Philip of Spain
Page 56
13. See e.g. BL Add.28379, a volume of minutes of Moura from 1594 to 1598.
14. AGS:E leg.2855.
15. Cf. Thompson, War and Government, pp.275–7.
16. Bouza, Cartas, p.215.
17. CSPV, IX, pp.160, 161.
18. Consulta by Poza, 1 Aug. 1595, BL Add.28377 ff.72–3.
19. Consulta by Poza, 15 Oct. 1595, ibid. f.158.
20. Report by Poza, 14 Sept. 1595, ibid. f.45.
21. Consulta by Poza, 10 Aug. 1595, ibid. ff.81–3.
22. Consulta by Poza, 19 Oct. 1595, ibid. f.168.
23. Consulta by Poza, 21 Sept. 1595, ibid. f.122.
24. Fernández Alvarez, Testamento, p.xxxii.
25. ‘Sobre lo con q se a de ocupar el Principe, año de 1595’: BL Eg.2052 ff.10v–11.
26. Report by marquis de Velada, tutor of prince, 1590, Favre, vol.37 f.62.
27. AGS:E/K vol.1585 f.80.
28. Ambassador Contarini, 1593, Alberi, ser. I, vol.5, p.425.
29. Ambassador Vendramin, 1595, in Gachard, Carlos V, p.161.
30. Cabrera, IV, 200–1.
31. Moura to Poza, 24 Feb. 1596, BL Add.28377 f.233.
32. Lhermite, I, 257ff.
33. BL Add. 28377 f.239.
34. CSPV, IX, 191.
35. Sigüenza, II, 505.
36. An English listing gives 128 vessels, 24 of them Dutch; the duke of Medina Sidonia, who counted them from the opposite shore, estimated 164. See Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada. The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia, New Haven and London 1989, pp.193–213.
37. AGS:E leg.177, report of 30 June.
38. Luis Fajardo to Martín de Idiáquez, 17 July 1596, ibid.
39. CSPV, IX, 201. Drake died on 7 Feb. 1596, and was buried at sea.
40. Report by Dr Francisco de Quesada, ‘Relacion de lo que sucedió en la perdida de Cadiz, año de 1596’, AGS:E leg.177. Cf. Ungerer, I, 310–16, and sources cited there.
41. General Juan Gómez de Medina, 12 July 1596, AGS:E leg.177.
42. CSPV, IX, 223.
43. BCR MS.2417 ff.276–9.
44. Letter of 13 July 1596, AGS:E leg.177.
45. Memorial, ibid.
46. King's letter and Persons' memorandum in AGS:E leg. 176.
47. Instructions to Sancta Gadea, 21 Oct. 1596, ibid. These instructions contradict the assumption, common in all English books, that the Armada intended to invade Ireland.
48. Padilla to king, 2 Nov. 1596, AGS Guerra leg.461 f.64.
49. ‘Relacion de los galeones que van en la Armada de D. Martin de Padilla’, HHSA, Spanien, Varia, karton 3, f, f.276.
50. Instructions, dated 1 Oct. 1597, AGS:E leg.178.
51. ‘Relacion de lo sucedido al Armada’, AGS Guerra leg.490 f.81.
52. Padilla to king, 28 Oct. 1597, AGS:E leg.180.
53. V. Pérez Moreda, Las crisis de mortalidad en la España interior, Madrid 1980, pp.254, 256.
54. ‘Great shortage of bread’, a chronicler cited ibid., p.269. For a summary view in English, see I.A.A. Thompson and B. Yun, eds, The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge 1994, chap.2.
55. Licenciado Maldonado to Council, Huete, 6 June 1596, AGS:CJH leg.357.
56. Los comunes labradores y gente pobre destos reynos, BNM MS. V.E.C-207–35.
57. Castillo de Bobadilla, II, 38.
58. Memorial by marquis of Poza, 10 Feb. 1596, BL Add.28377 f.42.
59. Cited in Fortea Pérez, p.132.
60. Cited Braudel, II, 1219.
61. Letter of Aug. 1597, cited Thompson, War and Society, chap.III, p.284 n.116.
62. Yves-Marie Bercé, Le Roi caché. Mythes politiques populaires dans l'Europe moderne, Paris 1990, pp.40–72; Mary E. Brooks, A King for Portugal: the Madrigal conspiracy, Madison 1964.
63. Shlomo Simonsohn, The Jews in the Duchy of Milan. 2 vols. Jerusalem 1982, I, xxxix–xlix.
64. Letter of appointment, 28 Feb. 1589, BL Add.28263 f.491.
65. Cabrera, II, 239–41.
66. BZ 130 f.94.
67. Kamen, ‘A crisis of conscience’, in Crisis and Change.
68. Serrano, IV, p.lvi.
69. Fernández Alvarez, Testamento, pp.69–97.
70. Memoir by king, 22 June 1592, Tordesillas, BZ 131 f.41; Cabrera, III, 600.
71. Original drafts of some of the king's letters, hitherto unknown to historians, can be found in BL Add.28419. Because of the gout in his hand the king normally dictated the drafts, but then if possible corrected them in his own script.
72. Bouza, Cartas, p.132.
73. BL Add.28419 ff.8, 17. Cf. Bouza, Cartas, pp.138, 146.
74. BL Add.28419 f.23.
75. Bouza, Cartas, p.157.
76. BL Add.28419, Catalina to Philip II, Nov.–Dec. 1592, ff.37–8.
77. BL Add.28419, 22 Dec. 1596, f.241.
78. Madrid, king to duke, 12 Jan. 1596, in Altadonna.
79. BL Add.28419 ff.302–8.
80. Duke to Philip II, autograph, 22 Jan. 1598, ibid. f.310.
81. Cabrera, IV, 268.
82. Reported by Sepúlveda, p.182.
83. Pomponne de Bellièvre, quoted in Braudel, II, 1222.
84. CSPV, IX, 332.
85. Sigüenza, II, 505.
86. Ambassador Nani, CSPV, IX, 283.
87. Lhermite, II, 113.
88. Sigüenza, II, 504.
89. Moura to Khevenhüller, July 1598, HHSA, Spanien, Varia, karton 3, e, f.157.
90. Description, taken from doctors' reports, by his confessor fray Diego de Yepes, in Cabrera, IV, 298.
91. Diego de Yepes, ibid., 301. A recent full account of the king's death is in Eire, pp.253–368.
92. Diego de Yepes, in Cabrera, IV, 304.
93. Diego de Yepes, ibid., 305.
94. Antoláin, p.400.
95. Soranzo to Senate, 31 Aug. 1598, CSPV, IX, 338.
96. Soranzo to Senate, 5 Sept. 1598, ibid., 341. Soranzo dates the extreme unction to 3 September but Diego de Yepes says clearly that it was on Tuesday, 1 September at 9 p.m.
97. Diego de Yepes, in Cabrera, IV, 317.
98. Diego de Yepes, ibid., 322.
99. Sigüenza, II, 518.
100. Soranzo to Senate, 13 Sept. 1598, CSPV, IX, 342–3.
12. Epilogue
1. Lhermite, II, 147.
2. For an analysis, Eire, pp.300–68.
3. Juan de Silva to marquis of Velada, 26 Sept. 1598, BNM MS.6198 f.75.
4. 27 Sept. 1598, CSPV, IX, 346.
5. Kamen, Phoenix, p.15.
6. Iñigo Ibáñez de Santa Cruz, ‘El ignorante y confuso gobierno’, BL Cott. Vespasian C.XIII, ff.375–87. Another version in BL Eg.329 f.16 onwards.
7. ‘Discurso al Rey nuestro Señor del estado que tienen sus reynos’, dated ‘en la carcel y Otubre 7 de 1598’: BNM MS.904 ff.284–5. The text has recently been published (Madrid 1990).
8. Ibid., f.285V.
9. The variety of ideas shared by proponents of Tacitus is difficult to summarise.
10. Marcos de Isaba, Cuerpo enfermo de la milicia española, Madrid 1594, cited in Ricardo del Arco y Garay, La idea de imperio en la política y la literatura españolas, Madrid 1944, p.326.
11. Ibánez de Santa Cruz, ‘Confuso gobierno’, f.386.
12. Cited by Luciano Pereña in his edition of Francisco Suárez, De iuramento fidelitatis, Madrid 1979, p.78
13. Ibid., p.140.
14. Ambassador Lippomano, 6 May 1587, CSPV, VIII, 272, 277.
15. Ibid., 345.
16. Count of Portoalegre to Esteban de Ibarra, 9 Dec. 1589: BCR MS.2417 f.60.
17. March 1601, in CODOIN, XLIII, 570.
18. Silva to Moura, Lisbon, 27 Sept. 1597, BNM MS.6198.
19. Thompson, War and Government, chap, V.
20. P. Williams, ‘Philip III and the restoration of Spanish government’, English Historical Review, 88 (1973).
21. In San Jerónimo, Madrid, 15 Oct. 1578, IVDJ 51 no. 180.
22. Braudel, II, 1244.
&n
bsp; A Note on Sources
The sources for the reign of Philip II add up to thousands of books, articles and documents, dealing with a vast range of subjects. My study could not have been created without drawing on the valuable research done by many other scholars. But it is simply impractical to list the large number of sources, original and secondary, used in writing it. The few references I give are as follows.
The notes, which mainly identify quotations, contain references to manuscript and other sources. The notes also cite, in full, a very limited number of studies. Other studies, which are frequently cited and so given in the notes only in abbreviated form, are listed in the ‘Frequent References’ appendix, below.
Dates are given as they were in Spain, before and after the calendar change of 1582. Where sources give conflicting dates, I have chosen the most likely. Proper names are given in the form I have considered most suitable.
What follows is (1) a short list of ‘Further Reading in English’ and (2) a ‘Frequent References’ appendix, which is in no way a bibliography of Philip II.
Further Reading in English
(Where not detailed, authors mentioned here feature in ‘Frequent References’.) Though some popular ‘biographies’ of Philip II exist, they are derivative and contribute nothing new. The interested reader will profit most from the vivid (and unfavourable) portraits of the king by Motley, and Marañón (abridged English version, 1954). Motley is enjoyable as an extreme statement of the anti-Philip legend. His obvious bias barely detracts from the solid value of his scholarly and passionate account. Marañon's is a brilliant study, but both his premisses and his conclusions are defective and need to be re-examined. A very good brief introduction is Parker (1978), though it repeats a number of common errors about the king. For a student, the most useful political survey is the balanced account by Peter Pierson, Philip II of Spain (London 1975), which also has a bibliography valid up to that date. John Rule and John J. TePaske edited an interesting collection of opinions about The Character of Philip II (Boston 1963). For background on Philip's Spain the standard textbooks are: Henry Kamen, Spain 1469–1714. A society of conflict (London 1991), and Lynch. Those wishing to read history on a grand scale will find a semblance of the king emerging from the pages of Braudel (in English, 1972). The longer political histories, especially Merriman, and the regrettably unfinished work by Prescott, are very informative on the reign but give only secondary importance to the person of the king.
The two English-language historians who in recent decades have done most to illuminate the context within which Philip worked are I. A. A. Thompson and Geoffrey Parker. Thompson's research on politics, the army and the Armada has revolutionised our vision of the reign. Parker's work on Spain and the Dutch has been a model of scholarship. The Armada is also the theme of two different approaches by Martin and Parker, and by Fernández-Armesto (The Spanish Armada: the experience of war in 1588, Oxford 1989). The architectural programme is considered in a splendid study by Wilkinson; and a buzz of scandal is discussed in the fascinating study on Lucrecia de León by Kagan, who has done authoritative work on the culture of the reign. The king's death, finally, is one of the themes in the revealing book by Eire.
Frequent References
Actas de las Cortes de Castilla, vols XII–XVI. Madrid 1887–89
Alba, duke of, Epistolario del III duque de Alba. 3 vols. Madrid 1952
Alberi, Eugenio, Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. Florence 1839–40
Altadonna, Giovanna, ‘Cartas de Felipe II a Carlos Manuel II, duque de Saboya’, Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica, 9, 1986
Alvar Ezquerra, Alfredo, El nacimiento de una capital europea. Madrid entre 1561 y 1606. Madrid 1989
Alvarez, Vicente, Relation du beau voyage que fit aux Pays-Bas en 1548 le prince Philippe d'Espagne, ed. M.-T. Dovillée. Brussels 1964
Antolín, Guillermo, ‘La libreria de Felipe II’, Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 90, 1927
Barghahn, Barbara von, Age of Gold, Age of Iron. Renaissance Spain and symbols of monarchy. 2 vols. New York 1985
Bataillon, Marcel, Erasmo y España. Mexico 1966
Bouza Alvarez, Fernando, ‘Portugal en la monarquía hispanica (1580–1640)’. Thesis of the Complutensian University 1987
Bouza Alvarez, Fernando, ed., Cartas de Felipe II a sus hijas. Madrid 1988
Boyden, James M., The Courtier and the King. Ruy Gómez de Silva, Philip II and the Court of Spain. Berkeley 1995
Brading, David, The First America. Cambridge 1991
Bratli, Carl, Felipe II, rey de España. Madrid 1927 (in Danish 1912)
Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. 2 vols. London 1972
Breuer, Stephanie, Alonso Sánchez Coello y el retrato en la corte de Felipe II. Madrid 1990
Brown, Jonathan, ‘Felipe II, coleccionista de pintura y escultura’, IV Centenario del Monasterio del Escorial. Las Colecciones del rey. Madrid 1986
Cabié, Edmond, Ambassade en Espagne de Jean Ebrard, seigneur de Saint-Sulpice, de 1562 à 1565. Albi 1903
Cabrera de Córdoba, Luis, Filipe Segundo, rey de España. 4 vols. Madrid 1876
Calendar of State Papers (London): Foreign. Edward VI 1547–1553, 1861. Foreign. Mary 1553–1558, 1861. Foreign. Elizabeth 1558–1559, 1863. Foreign. Elizabeth I, vol.11, July 1590–May 1591, 1969. Foreign. Elizabeth I, vol.Ill, June 1591–April 1592, 1980. Venice, vol.VII, 1558–1580, 1890. Venice, vol.IX, 1592–1603, 1897. England and Spain, vol.IX, 1547–1549, 1912. England and Spain, vol.X, 1550–1552, 1914. England and Spain, vol.XI, 1553, 1916. England and Spain, vol.XII, January–July 1554, 1949. England and Spain, vol.XIII, July 1554–November 1558, 1954
Calvete de Estrella, Juan Cristóbal, El Felicissimo Viaje del muy alto y muy poderoso Principe Don Phelippe. Antwerp 1552
Calvete de Estrella, Juan Cristóbal, Rebelión de Pizarro en el Perú y vida de D. Pedro Gasca. 2 vols. Madrid 1889
Carlos V (1500–1558). Homenaje de la Universidad de Granada. Granada 1958
Carrasco, M.S., El problema morisco en Aragón al comienzo del reinado de Felipe II. Valencia 1969
Castillo de Bobadilla, Jerónimo, Política para Corregidores, 2 vols. Madrid 1597
Chabod, Federico, ‘¿Milán o los Países Bajos? Las discusiones en España sobre la “alternativa” de 1544’, in Carlos V, pp.331–72
Checa, Fernando, Felipe II, maecenas de las artes. Madrid 1993
Cock, Henrique, Relación del viaje hecho por Felipe II en 1585, ed. A. Morel-Fatio and A. Rodríguez Villa. Madrid 1876
Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla, vol.V. Madrid 1903
Danvila y Burguero, Alfonso, Don Cristóbal de Moura, primer marqués de Castel Rodrigo. Madrid 1900
Danvila y Collado, Manuel, El poder civil en España, 6 vols. Madrid 1885
Douais, C., ed., Dépêches de M. de Fourquevaux, ambassadeur du roi Charles IX en Espagne 1565–72, 3 vols. Paris 1896–1904
Edelmayer, Friedrich, ‘Aspectos del trabajo de los embajadores de la casa de Austria en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI’, Pedralbes, 9, 1989
Eire, Carlos M., From Madrid to Purgatory. The art and craft of dying in sixteenth-century Spain. Cambridge 1995
Forneron, H., Histoire de Philippe II, 4 vols. Paris 1881
Fortea Pérez, José I., ‘The Cortes of Castile and Philip II's fiscal policy’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 11, no.2, 1991, pp. 117–38
Gachard, L. P., Carlos V y Felipe II a través de sus contemporáneos. Madrid 1944
Gachard, L. P., Collection des voyages des souverains des Pays-Bas, 4 vols. Brussels 1876–82
Gachard, L. P., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, 6 vols. Brussels 1848–79
Gachard, L. P., Don Carlos et Philippe II. Paris 1867
Gachard, L. P., Retraite et mort de Charles-Quint au monastère de Yuste, 3 vols. Brussels 1854–6
García Ballester, Luis, Los Moriscos y l
a medicina. Barcelona 1984
García Mercadal, J., Viajes de extranjeros por España y Portugal, 2 vols. Madrid 1952
Gil Fernández, Luis, Panorama social del humanismo español (1500–1800). Madrid 1981
Gómez-Centurión, Carlos, Felipe II, la empresa de Inglaterra y el comercio septentrional (1566–1609). Madrid 1988
González de Amezúa, Agustín, Isabel de Valois, reina de España (1546–1568), 3 vols in 5 tomes. Madrid 1949
González Palencia, Angel, Gonzalo Pérez, 2 vols. Madrid 1946
Goodman, David C., Power and Penury. Government, technology and science in Philip II's Spain. Cambridge 1988
Gossart, Ernest, La Domination espagnole dans les Pays-Bas à la fin du règne de Philippe II. Bruxelles 1906
Groen van Prinsterer, G., ed., Archives de la maison d'Orange-Nassau. 1er série. Supplément. Leiden 1847
Gurrea y Aragón, Francisco de, conde de Luna, Comentarios de los sucesos de Aragon en los años 1591 y 1592. Madrid 1888
Herrera, Antonio de, Historia general del mundo, del tiempo del Señor Rey don Felipe II el Prudente, desde el ano de 1559 hasta el de 1598, 3 vols. Madrid 1601–12
Iñiguez Almech, Francisco, Casas reaies y jardines de Felipe II. Madrid 1952
Kagan, Richard, Lucrecia's Dreams. Politics and prophecy in sixteenth-century Spain. Berkeley 1990
Kamen, Henry, Crisis and Change in Early Modern Spain. Aldershot 1993
Kamen, Henry, The Phoenix and the Flame. Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation. New Haven and London 1993
Keniston, Howard, Francisco de los Cobos. Madrid 1980
Koenigsberger, H. G., The Government of Sicily under Philip II of Spain. London 1951
Kubler, George, La obra del Escorial. Madrid 1983
Lagomarsino, Paul David, ‘Court factions and the formulation of Spanish policy towards the Netherlands (1559–67)’, University of Cambridge PhD thesis, 1973
Lhermite, Jehan, Le Passetemps, 2 vols. Antwerp 1890–6
Lisón Tolosana, Carmelo, La imagen del rey. Monarquía, realeza y poder ritual en la Casa de los Austrias. Madrid 1991
Lynch, John, Spain 1516–1598. London 1991
Mal Lara, Juan de, Recebimiento que hizo la muy noble y muy leal Ciudad de Sevilla. Seville 1570
Maltby, William S., Alba. Berkeley 1983
Marañón, Gregorio, Antonio Pérez, 2 vols. Madrid 1958. A one-volume English abridgment was published in London, 1954