid.

  271 “I have just shot”: Bell 1881:24–26.

  271 “Dr. Hope was determined”: Coronel 1994:70–71.

  271 “The proof in the case”: Star 1852.12.11, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:131.

  272 “bad women”: Ibid.

  272 “We made a mistake”: William A. Wallace, n.d., Moore 1886:549.

  272 “inhuman execution”: Star 1853.10.08.

  272 “none of the Californians”: Hayes 1877b 43:146.

  272 Hayes later learned: El Clamor Público 1857.02.21.

  273 “Heavy clouds over-spread”: Bell 1881:47.

  273 “white man’s rendezvous”: Packman 1944:75.

  273 “peculiar obstacles”: Star 1853.08.06.

  274 a gang of Californios: Star 1853.10.08.

  274 “one of the most exciting”: Bell 1881:151–54.

  275 “choked off”: Star 1853.10.08.

  275 “The bad feeling”: Ibid.

  276 “Are we a people”: Ibid.

  276 “Should we not”: Star 1853.10.22.

  276 “No me pude aclimatar”: El Vigia [Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico] 2011.08.27, http://www.elvigia.net/noticia/manuel-clemente-rojo-primera-parte, accessed 2011.11.19.

  CHAPTER 18

  277 “So as you see”: Hayes to David Atchison, 1853.01.12, Hayes 1929:96–97.

  277 “to better order”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.

  277 “His health”: Emily Hayes to “M. E.,” 1852.08.26, Hayes 1875a:52.

  277 “I consider myself”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:93.

  278 “I do not think”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.02.08, Hayes 1929:88.

  278 sankey: Harper 1888:21.

  278 “Today we walked”: Emily Hayes to “M. E.,” 1852.03.01, Hayes 1875a:44–45.

  278 “Ah, no matter”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:91–92.

  278 “the sweetest thing”: Hayes 1929:101.

  278 “The site of Los Angeles”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.02.08, Hayes 1929:88.

  279 “They were to have”: Emily Hayes to sister, 1852.07.11, Hayes 1929:90.

  279 “Gallows Hill”: Bell 1881:100.

  279 “a clever, manly”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.

  279 February 22: “Invitation to a dance at Don Abel Stearns’ home,” 1853.02.22, item 169, Del Valle Family 1818–1920.

  280 “the better class”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.

  280 “game little fellow”: Bell 1881:89–91.

  280 “sallied out alone”: Star 1853.02.26.

  281 “Men have become”: Ibid.

  281 “Always settle them cases”: Sparks 1870:148.

  281 “It is my habit”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.

  281 “He was the gamest”: Los Angeles Herald 1900.02.25.

  282 “essentially selfish”: Burnett 1880:90–93.

  282 “Colt’s Army and Navy Pistols”: Star 1852.07.24.

  282 “The patrons”: Bell 1881:22–23.

  283 prohibiting the carriage or discharge: Common Council 1:79, 88, 90, 118–19, 126.

  283 restrictions on firearms: Winkler 2011:167.

  283 “the revolver seems”: Hayes 1877b 43:5.

  283 accusing Cornwall: Star 1852.08.28.

  284 “Clear the way”: Alta California 1852.09.05.

  284 indicted Cornwall: “People vs. William Cornwall,” 1852.12.08, Box 1, no case #, Criminal/Seaver.

  284 “It was a genuine”: Alta California 1852.08.10.

  284 “an out-and-out”: Bell 1881:105.

  285 “one of us must die”: Star 1854.01.14.

  285 “We got to drinking”: “People vs. Thomas Smith and Sterling H. Lester,” 1854.04.30, Box 2, #168, Criminal/Seaver.

  286 “Each table with its”: Bell 1881:28.

  289 overpowered the jailer: Star 1854.07.08.

  289 “better order”: Hayes to B. M. Hughes, 1853.01.24, Hayes 1929:92.

  289 fourteen homicides: Faragher 2014.

 
289 “He was brave”: Star 1853.12.10.

  290 The trial of Ygnacio Herrera: “People vs. Ygnacio Herrera,” Box 2, #149, Criminal/Seaver; Sacramento Daily Union 1853.12.29.

  290 “following the will-o’-the-wisp”: Bell 1881:158–59.

  291 “We surrounded”: Brent, “Life in California”:13–17, Brent 1869–1940.

  291 “they each proceeded”: Star 1854.01.21; Bell 1881:159–60.

  291 “vivo o muerto”: Star 1854.01.21.

  291 “I remonstrated”: Hayes 1929:101.

  291 “The death of these”: Star 1854.01.28, reprinted Alta California 1854.02.05.

  292 attempting to sell some of the loot: Star 1854.02.11.

  292 “To me it has fallen”: Star 1854.02.11.

  292 thirty-ninth birthday: Hayes 1929:104.

  CHAPTER 19

  295 “This place will”: Southern Californian 1854.10.26.

  295 “Americans profess”: Southern Californian 1854.08.31.

  295 homicides: Faragher 2014.

  296 “appalled at the frequent”: Star 1854.10.19.

  296 “What a selfish creature”: Star 1855.11.24.

  296 “What have you done”: Hayes 1877b 43:435.

  297 “seems very indifferent”: Woods diary, 1854.11.12, Bynum 1941:70–71.

  297 “This is a rough country”: Woods diary, 1854.11.12, Bynum 1941:70.

  297 “Our roads are safe”: Star 1854.11.02.

  297 “City of Demons”: Woods diary, 1854.11.29, Bynum 1941:74–76

  297 John Ozias Wheeler: Newmark 1914:38; Guinn and Barrows 1889:694.

  297 “We cannot but”: Southern Californian 1854.11.16.

  298 “Is it not incumbent”: Southern Californian 1854.10.19.

  298 “We do not agree”: Star 1854.11.02, clipping Hayes 1877b 43:416, with claim of authorship.

  298 “We hold that life”: Star 1854.11.16, clipping Hayes 1877b 47:165, with claim of authorship.

  298 “Lynch law will”: Star 1854.10.05.

  299 “It is but”: Star 1854.10.19.

  299 “Our only hope”: Star 1854.11.30.

  299 “to no longer wait”: Southern Californian 1854.10.19.

  299 “We are at a terrible”: Southern Californian 1854.11.23.

  301 “done more toward”: Star 1854.12.07.

  301 “the desired effect”: Southern Californian 1854.12.21.

  301 “Peace and quietness”: Southern Californian c1854.12.28, transcription Hayes 1877b 43:444.

  301 King and Johnson clans: Brackett 1920:71–73; Mahar 1989.