The Highland Clearances
Page 37
Grumbeg, 75, 99
Grummore, 75, 96, 98, 100
*Harris, 174, 248
Helmsdale, 62, 68, 101, 102, 105, 157, 192
Helmsdale, R., 109, 112
Invergarry, 141, 277
Invergordon, 183–5
Inverie, 277, 279
Inverlochy, 141, 142, 149, 273
Inverness, 32, 37, 44, 45, 90, 111, 156, 157, 245, 271
Inverness-shire, 19, 28, 34, 46, 119, 145, 163, 226
Isleornsay, 276
* ISLES, 17, 171, 205; famine and destitution in, 163, 172, 173, 174;
kelp industry, 248–50;
property sales, 250–51
* Kildonan, 96, 100, 106, 112, 113, 114, 145, 160, 163, 246, 289, 299
Kilmachalmack, 121, 127
Kincardine (parish of), 34, 207
Kindeace, 38, 209, 219–20
Kinlochmoidart, 178
Kinlochnevis, 140–41
Kintail, 19, 172, 173
Kirkton, 85 fn., 160
*Knoydart, 127, 173, 274–6, 281–5, 289
Kyle of Sutherland, 12, 39, 121, 122, 123, 207
*Lairg, 35, 39, 98, 128, 159, 303
Langdale, 75,77, 95
Langwell (Strath Oykel), 44, 122
Langwell (Caithness), 27
*Lewis, 18, 176, 251
Loch Arkaig, 147, 148 Boisdale, 265, 266
Broom, 195, 292
Choire, 95
Efort, 175, 269, 271
Eishort, 175, 269, 271
Erribol, 168
Hourn, 243, 256, 274, 275, 279
Kishorn, 150
Laggan, 185
Leven, 147
Linnhe, 195, 274
Lochy, 137
Morie, 11, 33, 40, 43
nan Clar, 76, 101
Naver, 75, 95
Ness, 129, 197
Nevis, 256, 274, 279
Oich, 144, 274
Quoich, 148, 149, 177
Slapin, 267, 269
Lochaber, 32, 33, 148, 179, 299
Lochlash, 173
Lochcarron, 172
Lochernhead, 291
Lochinver, 20
Lochmaddy, 178, 253, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261
Macduff, 181
Mallaglate, 253, 255, 257, 260
Middlequarter, 253, 259, 260
*Mingulay, 248
Moidart, 79, 250
Moray--shire, 58, 59, 60, 173
Moray Firth, 79,180
Mornish, 251
*Mull, 178, 179, 248
Nairn, 79
Naver, R., 93, 110, 112,155
Novar, 9, 11, 43, 121
Oban, 176, 180, 256, 261
Orkneys, 163, 171
Perth, 30, 157, 173
Perth-shire, 23
Portree, 176, 177, 180, 201, 268, 270,273
Raasay, 251
Ravigill, 81
Reay, 55, 151, 159, 160
Resolis, 34
Rhifail, 75, 84, 109 fn.
Rhiloisk, 83
Rhimsdale, 82, 99
Rhives, 96, 161
*Rogart, 159, 160, 301
Rossal, 70, 79, 80, 82, 100
*ROSS-SHIRE, 9, 12, 19, 23–4, 26, 28, 30, 31, 37, 38, 40, 46, 59, 60, 105, 117, 119–20, 121–2, 145, 147, 157, 161, 163, 172, 175, 176, 205, 207, 218, 219, 222, 225–6, 297, 300
Rosskeen, 183–4, 210
Sandaig, 277, 279, 283
Scourie, 160, 291
Shin, R., 35, 128
Skail, 75, 79, 83, 100
*SKYE, 163, 173, 176, 181, 187, 201, 204, 248, 251, 252, 267, 297, 299, 303
Strath Alladale, 207, 224 Cuilennach, 207, 208, 213, 216, 224
*Oykel, 32, 34, 39
Rusdale, 9, 11, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43
*Strathaird (Skye), 268
*Strathcarron, 11, 34, 207–8, 209, 217, 219, 224, 225–6
*Strathglass, 129, 130, 134, 136
*Strathnaver, 88, 89, 92, 95, 97, 100, 124, 152, 155, 246, 289
Strathy Point, 74, 110
Stromnes, 68, 114
* SUTHERLAND, 21, 32, 35, 37, 39, 51, 52, 59, 60, 77, 151, 152, 153, 157, 163, 164, 248, 296, 299, 300; Stafford's estates, 52, 54–8, 74, 85 and fn., 86, 112–13, 128, 150, 155–6, 185, 244–8, 289–92, 295, 300–303;
Loch's account of improvements in, 103–12;
description of, 54–8
Swordly, 74
Syre, 75, 78
Tain, 86, 156, 158, 161, 185, 208, 214, 216, 217, 222, 227, 229, 232, 234 Thurso, 182, 189
*Tiree, 248
Tirrim, 250
*Tongue, 84, 100, 153, 160
Torrisdale Bay, 100
*UIST, N., 20, 174, 248, 252, 253–4, 268
*UIST, S., 19, 172, 174, 248, 250, 264
Ullapool, 188, 189, 293
Wick, 98, 128, 152, 181–2,189
Wrath, Cape, 54
Scott, Andrew (A), 293, 294
Scott, Robert Bisset, editor, 87, 90
Scott, Sir Walter, 16, 52, 135, 139, 143, 144, 148
SELLAR, PATRICK (AS), Factor for the Sutherland Estates, 58–9; opinion of sheep-farming, 59, 63–4, 68;
begins clearances with Young, 63–5, 66–8;
in the ‘Year of the Burnings’, 76, 77–8, 79–80, 81–2, 84, 85–6, 87;
Military Register demands his prosecution, 87–90;
trial, 90–92;
suit against Mackid, 93–4;
retires from Stafford's service, 94 fn.
Mentioned: 58, 101, 104, 119,134,155, 291
Shaw, Sher.-Sub., 253, 255–6, 258, 261
SHEEP (see also ROSS-SHIRE SHEEP RIOTS), in the Highlands before 1760, 21–3;
Lintons brought to Balnagowan, 23–4
Mentioned: 12, 15, 110, 120, 145, 189, 224, 299, 301
The Great Cheviot: description, 24–6;
brought north by Sinclair, 26–9;
in Sutherland, 50, 55, 64–5, 96, 112;
in Lochaber, 148;
in the Isles, 248, 250, 252, 267.
Mentioned: 34, 40, 45, 61, 159, 205, 275, 303–4
Sheep-walks: 87, 95, 101, 130, 132, 134, 137, 149, 155, 175, 304
Shooting estates, 146, 148, 185, 208, 304
Sinclair, Sir John of Ulbster (P), 26, 27, 28; on peasant cooperatives, 28, 62, 304;
opinion of Highlanders, 56, 57
Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de, 109–10, 112
Skye Emigration Society, 201–2
Society of Friends of the People, 31, 117
Society of Improvement of British Wool, 24–5, 27
Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 19
Society for the Protection of the Poor, 223–4, 225
Society of True Highlanders, 142–4
Spence, Charles, solicitor, and Glencalvie, 218–19, 221, 223–4, 226
Spence, Thomas, 118 fn.
Stafford, Marquess of, see Leveson-Gower
Stafford, Marchioness of, see Gordon
Stafford House, 52, 53, 286, 287, 301
Stewart, James (A), Glenelg, 285
Stewart, Major-Gen. David, of Garth, 35, 41–2, 43–4, 58, 108–9, 122 fn., 296 and fn., 297, 298
Stewart, Donald (A), Kindeace law-agent, 227, 229, 230
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 281; tours Scotland, 288–9;
publishes defence of Duchess and Improvements, 290–91 292, 294–5
Stuart, John and Charles Sobieski, 146
Sutherland, Dukes of, see Leveson-Gower
Sutherland, Duchess of, see Gordon, Howard, Mackenzie
Sutherland, Angus (CE), 290
Sutherland, Angus, M.P., 115 fn.
Sutherland, James (CE), 115
Sutherland, John (CE), Farr, 128
Sutherland, William (CE), 83
Sutherland Transatlantic Friendly Association, 112–13, 118–19
Tartan, 13, 14, 146, 188, 203, 289, 304
Taylor, Sher-Sub., Tain, 229, 230, 237
Taylor, George (A), 155
Trentham, 49, 53, 162
Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 199, 202
Victoria, Queen, 177, 185, 202, 235, 237, 246–7, 287, 301, 302
Wade, George, Field-Marshal, 275
Wallace, Alasdair Mor, (c), 33
Ward, William, 11th Baron (P), 274
Whisky, illicit stills, 106, 135–6
Wool, 120, 146, 205–6
Young, George, Sheriff, 283
Young, William (AS), first Commissioner of Stafford, 58–60, 74, 121, 153; begins clearances, 63–4;
Kildonan, 67–8;
Strathnaver, 73–4, 76, 96
* The Royal Scots Fusiliers.
*The Sutherland Estate appointed Church of Scotland ministers, as did many other Highland landowners, though the reintroduction of such patronage contravened the Treaty of Union. Under James Loch, the Sutherland Estate was to go further and forbid any other form of worship but that which it favoured.
* Macdonald's account, with some others quoted here, is taken from the evidence given before the Napier Commission of Inquiry in 1883 (see Acknowledgements). It is sometimes claimed that not too much weight should be given to this evidence, since the witnesses were not under oath – a contention that throws more light on the probity of those who make it than on the Highlanders themselves.
*He rented the farm at Kirktown, parish of Golspie, from the Sutherland Estate.
* Patrick Sellar had retired from Stafford's service in 1818. In less than ten years since he boarded the Burghead packet he had become one of the most prosperous sheep-farmers in the north.
*The Captain may have felt he had no reason to love the people. Eight years before, he and his Volunteers had been called out to suppress a riot caused by the thoroughly unpopular appointment of a Murdoch Cameron to the ministry at Creich. His martial dignity had been offended when an old woman of seventy, resenting his naked broadsword, had shattered it with a stone.
*An exile from Kildonan, whose ancestor armed himself with a flintlock to scare away the sheepmen, writes to me: ‘What is the position in Kildonan today? Six alien proprietors owning land and water (where once hundreds of good, happy people lived), a red Post Office van, a score of gamekeepers and shepherds. In addition to deer, grouse and salmon, the proprietors do quite a side-line in sheep and cattle. They sometimes open baby shows and strut at Highland games, and the people think it fine.’
*P. 84. Iain Ban Mackay of Rhifail in Strathnaver, who had to give his milk-cow to Stafford's factor in exchange for a boll of meal.
* In this arguable figure he presumably includes grants made by the Government as well as sums spent by the proprietors.
*See Part Four, The White-sailed Ships.
*His great-grandson, Angus Sutherland of Helmsdale, a teacher at the Glasgow Academy and a leader of the Sutherland Association, was to become the people's first Member of Parliament when the radicals of the county elected him in 1885 to take the fight of the crofters to Westminster.
*Thomas Spence (1750–1814), an odd, bitter and unsociable bookseller with a passion for spelling-reform, had published his ideas of corporate land-tenure in 1775. His followers were politically simple and never strong. The Government made them scapegoats, crying wolf in their direction whenever its popularity needed stimulation. Finally, by the use of agents, it trapped them into the Cato Street Conspiracy.
*David Stewart of Garth, once of the 42nd, was later a Major in this battalion of the 78th. He said that the boys were ‘healthy, vigorous and efficient, attached and obedient to their officers, temperate and regular… possessing those principles of integrity and moral conduct which constitute a valuable soldier’.
*It is still said in the Highlands that gipsies made these whistles, selling them to the people for use as warnings when the evictors came.
† If this Sutherlander really existed, and was not just a creation of the guilt men felt about Strathnaver, one would like to think he was Donald Macleod, the stonemason.
* By James Logan, author of The Scottish Gael, in a manuscript note quoted by Alexander Mackenzie in his History of the Chisholms.
*Two men of Kintail tried to kill Laidlaw, firing a shot through his bedroom window at Lienassie House. They had planned to shoot him as he rode through the pass from Glen Affric, but lost their nerve for so open an act of retribution. It is said that their names are still known in Kintail, but are kept as secret as the identity of the Appin murderer.
* Donald Macleod, who expected no more from Loch, said: ‘The Sutherland turn-out was contemptible. Some two or three dozen squalid-looking. ill-dressed and ill-appointed men were all. So inferior, indeed, was their appearance that those who had the management refused to allow them to walk in the procession and employed them in some duty out of public view. They were huddled in an old, empty house, sleeping on straw and fed with the coarsest fare while the other clans were living in comparative luxury.’
*Ailean Dall spoke no criticism of Glengarry in his verse, but the words he chose were significant. By crois he meant more than cross, something terribly close to the sins of Sodom and Gomorrah. And the Gaelic word for pasture meant not only meadowland, but the abstract idea of peace, happiness and tranquillity.
* In 1872 a Parliamentary Select Committee was appointed to inquire into the laws for the protection of deer and to discover, by the way, if people had been evicted to make way for the animals. It found no proof of eviction. Nor was there any reason why it should. The people had long since gone to make way for sheep, which were now being replaced by deer.
*My italics. J.P.
*Many of them were the children and grandchildren of the Men of Ross who had been evicted from Strath Rusdale in The Year of the Sheep fifty-five years before.
*See p. 180.
* Though admitting that there is no proof, the Librarian of The Times today suggests that this man may have been Thomas Campbell Foster, a legal writer who was called to the Bar in 1846. In that year, twelve months after Glencalvie, Delane sent him to Ireland as a Special Commissioner, with instructions to report the famine and destitution there.
*Ross claimed that the Riot Act was neither produced nor read.
* Donald Ross of Letchworth, her grand-nephew, tells me that in fact she survived these incredible injuries. He remembers her in her extreme old age.
* These words were written by Donald Macleod of Strathnaver, who met Ross in Glasgow. ‘Sutherland and Ross-shire,’ he wrote, ‘may boast of having had the Nana Sahib and his chiefs some years before India, and that in the persons of some whose education, training, and parental example, should prepare their minds to perform and act differently.’
* Until the eighth Duke of Argyll, to whom it belonged, guaranteed its tourist prosperity by giving it to the Church of Scotland. He also had himself buried there, with his wife, in a fine marble tomb.
*Only a handful of the evicted people of Knoydart were considered to be paupers within the Act, and entitled to Parish Relief.
*Goodbye to Uncle Tom, by J. C. Furnas (Secker & Warbourg, 1957) contains a full account of her surprising ignorance. A far more reliable account of American slavery was published in 1863 by the actress Fanny Kemble in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839.
* In fact, said David Stewart, of 20,500 men who served in five Highland regiments, 668 only were killed in action, 235 of them in the Black Watch.
*A combined axe and pike carried by sergeants. A man ordered for flogging was spread-eagled on a frame made from four of these weapons.
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