Roosevelt, Franklin D. Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972).
———. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, compiled by Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950).
Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987; originally published in 1882 by G. P. Putnam’s Sons).
———. Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923).
Simpson, B. Mitchell, III. Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory, 1939–1945 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
Smith, Holland M., and Percy Finch. Coral and Brass (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949).
Solberg, Carl. Decision and Dissent: With Halsey at Leyte Gulf (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995).
Sprantakes, Nicholas Evan. Allies Against the Rising Sun (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009).
Stanton, Doug. In Harm’s Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors (New York: Henry Holt, 2001).
Stillwell, Paul, ed. Submarine Stories: Recollections from the Diesel Boats (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007).
Taylor, Theodore. The Magnificent Mitscher (New York: W. W. Norton, 1954).
Thomas, Evan. Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign, 1941–1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
Trimble, William F. Admiral William A. Moffett: Architect of Naval Aviation (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994).
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs, vol. 1, “Year of Decisions” (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955).
———. Memoirs, vol. 2, “Years of Trial and Hope” (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956).
Ward, Geoffrey C., ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Relationship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
Warner, Denis and Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 (New York: Charterhouse, 1974).
Weintraub, Stanley. Long Day’s Journey into War, December 7, 1941 (New York: Dutton, 1991).
Wheeler, Gerald E. Kinkaid of the Seventh Fleet (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1995).
White, Theodore H. In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
Wible, John T. The Yamamoto Mission (Fredericksburg, Tex.: Admiral Nimitz Foundation, 1988).
Wildenberg, Thomas. All the Factors of Victory: Adm. Joseph Mason Reeves and the Origins of Carrier Airpower (Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2003).
Woodward, C. Vann. The Battle for Leyte Gulf: The Incredible Story of World War II’s Largest Naval Battle (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2007).
Wukovits, John. Admiral “Bull” Halsey: The Life and Wars of the Navy’s Most Controversial Commander (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010)
ARTICLES
“Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet,” The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, vol. 12 (Boston: J. B. Millet, 1907).
“Dewey’s Report of the Battle of Manila Bay,” The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, vol. 12 (Boston: J. B. Millet, 1907).
Frank, Richard B. “Picking Winners?” Naval History Magazine, vol. 25, no. 3 (June 2011), accessed May 12, 2011 at www.usni.org/print/7701.
“George Dewey,” The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, vol. 12 (Boston: J. B. Millet, 1907).
Hallion, Richard P., “Decisive Air Power Prior to 1950,” Air Force History and Museums Program, Headquarters, USAF, Bolling AFB, accessed December 22, 2010 at www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/EARS/Hallionpapers/decisiveairpower1950.htm.
King, Ernest J. “Salvaging U.S.S. S-51,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 53, no. 2 (February 1927), pp. 137–52.
King, E. J. “Some Ideas about the Effects of Increasing the Size of Battleships,” United States Naval Proceedings, vol. 45, no. 193 (March 1919), pp. 387–406.
King, Ernest J., “Some Ideas about Organization on Board Ship,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 35, no. 1 (March 1909), pp. 1–35.
———. “A ‘Wrinkle or Two’ in Handling Men,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 49, no. 241 (March 1923), pp. 427–31.
King, Ernest J., et al. “Report and Recommendations of a Board Appointed by the Bureau of Navigation Regarding the Instruction and Training of Line Officers,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 46, no. 210 (August 1920), pp. 1265–92.
“Leahy: Would-be West Pointer Climbs to Top of Navy Ladder,” Newsweek, November 21, 1936, p. 12.
Nimitz, C. W. “Military Value and Tactics of Modern Submarines,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 38, no. 4 (December 1912), pp. 1193–1211.
Nimitz, Fleet Admiral Chester W., as told to Andrew Hamilton, “My Way of Life: The Navy,” Boys’ Life, January 1966, p. 56.
Potter, E. B. “The Command Personality,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 791 (July 1969), pp. 18–25.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. “Shall We Trust Japan?” Asia: The American Magazine on the Orient, vol. 23, no. 7 (July 1923), pp. 475–78.
Stoler, Mark A. “The ‘Pacific-First’ Alternative in American World War II Strategy,” International History Review, vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1980), pp. 432–52.
PERSONAL PAPERS AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Henry Harley Arnold Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
John J. Ballentine Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Richard W. Bates Papers, Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island.
Clay Blair, Jr., Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Charles Claude Bloch Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Frank Jack Fletcher Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Robert L. Ghormley Papers, Special Collections Department, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
William Frederick Halsey Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited as WFH/LC).
Harry L. Hopkins Papers, Special Collections, Georgetown University Library, Washington, D.C.
Husband Edward Kimmel Papers, 1907–1999, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Ernest Joseph King Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited as EJK/LC).
Ernest J. King Papers, Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island (cited as EJK/NHC/NWC).
William D. Leahy Diary, William D. Leahy Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited as WDL/Diary).
William D. Leahy Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited as WDL/LC).
Papers of William D. Leahy, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. (cited as WDL/NHHC).
Papers of George C. Marshall: Selected World War II Correspondence, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited as GCM/LC).
Henry T. Mayo Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
John L. McCrea Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Collection, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. (cited as CWN/NHHC).
Chester W. Nimitz Papers, MS 236, Special Collections & Archives Department, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland (cited as CWN/USNA).
G[eorge] W. Robinson Diary, MS 344, Special Collections & Archives Department, Nimitz Library, United States
Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.
Franklin D. Roosevelt “Safe Files,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, New York.
Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island.
Papers of Raymond A. Spruance, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. (cited as RAS/NHHC).
John H. Towers Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Harry E. Yarnell Papers, Naval Historical Foundation Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
ORAL HISTORY
Matthew J. Connelly, Oral History Interview, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, November 28, 1967.
George M. Elsey, Oral History Interview, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, April 9 and July 7, 1970.
Roland N. Smoot, The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Roland N. Smoot, U.S. Navy, Ret. (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1972).
UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION
Miles, Paul L., Jr. “American Strategy in World War II: The Role of William D. Leahy,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1999.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS
Annual Report of the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, 1893 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893).
Executive Order 8984, F.R. Doc. 41-9587, December 19, 1941.
Executive Order 9096, F.R. Doc. 42-2195, March 12, 1942.
General Order 99, June 1, 1914.
King/Nimitz Pacific Conferences Minutes, 1942–45, NRS 1972-22, Naval History and Heritage Command.
Lucky Bag, 1894, 1901, 1904, 1905 (yearbook of the United States Naval Academy).
“Nimitz Gray Book,” Naval History and Heritage Command, or online at www.ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/D/D7/nimitz_graybook5.pdf.
Public Law 482, Seventy-eighth Congress, December 14, 1944.
“Record of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry Convened onboard the USS Cascade by order of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, United States Fleet, December 26, 1944” (at NHHC as microfilm NRS 1978-43, Court of Inquiry, Typhoon of 18 Dec. 1944).
Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1893 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893).
Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, vol. 2, “Multilateral,” 1918–1930 (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1968), p. 1070 (London Naval Treaty, April 22, 1930, Part IV, Article 22).
“United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (Pacific War),” (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946).
ONLINE RESOURCES
“A Brief History of the United States Naval Academy,” www.usna.edu/VirtualTour/150years, accessed June 27, 2010.
“China: Bombing of USS Panay Special Issue, 1037/12/12,” blip.tv/file/898740, accessed November 11, 2009.
“Cuts and Guts,” www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/ships-cv.html, accessed June 23, 2010.
“Development of the Naval Establishment in Hawaii,” www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii-3.htm, accessed October 29, 2009.
“Eugene Ely’s Flight from USS Birmingham, 14 November 1910,” Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center, www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1910/ely-birm.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
“Eugene Ely’s Flight to USS Pennsylvania, 18 January 1911,” Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center, www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1911/ely-pa.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
“Japanese invasion of Manchuria, September 1931,” www.blacksacademy.net/content/3112.html, accessed January 7, 2010.
“Japanese Sign Final Surrender,” United News newsreel, www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=vcnH_kF1zXc&feature=player_embedded, accessed March 28, 2011.
“Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) report of 1947,” www.history.navy.mil/library/online/japaneseshiploss.htm, accessed December 28, 2010.
“Naming Ships,” www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/names.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
“Nimitz Gray Book,” www.ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/D/D7/nimitz_graybook5.pdf multiple accesses.
“Pearl Harbor: Its Origin and Administrative History Through World War II,” www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii-2.htm, accessed October 29, 2009.
“Personnel Strength of the U.S. Navy: 1775 to present,” www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq65-1.htm, accessed February 6, 2011.
“Prohibition in the Navy,” General Order 99, June 1, 1914, www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq59-11.htm, accessed August 22, 2009.
Roster of Wisconsin Volunteers, War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865, An Online Digital Book from the Wisconsin Historical Society Library, www.wisconsinhistory.org/roster/index.asp, accessed July 27, 2009.
“Ship Naming in the United States Navy,” www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq63-1.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
“U.S. Navy Active Ship Force Levels, 1917–,” www.history.navy.mil/branches/org9-4.htm, accessed February 6, 2011.
“U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II,” www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq11-1.htm, accessed January 19, 2011.
“USS Langley (CV-1),” www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=10, accessed October 6, 2009.
“USS Lexington (CV-2),” www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv02-lexington/cv02-lexington.html, accessed October 6, 2009.
“USS Oregon,” www.spanamwar.com/oregon.htm, accessed July 27, 2009.
“USS Saratoga (CV-3),” www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv03-saratoga/cv03-saratoga.html, accessed October 6, 2009.
NEWSPAPERS AND NEWSMAGAZINES
Life
Newsweek
New York Herald Tribune
New York Times
Time
Tucson Daily Citizen
Washington Evening Star
Washington Post
Washington Times-Herald
Notes
Source Abbreviations for Frequently Used Manuscript Collections
CWN/NHHC Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Collection, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C.
CWN/USNA Chester W. Nimitz Papers, MS 236, Special Collections and Archives Department, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy
EJK/LC Ernest Joseph King Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
EJK/NHC/NWC Ernest J. King Papers, Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. (Note: This Naval Historical Collection should not be confused with the Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C., which since December 2008 has been designated the Naval History and Heritage Command.)
GCM/LC Papers of George C. Marshall: Selected World War II Correspondence, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
RAS/NHHC Papers of Raymond A. Spruance, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C.
WDL/Diary William D. Leahy Diary, William D. Leahy Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
WDL/LC William D. Leahy Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
WDL/NHHC Papers of William D. Leahy, Operational Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C.
WFH/LC William Frederick Halsey Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Chapter 1: Leahy
1. WDL/Diary, April 16, 1898; Oregon statistics from Patrick McSherry, “U.S.S. Oregon,” Spanish-American War Centennial Website, http://www.spanamwar.com/oregon.htm accessed July 27, 2009.
2. Henry H. Adams, Witness to Power: The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985), pp. 5–7; Roster of Wisconsin Volunteers, War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865, Wisconsin Historical Society Library, http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/roster/index.asp accessed July 27, 2009; “Delayed Cer
tificate of Birth,” front matter, WDL/Diary.
3. “You could no more” Lilian Handlin, George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 208; “the temptations and distractions,” “A Brief History of the United States Naval Academy,” United States Naval Academy, http://www.usna.edu/VirtualTour/150years/, accessed June 27, 2010.
4. Congress recognized the existence of the school by voting $28,200 for repairs, improvements and instruction at Fort Severn in 1846. The system of congressional appointments was established in 1852.
5. “Pell mell, slipping,” Lucky Bag, vol. 1, 1894, p. 35; Annapolis and West Point attendance figures from Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1893 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1893), p. 197, and Annual Report of the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, 1893 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1893), p. 4.
6. Adams, Witness to Power, pp. 9–10.
7. Washington Post, March 19, 1950.
8. Thomas C. Hart, The Reminiscences of Thomas C. Hart (New York: Columbia University Oral History Project, 1972), p. 44.
9. Adams, Witness to Power, p. 11; The Class of 1897 had the highest percentage of flag officers of any class to graduate from Annapolis: Leahy, four admirals, six rear admirals, and a major general in the Marine Corps.
10. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979), pp. 154–55; “I hope [Roosevelt] has” and “too pugnacious,” p. 555; “trouble with Cuba,” p. 567.
11. Ibid., pp. 577–78; “To be prepared,” p. 569. Great Britain captured Cuba in the last days of the Seven Years War, but the island was returned under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
12. Ibid., pp. 586–87.
13. The possibility of a coal bunker fire gains credibility when one considers that Oregon reportedly battled four simultaneous bunker fires on its voyage around South America. Given the difficulty stokers sometimes had in getting various grades of coal to burn in the fireboxes, one fireman wryly recorded in his diary, “It seemed as if there was one or more fires going all the time,” and “it really seemed as if the only place that coal would burn was in the bunkers” (G[eorge] W. Robinson Diary, MS 344, Special Collections and Archives Department, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy, p. 8.
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