Harold

by Ian W. Walker

  22. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Russian Chronicle 1076–1107, pp. 211–14 and Obolensky, Portraits, pp. 85–104.

  23. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Russian Chronicle 1076 and pp. 206–15, Obolensky, Portraits, pp. 104–14, Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Russian Chronicle, pp. 211, 214–15.

  24. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Russian Chronicle 1107 and p. 214 for her death. This would make her aged over fifty, which links with the Laing, Heimsk, p. 292 description of her as ‘Gytha the Old’. Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471, tr. R. Mitchell and N. Forbes (London, 1914) 1113 for Vladimir’s rule in Kiev. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Russian Chronicle 1076 and p. 211 for Msistislav’s birth and Laing, Heimsk, pp. 236–92 for his Norse name Harold. Mitchell and Forbes, Chron. Novgorod 1132, Laing, Heimsk, pp. 236, 292 for this genealogical information. Although late, this Icelandic source of c. 1240 is fairly accurate on genealogies, which were central to the culture of Iceland, J.L. Byock, Medieval Iceland (London, 1988), pp. 14–18.

  25. Chibnall, Ecclesiastical History, pp. 214–18, Ibid., p. 228, Ibid., pp. 138 and 216, Maund, Ireland, pp. 137–40 and Williams, The English, p. 53 for this lady. The suggestion that she was buried in the Abbey of La Chaise Dieu in France appears unlikely. The ‘Queen Edith’ who paid for the construction of the abbey’s dormitory is more likely to be Harold’s sister and the story of the later burial was perhaps no more than an attempt to associate a famous lady with the place. G. Beech ‘England and Aquitaine in the Century before the Norman Conquest’, Anglo-Saxon England, 19 (1991), pp. 94–5 for details. Stevenson, Malmesbury – Norman Kings, pp. 33, 71. Olaf is called Magnus in error. Laing, Heimsk, p. 263 refers to the fatal arrow in some skaldic verse but does not mention young Harold’s presence.

  26. Swanton, Three Lives, p. 118, Mason, St Wulfstan, pp. 224–25. S.J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 172–3 for Wilton as a place of refuge for noble English ladies and as a guardian of English tradition.

  27. Southern, St Anselm, pp. 185–93, Southern, Portrait, pp. 262–4, Searle, ‘Women’, pp. 167–9, Mason, St Wulfstan, pp. 226–8 and Barlow, William Rufus, pp. 313–14 for alternative views.

  28. Searle, ‘Women’, pp. 167–9 and Sawyer, ‘Tenurial Revolution?’, p. 78.

  29. WP, p. 32 (20) for Wulfnoth as a hostage in 1051–2. Bosanquet, Eadmer, pp. 6–7 for Harold’s attempt to gain his release in 1064. Flor 1087 for William’s deathbed release of Wulfnoth followed by his reincarceration by William Rufus.

  30. Barlow, William Rufus, pp. 65–6.

  31. Flor 1087.

  32. ASC 1100.

  APPENDIX ONE

  1. VER, pp. 18–19, Barlow, Edward, p. 104, Barlow, English Church, pp. 104, 209 n. and Brooks, Canterbury, pp. 303, 305 for Aethelric the monk.

  2. ASC D 1057, ASC D/E1058, JW 1057 and 1058 for Bishop Aethelric. VER, pp. xlii–xliii for its Flemish author. DB Sussex, 9: 11 and 60 for Bishop Aethelric’s lands.

  3. JW 1070 and Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. H. Clover and M. Gibson (Oxford, 1979), pp. 62–3 for his deposition. ASC D/E 1058, Barlow, English Church, pp. 221–22, for Siward. Barlow, English Church, pp. 113–14 for the Papal letters. Stenton, A-S England, p. 671 n.1. for the church council.

  4. EHD II, No. 50, pp. 481–3 for the trial. VER, p. 18 for Aethelric’s skill in affairs.

  5. Williams, The English, p. 158 n.19, Barlow, English Church, p. 74 n. 1 for Bishop Aethelric as a source for Eadmer’s Life of St Dunstan, and Mason, St Wulfstan, pp. 117 n. 36, 221 for his intermediary.

  APPENDIX TWO

  1. Loyn, Governance, pp. 31–133 and Freeman, Norman Conquest, Vol. II, pp. 555–69.

  2. ASC C/D 1054 for Siward’s responsibility for warfare in Scotland. ASW, No. 121 for his control of Cumbria. ASW, No. 59 for a writ addressing Earl Siward in Huntingdonshire, but JW 1051 for Harold’s earldom encompassing this shire.

  3. ASW, Nos 7 and 119 for Tosti in Yorkshire and the latter for Nottinghamshire also, and ASW, No. 62 for Northamptonshire. ASC D/E 1065, for these shires and the devastation of Northamptonshire. VER, p. 77.

  4. ASC C/D/E 1066, Stevenson Simeon –Kings of England 1072, DB Lincolnshire, T4 shows Morcar in receipt of the earl’s third penny for the city of Lincoln. ASC C 1066 and JW 1066 indicate that he drove Tosti’s raiding force out of Lindsey with his brothers’ help, although other versions of the Chronicle attribute this action to Earl Edwin alone. Barlow, Edward, p. 194 n. 3 for Waltheof’s later authority in Northamptonshire, as indicated by Chibnall, Ecclesiastical History, p. 263, perhaps originating at this time.

  5. Williams, The English pp. 169, 170–1, and pp. 113-14 for Leofric and his predecessors. ASC C 1039 and JW 1039, ASC C/D/E 1055 for Leofric and the Welsh Border, Anglo-Saxon Charters ed. A.J. Robertson (Cambridge, 1939), Nos XCIV, CXI, CXII for Leofric holding Worcestershire.

  6. ASC D/E 1057, ASW, Nos 115–17 for Aelfgar’s authority in these shires confirmed by his role in the appointment of Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester as recorded in Swanton, Three Lives, p. 104.

  7. ASW, No. 96 for Edwin and Staffordshire and DB Shropshire, 4, 1, 1, DB Cheshire, S1, DB Warwickhire, 1: 6 and DB Worcestershire, C1 for these other shires. Chibnall, Ecclesiastical History, p. 219 for the construction of Warwick castle to subdue Earl Edwin in 1068 and Ibid., p. 229 for the defeat at Stafford in 1069.

  8. ASW, Nos 38, 111, 3 for Kent, Hampshire and Berkshire respectively. Robertson, A-S Charters, No. CV for Devon and No. CVII for Hampshire. JW 1051 for Godwine’s authority in Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The possibility of his authority extending to Surrey, Dorset and Somerset reflects Harold’s later responsibilities. ASC D/E 1051 for Dover and ASC C/D 1052 for his supporters in 1052. The latter also refers to support from Essex, perhaps in favour of Harold rather than his father, since it is unlikely that Godwine’s authority extended beyond the Thames.

  9. ASC E 1051, ASC C/D/E 1052, Barlow, Edward, p. 125 n. 2 for a possible transfer of Earl Odda’s earldom to perhaps encompass Worcestershire or Gloucestershire. However, this appears to conflict with Earl Leofric’s authority in Worcestershire. Earl Odda’s appearance in Robertson, A-S Charters, Nos CXI and CXII may relate instead to his links with Pershore.

  10. ASW, Nos 35 and 39 for Kent, Nos 40–2 for Surrey, No. 85 for Hampshire, No. 5 for Berkshire, Nos 1 and 2 for Dorset, Nos 64–70 for Somerset and No. 120 for Devon. The inclusion of Sussex which was held by Godwine seems very likely and that of Wiltshire and Cornwall probable. ASW, No. 115 for Gloucestershire held by Harold in 1062 and ASW, Nos 49 and 50 for Herefordshire. ASW, p. 567 for spurious writs indicating his brother Leofwine as earl in Kent or Surrey which have been ignored in this discussion.

  11. ASC C 1046 and Robertson, A-S Charters, No. XCIX for Swein in Herefordshire perhaps in succession to Earl Hrani of Cnut’s time, for whom see Williams et al., Dark Age Britain, p. 206. JW 1051 for Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire but also Somerset and Berkshire in spite of ASW, No. 3. ASW, Nos 78 and 79 for Hertfordshire. ASW, Nos 57 and 58 for Earl Thuri holding Huntingdonshire, which presumably fell to Beorn as his successor, according to Williams et al., Dark Age Britain, p. 227. ASW, Nos 13 and 14 for Norfolk and Suffolk and ASW, No. 84 and JW 1051 for Essex.

  12. ASC E 1047 for Swein’s exile and ASC C 1049 for the possibility that Harold and Beorn expected to lose if Swein was restored.

  13. JW 1051, ASC E 1051 for the Frenchmen and their castle established in Earl Swein’s province undoubtedly by Earl Ralph. ASW, No. 3 for Earl Godwine holding Berkshire in the period 1045–1048. ASC D 1051 for Ralph.

  14. ASC D/E 1051 for Aelfgar. ASW, Nos 15–17 for Norfolk and Suffolk, but ASW, No. 59 for Earl Siward holding Huntingdonshire at this time. ASC C/D 1055 shows Ralph responsible for the defence of Herefordshire in 1055 and it seems likely that King Edward would wish to restore it to Earl Ralph as soon as possible after being forced to deprive him of it in 1050. ASW, No. 55 for his control of Oxfordshire. ASW, No. 59 for Huntingdonshire in Siward’s hands at this
time and Northamptonshire, although not so recorded, subsequently passed to his successor Tosti.

  15. ASC C/D 1052 for Harold’s restoration and ASW, No. 84 for Essex. Barlow, Edward, p. 125 n. 2 suggests the possibility that Odda may have gained some of Earl Ralph’s shires to replace the south western shires restored to Earl Godwine. ASC C/D/E 1053 for the exchange of East Anglia.

  16. ASC D/E 1057, ASW, Nos 23–5 for Gyrth’s authority in Norfolk and Suffolk. VER, p. 50 for the suggestion that he received only Norfolk initially. ASW, Nos 88 and 89 for Leofwine in control of Middlesex and ASW, Nos 90 and 91 for Hertfordshire. DB Oxfordshire, B1 indicates that Aelfgar held the third penny of Oxford but ASW, Nos 95, 103, 104 show the shire controlled by Gyrth.

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