The Lost Empire of Atlantis
Page 34
Jeffreys, M.D.W., ‘Pre-Columbian Maize in the Old World: an examination of Portuguese sources’, in M.L. Arnott, Gastronomy: the anthropology of food and food habits, The Hague, Netherlands, Mouton, 1975, pp 23-66
Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Distribution of Pre-Columbian Maize and Modern Maize Names’, in Shue Tuck Worg, ed., Person, Place and Thing: Interpretative and Empincal Essays in Cultural Geography, volume 31 of Geoscience and Man, Geoscience Publications, Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Baton Rouge, 1992
Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Maize Diffused to India Before Columbus came to America’, in Across Before Columbus, NEARA, 1998
Johannessen, Carl L., ‘Pre-Columbian American Sunflower Maize Images in Indian Temples’, in NEARA Journal, vol. 32, 1998
Johannessen, Carl L. and Parker, Ann Z., ‘American Crop Plants in Asia prior to European Contact’, in Proceedings of Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers, 1989,
Leon, Fideas E. et al., ‘HLA TransPacific Contacts and Retrovirus’, in Human Immunology, vol. 42, 1995, p. 349,
Meggers, Betty J., ‘Yes if by land, no if by sea: the double standard in interpreting cultural similarities’, in American Anthropologist, 78,1976,
Muhly, J.D., ‘An Introduction to Minoan Archaeometallurgy’, in Proceedings of International Symposium, Crete, 2004,
Olsen, Edward J., ‘Copper Artefact Analysis with the X-ray Spectrometer’, in American Antiquity, vol. 28, no. 2, 1962,
Riley, Caroll L. et al., Man Across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1971, pp. 219-41,
Scherz, J.P., ‘Ancient Trade Routes in America’s Copper Country’, in Ancient American, vol. 5/35,
Silow, R.A., ‘The Problem of Trans-Pacific Migration involved in the origin of the cultivated cottons of the New World’, in Proceedings of Seventh Pacific Science Congress, vol. 5, New Zealand, 1949 Sorenson, John L., ‘The Significance of an Apparent Relationship Between the Ancient Near East and Mesoamerica’, in Carroll L. Riley et al.
Sorenson, John L. and Johannessen, Carl L., World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492, New York, iUniverse, 2009,
Sorenson, John L. and Raish, Martin H., Pre-Columbian Contact with the Americas across the Oceans: an annotated bibliography, 2 vols, Utah, Research Press, 1996
Thompson, Gunnar, American Discovery: Our Multicultural Heritage, Seattle, Sasquatch, 1999
Thompson, Gunnar, Secret Voyages to the New World, Seattle, Misty Isles Press, 2006
Winchell, N.H., ‘Ancient Copper Mines of Isle Royale’, in Engineering and Mining Journal, 32, 1881
Wuthenau, A. von, Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, 1500 BC-AD 1500: THE HISTORICAL TESTIMONY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN ARTISTS, New York, Outlet, 1975. (The Babylonian god Humbaba shows up in faces in Veracruz, Chiapas, Columbia and Ecuador. This extraordinary work has been carefully ignored by conventional archaeologists.)
Book VI: The Legacy
Brown, M.D. et al., ‘MtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and North America?’, in American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 63, 1998
Cook, R.M., The Greeks Till Alexander, London, Thames & Hudson, 1961
Evans, A.J., ‘Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life’, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 32, 1912
Fitton, J.L., Minoans, London, British Museum Press, 2002
Finila, American Journal of human genetics, 2003, November 73 (5), pp 1178-1190, Pub. Med table. See also Sutton Theory and ‘Coming into America: Tracing the Genes’, PBS 2004, and ‘Stone Age Columbus’, BBC 2002, and ‘Ice Age Columbus’, Discovery 2005, and ‘Diffusion of Mf DNA Haplogroup X’, American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003.
Galanopoulos, A.G. and Bacon, Edward, Atlantis: the Truth Behind the Legend, London, Thomas Nelson, 1969
Graham, J.W., ‘The Minoan Unit of Length and Minoan Palace Planning’, in American Journal of Archaeology, 64, 1960
King, R.J. et al., ‘Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic’, in Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 72 (2), 2008, pp. 205-14
Lindsay, Jeff, Enter Haplogroup X, www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/DNA.shtml#x
Morell, Virginia, ‘Genes May Link Ancient Eura Sians, Native Americans’, Science 24 April 1998: Volume 280, no 5363, p. 520
Reidla, Maere et al., ‘Origin and Diffusion of MtDNA Haplogroup X’, in American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 73, 2003
Schurr, T.G., ‘Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World’, in American Scientist, vol. 18, 2000
Shlush, I. et al., ‘The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East’, in Plos One 3, 2009
Taylour, W., The Mycenaeans, London, Thames & Hudson, 1964
Torroni, A. et al., ‘Mitochondrial DNA “clock” for the Amerinds and its implications for timing their entry into North America’, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 9, 1994
Triantafyllidis, C. of Thessaloniki’s Aristotle University talks about DNA and Minoan genetic origins: http://www.ekathimerini.com
Works of Dr Minas Tsikritsis
(Read after The Lost Empire of Atlantis was written)
Calendar Almanac of Cretan-Mycenaean Civilisation, Lawyer’s Association of Heraklion, December 2005
Cretan Scripts and the Disc of Phaistos, Secondary Education Office of Heraklion, December 2006
‘Egyptian Healing (treatment) Spells in the Language of Keftiu’, Patris newspaper, 19 April 2005, p. 22
‘The Mathematics of the Minoans, Fractions and Decimal System, Geometric Regression’, Eleutherotypia newspaper, 9 December 2006, p.59
‘Medicine in the Bronze Age’, Ichor magazine, vol. 80, September 2007, pp. 65-6
‘Minoans, the Rulers of the Mediterranean’, To Vima newspaper (science section), 12 August 2007, pp. 27-9
‘The Origin of Olympic and Ancient Minoan Games’, Prefecture of Heraklion, April 2004
Linear A to the Mountain of Giouktas
’The Disc of Phaistos, A Guide for its Decipherment’
‘Linear A - Contributing to the Understanding of an Aegean Script’, Vikelea Municipal Library, Heraklion, 2001
‘Minoans: The First Cartographers in the World’, Eleutherotypia newspaper, 24 January 2009
‘Plato, Crete, Atlantis and the Holy Mountain of Giouktas’, Heraklion, 2008
INDEX
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Abu Simnel, 216
Abydos, 43
Aceh, 47
Adabrock hoard, 244
Aden, 141-2
Aegina, 326
Afghanistan, 52, 125
Agde, 62
Aigina treasure, 51-2
Akhenaten, Pharaoh, 13-14, 76, 103-4
Akrotiri, 20, 34, 38, 163, 175, 342
al-Hamawi, Yaqut, 146 al-Idrisi, 146
Al-Kazwini, 146
al-Razzak, Abdul, 146
alabaster, 12, 185-6, 339
Alalakh, 98, 112, 138
Alashiya, king of, 104
Albacete, 182
Aleppo, 106, 122, 124-9, 136
Alexander the Great, 131
Alexandria, 61-2, 163
Alexiou, Stylianos, 6, 13-14, 43, 49, 53
Alfieri, Anastase, 163
Algiers, 62
Allert, James, 295
Almendres Cromlech, 181, 186-7, 211, 225-6, 232, 262
Almerla, 184
Almizaraque, 183
Alwaye, 152
Amarna, 13-14
‘Armana Letters’, 103-4
Amathus, 62
amber, 86, 96-7, 177, 186, 210, 238, 244, 251, 315
Amesbury necklace, 250, 252
and barrow hoards, 232, 240-1
and Uluburun wreck, 79, 83, 95-6
Ambika Kushmandini, 161
Amenemhat II, Pharaoh, 220, 22
2
Amenemhat III, Pharaoh, 117
Amenhotep II, Pharaoh, 108
Amenophis II, Pharaoh, 111
Americas
Columbus’s discovery, 160, 259
Minoan discovery, 245-7
and Minoan navigation, 262-71
and Minoan trade, 161-4
and Phoenicians, 268-9
Amesbury, 240, 250-1
‘Amesbury Archer’ (‘King of
Stonehenge’), 239, 252-4, 279
amethyst, 52, 143, 272
Amnisos, 20, 37, 62
Anakkara, 158
Anatolia, 52, 61, 64-6, 68-70, 73, 111-12, 158, 189, 222, 312
animals barnacles, 90
bears, 124, 291
bison, 160
elephants, 124, 153-4, 340
hippopotami, 98-9
leopards, 153-5, 158
mastodon, 282
panthers, 37
tobacco beetle, 24, 37, 102, 119, 121, 162-3, 169, 221
turtles, 291
voles, 247
whales, 291-2
see also bulls
Antakya, 190
Antikythera mechanism, 265-6
Antilles Current, 292
Antipolis, 62
Apinani, Juanito, 189
Apollonia, 62
Archanes, 9, 12, 315
Archimedes, 54, 318
Argo, 86-90, 176
Aristotle, 36
Arkalochori cave, 19, 42, 60
Armenia, 131, 307
arsenic, 59-60, 101, 170-1, 183-4
art, Minoan, 111-13, 120, 123
Arthashastra, 145
Aruz, Joan, 113
Arzawa, 64
Ashkelon, 41
Aspro Island, 342
Assur, 199
Assurbanipal, King, 130-1, 133
Assyria, 67, 130-1
astronomy, 133-5, 187, 208-10, 216-21, 236-7, 261, 264-6
Aswan, 221
Asykly Hcjyilk, 68
Athens, ancient, 10, 39, 62, 324
and deforestation, 173-5
Atkinson, Richard J.C., 233, 235, 238
Atlantis, 35-6
Plato’s account, 36, 47-8, 55, 164, 169, 310, 322-4, 333-46
Augustus, Emperor, 76, 145
Australia, 7
Avaris, 106-10, 113-14, 119, 177
Avebury, 227, 239
Avila, 187
Ayia Irini, 326
Ayia Napia, 62
Ayia Triada, see Hagia Triada
Ayios Pavlos, 90
Azerbaijan, 307
Aztalan, 273, 290-1
Babylon, 67, 106, 112, 122, 131, 190, 261, 266, 270
Babylonian astronomy, 132-3, 135, 220, 236, 261, 264-6
Bacon, Edward, 334-5, 344-5
Bacon, Roger, 54
Badajoz, 182
Bahrain, 61
Baird, W. Sheppard, 183-4
Balabanova, Svetlana, 119-21
Balearic Islands, 177
Balkans, 32, 174
Baltic, 79, 83, 86, 90, 95-6, 186, 210, 241, 244, 269-70, 314-15
Barace, 145
Barada, river, 126-7
Baraga, 287-8, 291
Bard, Kathryn, 115-16
Barnett, S.A., 273
Basch, Martin Almagro, 180
Bastet, Pharaoh, 106
Bavaria, 315
Bay of Biscay, 196
beads, 125, 136, 143-4, 148-9, 156, 232, 240-1, 243
Beaver Island, 281-3, 285, 290
Beirut, 41, 106, 125-6, 130, 136
Bekaa Valley, 126
Belur, 161
Berenice, 155-6
Bharhut stupa, 162
Bietak, Manfred, 109
Bigbury Bay, 194
Bisson de la Roque, Ferdinand, 222
Bizerte, 62
Black Sea, 63, 79, 88, 95
Boardman, J., 38-9
Bodrum, 73-4, 79-80, 83
Bogazkoy, 66
Bohemia, 177
bone deformities, 252, 254, 279
Book of Jonah, 130, 172 ‘Boscombe Bowmen’, 251
Bosphorus, 315
Botta, Paul-Emile, 172 ‘Boy with the Amber Necklace’, 250, 252-3, 279
Brest, 270
Britain, 191-206
amber, 96-7
climate, 246
deforestation, 175
and Phoenicians, 194, 268
see also Stonehenge
Brittany, 195, 220, 226
Britten, Benjamin, 151
bronze, 48, 58-63, 200, 317
casting techniques, 204-5, 254-5
Egyptians and, 60-1, 103, 174, 204, 220
hoards, 19, 136-8, 140, 159, 180, 193, 209, 223, 239-41, 243
manufacture and deforestation, 171-5
types of, 59-60, 170-1, 183
Bronze age, collapse of, 311-13
Brophy, Thomas G., 219
Brown, Michael, 304
Bruins, Hendrik, 47
Bruseth, James, 288-9
Bubastis, 106
Bukhara, 126
Bulgaria, 94
bulls, 4, 8, 11-12, 22-3, 190, 335-6
bull-leaping, 109-10, 157, 188-90
and Egypt, 190, 220, 222
Bursa, 64-6
Bute, 243
Byblos, 41, 84
Cabot, John, 284
Caidiz, 245
Caernarvon, 201
Cahokia, 284
Cairo, 126, 140, 154, 163
Cakir, Mehmet, 74-5, 100
Calicut, 146-7
Callanish stone circle, 186, 226-7, 243-5, 251, 262
Callatis, 62
Cambay, 142, 145
Canaan, 103, 109
Canary Islands, 259, 263, 267, 345
Cape Agios Nikolaos, 32
Cape Akrotiri, 32
Cape Breton Island, 284
Cape Gelidonya wreck, 241, 297
Cape Hatteras, 292
Cape Malea, 53
Cape St Vincent, 179
Cape Verde Islands, 263, 267, 345
Carchemish, 125
Carians, 51
Caribbean, 246, 260, 263
Carmel Head, 201
Carnon, river, 198-9, 209
Carthage, 62, 268
Carty, Alistair, 233
Caspian Sea, 131
Castillejo, 187
Castleden, Rodney, 64, 177, 324
Catalhoyuk, 67-8, 189
Cedarland Ring, 288
Ceuta, 62
Chalandria, 185
Chania, 29
Charles II, King, 264
Chenna Kesava temple, 161
Cherian, P.J., 148, 156-7
China, 6-7, 272
Chippewa Indians, 305-7
Christie, Agatha, 128
Ciudad Real, 182
Cladh Hallan, 248
Claiborne Ring, 288
Clark, Peter, 193
clocks, 264-5
Cochin (Kochi), 146, 148, 150-2
coins, 268-9
Columbus, Christopher, 160, 245, 259-60
Colwyn Bay, 201
Comendador Rey, Beatriz, 181
Congo, 194
Conti, Nicolo da, 146
Cook, Captain James, 7
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 132, 135, 266
Copper Harbor, 282
copper, 58-61, 63, 104, 125, 197, 271
American, 246-8, 251, 268, 272-9
casting techniques, 204-5, 254-5
chemical analysis, 278, 295-6
comparison of artefacts, 294-9
Cornish, 198-200, 250
Cypriot, 61, 79, 86, 174
‘float copper’, 273, 290
Iberian, 175, 180-4, 186-7, 224
and India, 144-5
mining techniques, 273-4, 278
orichalcum alloy, 322, 337
price of, 275
and stone circles, 227, 238
transportation of, 284-9
copper-contd
and Uluburun wreck, 77, 84, 100-3, 169-70,
178
Welsh, 175, 201-6
Corfu, 311
Corium, 62
Cornish tin, 97-8, 193-4, 198-201, 205, 209
Coromandel, 142, 156
Corum, 190
cotton, 90, 128-9, 143, 145, 157, 161, 263, 290
cowries, 125, 136, 155, 232
Craib, Karen, 276, 278
Crete
alignment of palaces, 260
and bronze manufacture, 170, 175
caves, 41-2, 55
and coming of Sea Peoples, 312-13
cypress forests, 78
early settlers, 64-6, 68-9, 90-2
geography and climate, 38-40
history, 8-9
and invention of wine, 95-6
massacres on, 81
modern population, 69
and Mycenaeans, 52, 311
and myth, 6, 10, 51, 55-6
Plato and, 55, 323, 335-7, 339
roads, 42-4
ships, 63, 169, 323
and Thera, 22-4, 36-7, 323
and volcanic eruption, 46-8, 162-3, 309-10, 313, 334
see also Minoan civilisation Cumae, 62
Cunliffe, Barry, 194
cursi, 227, 299
Curzon, Lord, 151
Cyclades, 51-2, 62, 170, 297
Cyprus, 8-9, 45, 51, 269-70, 340
copper deposits, 61, 79, 86, 174
Damascus, 106, 124, 126-7, 136
Darius III, King, 131
Darvill, Tim, 231
David, King, 66
Dawson, David, 240
deforestation, 173-5, 243-4
Deir el-Bahri, 94, 117
Deir ez-Zor, 123
Delimitros, Vasilis, 87-8
Denmark, 246
Dimishqi, 146
Diodorus Siculus, 198, 244
DNA evidence, 68-9, 244, 249, 253-4, 303-8
do Paco, Colonel, 185
Dodecanese, 52, 62
Donana national park, 180
Dour, river, 192
Dover Boat, 191-5, 198
Drake, Sir Francis, 30, 79
Drew, Robert, 312
Drier, Roy, 272-3
Driessen, Jan, 48
drugs, 119-20, 161
Druze, 303, 308
Du Temple, Octave, 273
Duerr, Hans Peter, 96-7, 207, 210
Dumas, Christos, 21
Dunagoil, 243
Ebla, 112, 122
ebony, 75, 79
eclipses, 133, 135, 187, 221, 228, 231, 235-7, 264, 270
Egypt, ancient
astronomy, 216-21, 236-7
and bronze, 60-1, 103, 174, 220
and bulls, 190, 220, 222
collapse of, 312
drug-taking, 119-21
and Hittites, 67
Minoan influence, 106-14
shipbuilding and exploration, 115-18
trade with India, 137, 141-2, 155-7, 161
trade with Minoans, 14, 25, 28, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52, 59, 63, 137, 161