We Believe the Children
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Pyramid Power, 198
pseudonyms, ix, 10, 252(n)
psychiatry/psychiatrists, 123, 124, 125–126, 131, 143, 144, 226, 229, 231. See also psychoanalysis
psychoanalysis, 12–17, 19, 222, 266
lay analysts, 124
See also Freud, Sigmund
Psychological Bulletin (journal), 257
public opinion, 156, 165, 206
of McMartin verdicts, 207
and supervision of children, 264
See also opinion polls
Pulitzer Prize in Criticism, 205
Putnam, Frank, 262
Rabinowitz, Dorothy, 163, 244
racial issues, 132
Raidor, Betty, 48, 61, 109, 165, 196
Ramirez, Elizabeth, xxi, 247
Rangel, Charles, 103
rape, xxiii, 57, 76, 108, 132, 135, 145, 156, 157, 160, 183–184, 186, 231, 235, 245
within marriage, 131
Rappaport, Michael, 144
Reagan, Ronald, xv, xxiv, 39, 122, 131, 132, 138, 160
recidivism, xxiii
recovered memory, 27, 40, 129, 130, 137, 144, 155, 186–188, 191, 227, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 236, 260
celebrity endorsements of, 238–239
debunking therapy for, 237 (see also therapists: for recovered memory
and infantilization of patients, 223–224, 233, 234
malpractice lawsuits concerning, 262
popular books on, 231
retractions concerning, 256
stages of, 217–219
uncertainty about, 192
and women’s vulnerability and helplessness, 233, 238
See also under therapists
reforms, 68, 83, 208–209
Reichenberg, Norman, 144
Reiner, Ira, 38, 109, 148, 149, 154, 207, 209
Remembering Satan (Wright), 192
Remembering Trauma (McNally), 226
Reno, Janet, xiv, 139, 142, 145, 247
repression (psychological), 13, 137, 187, 216, 217, 218, 222, 226, 228, 229, 233
consequences of, 267
and dissociation, 224–225
of ideas and desires, 266–267
Republicans, 172, 259. See also Reagan, Ronald
Revolution from Within (Steinem), 236
Rind, Bruce, 257–259, 261
ritual abuse, xiv, xv, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 23, 25, 27, 115, 116–123, 130, 136, 150, 161, 170, 207, 211, 230, 231, 241–242, 244, 256, 259–260, 264
belief in, 123, 131
and Multiple Personality Disorder, 129, 235
ritual abortion, 192
ritualistic indicators, 121
skepticism about, 163, 241, 242, 268
trials concerning, 208
and victims’ ideas about sexuality, 237
Ritual Abuse Task Force, 81–82, 82–83
See also Satanism
Rivera, Cassandra, xxi, 247
Rivera, Geraldo, 169–171, 179, 186, 210, 244
Roberts, Charlie, 158
Roll, Colonel James, 104
Ross, Colin, 223, 224, 229–230, 235
Rubin, Lael, 62, 99, 109, 110–111, 112, 113, 122, 139, 149, 151, 153, 163, 165, 199, 204, 205, 249
withholding information from defense attorneys, 147–148
Ruby, Michael, 63
Rud, James, 73, 74–75, 76, 83–87, 89, 90, 251
Rush, Florence, 7, 15, 125, 133
Russell, Diana, 256
Sachs, Roberta, 231
sadomasochism, 237
St. Cross Episcopal Church (Hermosa Beach), 63, 106, 109, 150, 213
Salem, Massachusetts, xx–xxi
and witch trials, xx–xxi
Sally Jessy Raphael (television show), 192
Salmon, Matt, 259
Salpêtrière hospital in Paris, 221
Satanic Bible, The (LaVey), 23
satanism, xiv, xvi, xx, 23, 24, 25–26, 29, 80–82, 105–106, 108, 122, 130, 149, 150, 154, 169–171, 184–185, 187, 189, 191, 210, 220, 224, 230, 231, 236, 256
See also ritual abuse
Satan Seller, The (Warnke), 23, 130
Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (Nathan and Snedeker), ix
Satan’s Underground (Stratford), 184–185
Saturday Evening Post, 5, 6
Satz, Wayne, 56–57, 61, 150, 166, 205–206
scapegoating, 100, 117, 149, 160
Schlessinger, Dr. Laura, 259
Schreiber, Flora Rheta, 17, 19, 21–22
science, 261–262
scientific advances, 248, 249
Scottsdale, Arizona, 263
Sealander, Judith, 6
search warrants, 61, 63, 91, 112, 120
secrecy, 44–46, 51, 53, 54, 62
Secret Trauma, The (Russell), 256
Senate Judiciary Committee, xii, xiii
Senate Subcommittee on Children and Youth, 9–11
Sewall, Samuel, xxi
sex education, 261, 263
sex offenders, 247. See also pedophilia; rape
sex rings, 72, 73–77, 78, 80, 81, 82–83, 87, 88, 245, 251, 267
cost of sex ring investigations, 90
“Sexual Abuse of Children, The: A Feminist Point of View” (Rush), 125
Sexual Assaults on Young Girls (Bernard), 222
sexual harassment, 131
Sexualized Children: Assessment and Treatment of Sexualized Children and Children Who Molest (Johnson), 256–257
sexual politics, 162
sexual revolution, xxiv, 7, 14, 138, 265
Shaw, David, 205–206
Silence of the Lambs (Starling), 118
Silverman, F. N., 3
single parents, 172, 260, 263, 265
Sixth Amendment, 98, 99
60 Minutes news program, 148–149, 156, 209
SLAM. See Stronger Legislation Against Molesters
Smith, Michelle, 24, 105, 223
Snedeker, Michael, ix, 58, 79
social panic, 99–100, 149, 215
social/political change, 117, 181, 233, 234, 268
social workers, xi, xv, xix, xx, 7, 10, 49, 70, 78, 80, 91, 119, 124, 126, 157
as dangers to working-class/minority families, 162
Society’s League Against Molestation, 96
Sodium Pentothal, 21, 27, 231
sodomy, 35, 37, 42, 47, 113, 140, 175, 190
wink response test concerning, 58, 59, 72
Something About Amelia (TV program), 117
South Bay Center for Counseling, 167
Specter Arlen, xii–xiii
Spitler, Babette, 37, 46, 48, 61, 109, 148, 165–166, 196
spousal abuse, 143, 160, 260
Squeglia, Anthony, 174–175
Star and Tribune, 90, 91
Starling, Clarice, 118
Steinem, Gloria, 138, 211, 236
Stevens, Glenn, 106, 109–114, 120, 122, 147, 149
receiving immunity from prosecution, 148
as skeptical about merits of McMartin case, 147 (see also McMartin Preschool: doubts about guilt concerning)
Stickel, Gary, 211
Stoll, John, 77, 81
Stratford, Lauren, 184–185
strip clubs, 138
Stronger Legislation Against Molesters (SLAM), 71, 78
Studies on Hysteria (Freud), 128
suicides, 162, 201, 242
Summit, Roland, 49–54, 59, 90, 99, 119, 136, 139, 152, 157, 266
Supreme Court, 68, 165, 243
Swift, Jane, 246
Sybil Exposed (Nathan), 21
Sybil: The True and Extraordinary Story of a Woman Possessed by Sixteen Separate Personalities (Schreiber), 17, 19–20, 21–23, 52, 125
Tavris, Carol, 259, 260
Taylor, Shanesha, 263
teenagers, 242, 258, 259, 261–262
Terr, Lenore, 226–227
Texas, 257
therapists, xii, xvi, xviii, xix, 49, 53, 89, 96, 117, 126, 128, 171, 251, 254
evangelical, 130–131
and incest survivors, 256
interpersonal therapy (IPT), 124
and normal childhood behavior, 257
for recovered memory, 215–219, 223, 224, 230, 237, 244, 256, 266
role of, 52, 90
techniques developed by multiple personality therapists, 144
therapy as traumatic, 253, 255
therapy vs. detective work, 77
Time, 6, 117
Timnick, Lois, 102, 209
Torres, Art, 98
torture, 119
touch, good vs. bad, 91, 133, 216
trauma, xxiv, 20, 22, 25, 39, 40, 99, 117, 126, 128, 179, 217, 233, 236, 257–258, 267
any childhood sexual experience as traumatic, 259
delayed, 228
and memory, 123, 137, 187, 224, 225, 226, 227 (see also recovered memory)
microtrauma, 58, 59
therapy as traumatic, 253, 255
two responses to, 226–227
See also Freud, Sigmund: seduction theory of
trials, xiii–xiv, xvii, xix, xx, 1–2, 41, 59, 63, 87–88, 139, 161, 163–164
acquittals/dismissed charges, xix–xx, 83, 87, 88, 109, 116, 149, 154
affirmative defense at, 100
children’s testimony at, xv–xvi, xix, xx, xxi, 98–99, 106, 154, 157, 212
closing arguments at McMartin trial, 203–204
expert witnesses, 202
eyewitness testimony at, xv
guilty pleas, 145, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 245
hearsay evidence, 208
jury selection, 149, 150, 153 (see also jurors)
juvenile defendants tried as adults, 69
longest criminal trial in American history, 196
McMartin trial, 147–167, 195–213 (see also trials: preliminary hearing for McMartin trial and second McMartin trial)
mandatory minimum sentences, 69, 96
mistrials, 202, 212, 213
preliminary hearing for McMartin trial, 93–114, 150
pre-trial depositions, 100
recanted testimony, 248
second McMartin trial, 207, 209, 212–213, 242
verdicts at McMartin trial, 204–205
See also convictions
Tucker, Gehl, 88
Tureaud, Laurence, 106
20/20 magazine, xiv, 104–105, 117
Tyson v. Tyson, 129
Underwager, Ralph, 87, 161
Unspeakable Acts (Hollingsworth), 152
US Children’s Bureau, 9
Van de Kamp, John, 83
van der Kolk, Bessel, 262
Vasquez, Anna, xxi, 247
victimization, 217, 219, 233, 234
Victims of Child Abuse Laws (VOCAL), 161
Victorian era, 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 58, 162, 219, 222, 233, 238
videotapes, 31–32, 40, 59, 98, 140, 145, 150, 157, 160, 165, 171, 173, 175–176, 177–178, 179, 195, 206, 249
Village Voice, 156, 159, 162, 177, 244
virginity, 184, 231, 232
Von Zamft, Michael, 143
Voss, Barry, 87
Voss, Kathie, 91
Waco, Texas, 247
Wakefield, Hollida, 161
Wallace, Mike, 148–149
Walters, Barbara, 105
Wanderer, The (Catholic newspaper), 258
WAP. See Women Against Pornography
war crimes, 152
Warnke, Mike, 23, 130
War on Crime, 68, 73
War on Drugs, 132
Washington, DC, 5
Washington Star-News, 181
Washington Supreme Court, 129
We Believe the Children, 152
Wee Care Day Nursery, xvii, 162–163
Wehner, John, 36
Weintraub, Roberta, 114
Weisberg, Stanley, 212, 213
Wenatchee, Washington, xxii, 244–245, 246, 267
West Memphis Three, xxii
West Point Military Academy, xiv
Wheeler, Etta Angell, 1
Wilbur, Cornelia, 17–21, 27–29, 125, 126–127, 128–129, 130, 223
Will, George, 234
Willis, Ellen, 156, 159, 236, 266
Wilson, Dawn, 246
Wilson, Mary Ellen, 1–2
witchcraft, xx–xxi, 171, 242, 251. See also witch hunts
Witch Hunt Narrative, The: Politics, Psychology, and the Sexual Abuse of Children (Cheit), ix, 49, 249
witch hunts, xxiv, 29, 122, 123, 171, 249, 251. See also witchcraft
Women Against Pornography (WAP), 132–133, 134
Womynscope, 120
Woodling, Dr. Bruce, 57–59, 72, 123
Wright, Lawrence, 192
Wrongly Accused & Convicted of Child Molestation (CNBC special), 244
Youngblood, Donny, 78
Zirpolo, Kyle, 251–252
Richard Beck is an associate editor at n+1. He lives in New York.