The Lost Empire of Atlantis

  Jeffreys, M.D.W., ‘Pre-Columbian Maize in the Old World: an examination of Portuguese sources’, in M.L. Arnott, Gastronomy: the anthropology of food and food habits, The Hague, Netherlands, Mouton, 1975, pp 23-66

  Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Distribution of Pre-Columbian Maize and Modern Maize Names’, in Shue Tuck Worg, ed., Person, Place and Thing: Interpretative and Empincal Essays in Cultural Geography, volume 31 of Geoscience and Man, Geoscience Publications, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, 1992

  Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Maize Diffused to India Before Columbus came to America’, in Across Before Columbus, NEARA, 1998

  Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Pre-Columbian American Sunflower Maize Images in Indian Temples’, in NEARA Journal, vol. 32, 1998

  Johannessen, Carl L. and Parker, Ann Z., ‘American Crop Plants in Asia prior to European Contact’, in Proceedings of Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers, 1989,

  Leon, Fideas E. et al., ‘HLA TransPacific Contacts and Retrovirus’, in Human Immunology, vol. 42, 1995, p. 349,

  Meggers, Betty J., ‘Yes if by land, no if by sea: the double standard in interpreting cultural similarities’, in American Anthropologist, 78,1976,

  Muhly, J.D., ‘An Introduction to Minoan Archaeometallurgy’, in Proceedings of International Symposium, Crete, 2004,

  Olsen, Edward J., ‘Copper Artefact Analysis with the X-ray Spectrometer’, in American Antiquity, vol. 28, no. 2, 1962,

  Riley, Caroll L. et al., Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1971, pp. 219-41,

  Scherz, J.P., ‘Ancient Trade Routes in America’s Copper Country’, in Ancient American, vol. 5/35,

  Silow, R.A., ‘The Problem of Trans-Pacific Migration involved in the origin of the cultivated cottons of the New World’, in Proceedings of Seventh Pacific Science Congress, vol. 5, New Zealand, 1949 Sorenson, John L., ‘The Significance of an Apparent Relationship Between the Ancient Near East and Mesoamerica’, in Carroll L. Riley et al.

  Sorenson, John L. and Johannessen, Carl L., World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492, New York, iUniverse, 2009,

  Sorenson, John L. and Raish, Martin H., Pre-Columbian Contact with the Americas across the Oceans: an annotated bibliography, 2 vols, Utah, Research Press, 1996

  Thompson, Gunnar, American Discovery: Our Multicultural Heritage, Seattle, Sasquatch, 1999

  Thompson, Gunnar, Secret Voyages to the New World, Seattle, Misty Isles Press, 2006

  Winchell, N.H., ‘Ancient Copper Mines of Isle Royale’, in Engineering and Mining Journal, 32, 1881

  Wuthenau, A. von, Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, 1500 BC-AD 1500: THE HISTORICAL TESTIMONY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN ARTISTS, New York, Outlet, 1975. (The Babylonian god Humbaba shows up in faces in Veracruz, Chiapas, Columbia and Ecuador. This extraordinary work has been carefully ignored by conventional archaeologists.)

  Book VI: The Legacy

  Brown, M.D. et al., ‘MtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and North America?’, in American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 63, 1998

  Cook, R.M., The Greeks Till Alexander, London, Thames & Hudson, 1961

  Evans, A.J., ‘Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life’, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 32, 1912

  Fitton, J.L., Minoans, London, British Museum Press, 2002

  Finila, American Journal of human genetics, 2003, November 73 (5), pp 1178-1190, Pub. Med table. See also Sutton Theory and ‘Coming into America: Tracing the Genes’, PBS 2004, and ‘Stone Age Columbus’, BBC 2002, and ‘Ice Age Columbus’, Discovery 2005, and ‘Diffusion of Mf DNA Haplogroup X’, American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003.

  Galanopoulos, A.G. and Bacon, Edward, Atlantis: the Truth Behind the Legend, London, Thomas Nelson, 1969

  Graham, J.W., ‘The Minoan Unit of Length and Minoan Palace Planning’, in American Journal of Archaeology, 64, 1960

  King, R.J. et al., ‘Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic’, in Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 72 (2), 2008, pp. 205-14

  Lindsay, Jeff, Enter Haplogroup X, www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/DNA.shtml#x

  Morell, Virginia, ‘Genes May Link Ancient Eura Sians, Native Americans’, Science 24 April 1998: Volume 280, no 5363, p. 520

  Reidla, Maere et al., ‘Origin and Diffusion of MtDNA Haplogroup X’, in American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 73, 2003

  Schurr, T.G., ‘Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World’, in American Scientist, vol. 18, 2000

  Shlush, I. et al., ‘The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East’, in Plos One 3, 2009

  Taylour, W., The Mycenaeans, London, Thames & Hudson, 1964

  Torroni, A. et al., ‘Mitochondrial DNA “clock” for the Amerinds and its implications for timing their entry into North America’, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 9, 1994

  Triantafyllidis, C. of Thessaloniki’s Aristotle University talks about DNA and Minoan genetic origins: http://www.ekathimerini.com

  Works of Dr Minas Tsikritsis

  (Read after The Lost Empire of Atlantis was written)

  Calendar Almanac of Cretan-Mycenaean Civilisation, Lawyer’s Association of Heraklion, December 2005

  Cretan Scripts and the Disc of Phaistos, Secondary Education Office of Heraklion, December 2006

  ‘Egyptian Healing (treatment) Spells in the Language of Keftiu’, Patris newspaper, 19 April 2005, p. 22

  ‘The Mathematics of the Minoans, Fractions and Decimal System, Geometric Regression’, Eleutherotypia newspaper, 9 December 2006, p.59

  ‘Medicine in the Bronze Age’, Ichor magazine, vol. 80, September 2007, pp. 65-6

  ‘Minoans, the Rulers of the Mediterranean’, To Vima newspaper (science section), 12 August 2007, pp. 27-9

  ‘The Origin of Olympic and Ancient Minoan Games’, Prefecture of Heraklion, April 2004

  Linear A to the Mountain of Giouktas

  ’The Disc of Phaistos, A Guide for its Decipherment’

  ‘Linear A - Contributing to the Understanding of an Aegean Script’, Vikelea Municipal Library, Heraklion, 2001

  ‘Minoans: The First Cartographers in the World’, Eleutherotypia newspaper, 24 January 2009

  ‘Plato, Crete, Atlantis and the Holy Mountain of Giouktas’, Heraklion, 2008

  INDEX

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  Abu Simnel, 216

  Abydos, 43

  Aceh, 47

  Adabrock hoard, 244

  Aden, 141-2

  Aegina, 326

  Afghanistan, 52, 125

  Agde, 62

  Aigina treasure, 51-2

  Akhenaten, Pharaoh, 13-14, 76, 103-4

  Akrotiri, 20, 34, 38, 163, 175, 342

  al-Hamawi, Yaqut, 146 al-Idrisi, 146

  Al-Kazwini, 146

  al-Razzak, Abdul, 146

  alabaster, 12, 185-6, 339

  Alalakh, 98, 112, 138

  Alashiya, king of, 104

  Albacete, 182

  Aleppo, 106, 122, 124-9, 136

  Alexander the Great, 131

  Alexandria, 61-2, 163

  Alexiou, Stylianos, 6, 13-14, 43, 49, 53

  Alfieri, Anastase, 163

  Algiers, 62

  Allert, James, 295

  Almendres Cromlech, 181, 186-7, 211, 225-6, 232, 262

  Almerla, 184

  Almizaraque, 183

  Alwaye, 152

  Amarna, 13-14

  ‘Armana Letters’, 103-4

  Amathus, 62

  amber, 86, 96-7, 177, 186, 210, 238, 244, 251, 315

  Amesbury necklace, 250, 252

  and barrow hoards, 232, 240-1

  and Uluburun wreck, 79, 83, 95-6

  Ambika Kushmandini, 161

  Amenemhat II, Pharaoh, 220, 22
2

  Amenemhat III, Pharaoh, 117

  Amenhotep II, Pharaoh, 108

  Amenophis II, Pharaoh, 111

  Americas

  Columbus’s discovery, 160, 259

  Minoan discovery, 245-7

  and Minoan navigation, 262-71

  and Minoan trade, 161-4

  and Phoenicians, 268-9

  Amesbury, 240, 250-1

  ‘Amesbury Archer’ (‘King of

  Stonehenge’), 239, 252-4, 279

  amethyst, 52, 143, 272

  Amnisos, 20, 37, 62

  Anakkara, 158

  Anatolia, 52, 61, 64-6, 68-70, 73, 111-12, 158, 189, 222, 312

  animals barnacles, 90

  bears, 124, 291

  bison, 160

  elephants, 124, 153-4, 340

  hippopotami, 98-9

  leopards, 153-5, 158

  mastodon, 282

  panthers, 37

  tobacco beetle, 24, 37, 102, 119, 121, 162-3, 169, 221

  turtles, 291

  voles, 247

  whales, 291-2

  see also bulls

  Antakya, 190

  Antikythera mechanism, 265-6

  Antilles Current, 292

  Antipolis, 62

  Apinani, Juanito, 189

  Apollonia, 62

  Archanes, 9, 12, 315

  Archimedes, 54, 318

  Argo, 86-90, 176

  Aristotle, 36

  Arkalochori cave, 19, 42, 60

  Armenia, 131, 307

  arsenic, 59-60, 101, 170-1, 183-4

  art, Minoan, 111-13, 120, 123

  Arthashastra, 145

  Aruz, Joan, 113

  Arzawa, 64

  Ashkelon, 41

  Aspro Island, 342

  Assur, 199

  Assurbanipal, King, 130-1, 133

  Assyria, 67, 130-1

  astronomy, 133-5, 187, 208-10, 216-21, 236-7, 261, 264-6

  Aswan, 221

  Asykly Hcjyilk, 68

  Athens, ancient, 10, 39, 62, 324

  and deforestation, 173-5

  Atkinson, Richard J.C., 233, 235, 238

  Atlantis, 35-6

  Plato’s account, 36, 47-8, 55, 164, 169, 310, 322-4, 333-46

  Augustus, Emperor, 76, 145

  Australia, 7

  Avaris, 106-10, 113-14, 119, 177

  Avebury, 227, 239

  Avila, 187

  Ayia Irini, 326

  Ayia Napia, 62

  Ayia Triada, see Hagia Triada

  Ayios Pavlos, 90

  Azerbaijan, 307

  Aztalan, 273, 290-1

  Babylon, 67, 106, 112, 122, 131, 190, 261, 266, 270

  Babylonian astronomy, 132-3, 135, 220, 236, 261, 264-6

  Bacon, Edward, 334-5, 344-5

  Bacon, Roger, 54

  Badajoz, 182

  Bahrain, 61

  Baird, W. Sheppard, 183-4

  Balabanova, Svetlana, 119-21

  Balearic Islands, 177

  Balkans, 32, 174

  Baltic, 79, 83, 86, 90, 95-6, 186, 210, 241, 244, 269-70, 314-15

  Barace, 145

  Barada, river, 126-7

  Baraga, 287-8, 291

  Bard, Kathryn, 115-16

  Barnett, S.A., 273

  Basch, Martin Almagro, 180

  Bastet, Pharaoh, 106

  Bavaria, 315

  Bay of Biscay, 196

  beads, 125, 136, 143-4, 148-9, 156, 232, 240-1, 243

  Beaver Island, 281-3, 285, 290

  Beirut, 41, 106, 125-6, 130, 136

  Bekaa Valley, 126

  Belur, 161

  Berenice, 155-6

  Bharhut stupa, 162

  Bietak, Manfred, 109

  Bigbury Bay, 194

  Bisson de la Roque, Ferdinand, 222

  Bizerte, 62

  Black Sea, 63, 79, 88, 95

  Boardman, J., 38-9

  Bodrum, 73-4, 79-80, 83

  Bogazkoy, 66

  Bohemia, 177

  bone deformities, 252, 254, 279

  Book of Jonah, 130, 172 ‘Boscombe Bowmen’, 251

  Bosphorus, 315

  Botta, Paul-Emile, 172 ‘Boy with the Amber Necklace’, 250, 252-3, 279

  Brest, 270

  Britain, 191-206

  amber, 96-7

  climate, 246

  deforestation, 175

  and Phoenicians, 194, 268

  see also Stonehenge

  Brittany, 195, 220, 226

  Britten, Benjamin, 151

  bronze, 48, 58-63, 200, 317

  casting techniques, 204-5, 254-5

  Egyptians and, 60-1, 103, 174, 204, 220

  hoards, 19, 136-8, 140, 159, 180, 193, 209, 223, 239-41, 243

  manufacture and deforestation, 171-5

  types of, 59-60, 170-1, 183

  Bronze age, collapse of, 311-13

  Brophy, Thomas G., 219

  Brown, Michael, 304

  Bruins, Hendrik, 47

  Bruseth, James, 288-9

  Bubastis, 106

  Bukhara, 126

  Bulgaria, 94

  bulls, 4, 8, 11-12, 22-3, 190, 335-6

  bull-leaping, 109-10, 157, 188-90

  and Egypt, 190, 220, 222

  Bursa, 64-6

  Bute, 243

  Byblos, 41, 84

  Cabot, John, 284

  Caidiz, 245

  Caernarvon, 201

  Cahokia, 284

  Cairo, 126, 140, 154, 163

  Cakir, Mehmet, 74-5, 100

  Calicut, 146-7

  Callanish stone circle, 186, 226-7, 243-5, 251, 262

  Callatis, 62

  Cambay, 142, 145

  Canaan, 103, 109

  Canary Islands, 259, 263, 267, 345

  Cape Agios Nikolaos, 32

  Cape Akrotiri, 32

  Cape Breton Island, 284

  Cape Gelidonya wreck, 241, 297

  Cape Hatteras, 292

  Cape Malea, 53

  Cape St Vincent, 179

  Cape Verde Islands, 263, 267, 345

  Carchemish, 125

  Carians, 51

  Caribbean, 246, 260, 263

  Carmel Head, 201

  Carnon, river, 198-9, 209

  Carthage, 62, 268

  Carty, Alistair, 233

  Caspian Sea, 131

  Castillejo, 187

  Castleden, Rodney, 64, 177, 324

  Catalhoyuk, 67-8, 189

  Cedarland Ring, 288

  Ceuta, 62

  Chalandria, 185

  Chania, 29

  Charles II, King, 264

  Chenna Kesava temple, 161

  Cherian, P.J., 148, 156-7

  China, 6-7, 272

  Chippewa Indians, 305-7

  Christie, Agatha, 128

  Ciudad Real, 182

  Cladh Hallan, 248

  Claiborne Ring, 288

  Clark, Peter, 193

  clocks, 264-5

  Cochin (Kochi), 146, 148, 150-2

  coins, 268-9

  Columbus, Christopher, 160, 245, 259-60

  Colwyn Bay, 201

  Comendador Rey, Beatriz, 181

  Congo, 194

  Conti, Nicolo da, 146

  Cook, Captain James, 7

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 132, 135, 266

  Copper Harbor, 282

  copper, 58-61, 63, 104, 125, 197, 271

  American, 246-8, 251, 268, 272-9

  casting techniques, 204-5, 254-5

  chemical analysis, 278, 295-6

  comparison of artefacts, 294-9

  Cornish, 198-200, 250

  Cypriot, 61, 79, 86, 174

  ‘float copper’, 273, 290

  Iberian, 175, 180-4, 186-7, 224

  and India, 144-5

  mining techniques, 273-4, 278

  orichalcum alloy, 322, 337

  price of, 275

  and stone circles, 227, 238

  transportation of, 284-9

  copper-contd

  and Uluburun wreck, 77, 84, 100-3, 169-70,
178

  Welsh, 175, 201-6

  Corfu, 311

  Corium, 62

  Cornish tin, 97-8, 193-4, 198-201, 205, 209

  Coromandel, 142, 156

  Corum, 190

  cotton, 90, 128-9, 143, 145, 157, 161, 263, 290

  cowries, 125, 136, 155, 232

  Craib, Karen, 276, 278

  Crete

  alignment of palaces, 260

  and bronze manufacture, 170, 175

  caves, 41-2, 55

  and coming of Sea Peoples, 312-13

  cypress forests, 78

  early settlers, 64-6, 68-9, 90-2

  geography and climate, 38-40

  history, 8-9

  and invention of wine, 95-6

  massacres on, 81

  modern population, 69

  and Mycenaeans, 52, 311

  and myth, 6, 10, 51, 55-6

  Plato and, 55, 323, 335-7, 339

  roads, 42-4

  ships, 63, 169, 323

  and Thera, 22-4, 36-7, 323

  and volcanic eruption, 46-8, 162-3, 309-10, 313, 334

  see also Minoan civilisation Cumae, 62

  Cunliffe, Barry, 194

  cursi, 227, 299

  Curzon, Lord, 151

  Cyclades, 51-2, 62, 170, 297

  Cyprus, 8-9, 45, 51, 269-70, 340

  copper deposits, 61, 79, 86, 174

  Damascus, 106, 124, 126-7, 136

  Darius III, King, 131

  Darvill, Tim, 231

  David, King, 66

  Dawson, David, 240

  deforestation, 173-5, 243-4

  Deir el-Bahri, 94, 117

  Deir ez-Zor, 123

  Delimitros, Vasilis, 87-8

  Denmark, 246

  Dimishqi, 146

  Diodorus Siculus, 198, 244

  DNA evidence, 68-9, 244, 249, 253-4, 303-8

  do Paco, Colonel, 185

  Dodecanese, 52, 62

  Donana national park, 180

  Dour, river, 192

  Dover Boat, 191-5, 198

  Drake, Sir Francis, 30, 79

  Drew, Robert, 312

  Drier, Roy, 272-3

  Driessen, Jan, 48

  drugs, 119-20, 161

  Druze, 303, 308

  Du Temple, Octave, 273

  Duerr, Hans Peter, 96-7, 207, 210

  Dumas, Christos, 21

  Dunagoil, 243

  Ebla, 112, 122

  ebony, 75, 79

  eclipses, 133, 135, 187, 221, 228, 231, 235-7, 264, 270

  Egypt, ancient

  astronomy, 216-21, 236-7

  and bronze, 60-1, 103, 174, 220

  and bulls, 190, 220, 222

  collapse of, 312

  drug-taking, 119-21

  and Hittites, 67

  Minoan influence, 106-14

  shipbuilding and exploration, 115-18

  trade with India, 137, 141-2, 155-7, 161

  trade with Minoans, 14, 25, 28, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52, 59, 63, 137, 161