The Tragedy of the Templars
Page 39
Berbers 29–30, 40, 64, 87, 177
Berengaria, wife of Richard I 294
Bérenger Frédol, cardinal 359–60
Bernard of Clairvaux
career 135–6
defence of Templars (De Laude) 139, 142, 143, 321
description of Templars 192
disapproval of Eleanor 183–4, 185
foundation of Templar order 135, 137
Latin Rule for Templars 137–8
Second Crusade 173, 174–7, 189, 190, 191, 240
uncle 179
Bernard the Monk, pilgrim 54–6, 58, 125
Bernold of Constance, chronicler 90–91
Bertrand of Blancfort, Grand Master 210
Bethany, pilgrimage centre 239–41
Bethgibelin, fortress and village 150, 151, 152, 154
Bethlehem
arrival of crusaders 111, 112, 120
Church of the Nativity 12, 111
pilgrimage to 11, 131
surrender to Christians 306
Bilbeis
capture by Franks 213
siege (1164) 210
Bohemond, prince of Taranto
capture of Antioch 109
crusade leadership 103, 104
prince of Antioch 110, 121
victory over Turks 107
Bohemond III, prince of Antioch 210
Boniface VIII, pope 335–6, 337, 338–9, 340, 352
Bonomel, troubadour 322
Brindisi 229
Bryer, Anthony 303
Bryrdn, patrician 23
Byzantine Empire
appeal to West (1074) 81, 82
appeal to West (1091) 89
appeal to West (1095) 90–91
Arab invasions 23–5, 29, 36–7
Armenia 73, 75
First Crusade 106–7, 109, 112, 256
Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3
Frankish alliance 212–13, 257
Greek Church 54, 81
Greek culture 51–2
Jerusalem campaign 61–2
jihad against 36, 59
language 15
Manzikert defeat 71, 76
Mongol relations 336
Myriokephalon defeat 256–7
name 14
Persian conflict 15, 16–17, 19, 40
Philip IV’s ambitions 340
pilgrims 57, 78
religious disputes 42
Second Crusade 177, 179–81, 189
Seljuk invasions 71–2
Seljuk policy 75
Seljuk threat 93
territory 15, 17, 29, 54, 56, 60–61, 81, 111–12
treaty with Saladin (1181) 257
treaty with Seljuks 180
C
Caesarea
Byzantine control 62
churches destroyed 60
fall to Baldwin 289
fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322
religion 14
Templar presence 228
Cairo
Amalric’s presence 212, 213, 218
Ayyubid rule 288, 300, 309, 313
caliphate 333–4
Citadel 235, 314
conflict with Damascus 309, 310
defeat of Atsiz 79
defences 235
fall to Nur al–Din (1169) 213
Fatimid caliphate 63, 66, 209
foundation 63
gates 166
Jewish community 116
Mameluke sultans 288, 314, 315, 333–4
Mongol ambassadors 315
religion 66, 75, 211, 233, 237, 244, 334
rioting against Turks (1172) 235
Saladin’s position 237–8, 252, 261
siege 213
Calansue (Qalansuwa) 150, 151
caliphate
Abbasid 45–6, 47, 54, 58–9, 62, 64, 75, 263
divisions 28, 237
Fatimid 63–4, 75, 209, 210
Seljuk Turks 119
Shia/Sunni disagreement 44
Umayyad 30, 37–8, 45–6
castles 218–23
Cathars 245–8, 313, 347, 348, 363
Catherine of Courtenay, sister of Philip IV 342
Celestine II, pope 140
Charlemagne, emperor 37, 52–3, 56, 84, 94, 125
Charles Martel 37, 52
Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily 320–21
Chastel Blanc (Safita), castle
construction 219
fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 318
Saladin’s campaigns 292
Templar presence 221–2, 248, 261, 307
Chastel Pelerin (Atlit), castle 229, 319, 329
Chastellet see Jacob’s Ford
Château de Mer, Templar sea–castle 328
Chevveden, Paul 95
China 45, 230
Chinon
Templar leaders held at 356, 358–9
trial of Templar leaders 359–60, 367
Chinon Parchment 358, 359
Chrétien de Troyes 183–4
Christianity
Arian 12–13, 21, 246
Cathars 245–8, 313, 347–8, 363
conversion from 31, 38–9, 62, 334
conversion to 39, 62, 67, 336
Coptic 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334
dualism 63, 245–8
dyophysites 40–41
Gnostics 245
Great Schism (1054) 81–2, 238–9
Greek Orthodox Church 54, 241, 238, 301–2
heresy 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246–8, 347
heresy charge against Templars 127, 224, 248, 346–8, 352, 356–7
Jacobites 41, 42, 239, 241
Latin Church 54, 238, 242, 301
Maronites 324, 335
Mary Magdalene 240–42, 247
monophysites 41–2
Nestorian 40–41, 239
official religion of Roman Empire 10–11
pacifist ideal 102
Palestine 14–15, 49
persecution of Christians 53, 60, 334
prophetic literature 84–6
restrictions on Christians 49, 50, 334
theological disputes 40–42
tithes 140, 147, 179, 224, 243
Waldensian 246
Church of the Ascension 130
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
altar to St Nicholas 123
Anastasis dome 32–3, 60, 68, 130
bell tower 198
built by Constantine 12, 197
canons 126, 127, 137, 143, 145, 201
chapel of Golgotha 130, 197
coronation of Frederick 307
crusader celebrations 117
destruction (1009) 67–8, 69, 70, 197
fired by mob (937) 60
fired by mob (966) 61, 69
fired by Persians (619) 16, 197
keys 52–3
new chapels 198
pilgrim guides 346
pilgrims 198, 201, 283–4, 346
replacement for old basilica 198
Rotunda rebuilt 77, 197
site 130
spared by Saladin 2, 283–4
Templars’ founding vows (1119) 130
tomb of Jesus 60, 68, 197, 198, 283–4
Turkish behaviour 91
Church of the Nativity 12, 111
Cilicia, kingdom of 150–51, 230, 336
Cistercians 135–6, 174, 204, 347
Clement V, pope
absolution of Templars 356, 360–61
crusade plans 340
meeting with Hospitallers and
Templars 340–41, 344
meetings with king 355
papacy 339–40
relationship with king 339–40, 353–4, 365
response to arrest of Templars 353–4
suppression of Templar order 365–6
Templar concerns 344–5
Templar investigation 345, 355–61, 362, 364
Vienne council (1311) 363–4
Cluny, abbey 93–4, 95
coinage
Acre 323
/> Arabic 31
Jewish 9
Saladin’s 3
Compostela, Santiago de 94
Conrad III, king of Germany 177, 179–80, 185, 187, 188–9
Conrad of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem 250
Constantine (the Great), Roman emperor 10, 12, 84, 197
Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor 29
Constantinople
Arab sieges 29, 36–7
Byzantine recovery (1261) 301
capital city 13
destruction of Umayyad forces 37, 38
fall to Ottoman Turks (1453) 14
First Crusade 106–7
Fourth Crusade 301, 302–303
Latin emperors 301
massacre of Latins (1182) 257–8, 302, 320
Persian assault 17
pilgrims 57
sack (1204) 301, 302–303
Turkish threat (1091) 89–90
Copts 30–31, 41, 65, 211, 239, 334
Cordoba
emirate of 44
Great Mosque 94
Council of Chalcedon (451) 40, 41
Council of Clermont (1095) 71, 91, 92, 95–101, 102, 106, 145, 174
Council of Nicaea 13
Council of Piacenza (1095) 90–91
Council of Troyes 137, 139, 142
Cressing Temple, Essex 225–6
Crete 56, 60
crusades
against Sicilian rebels 320–21
Albigensian 247–8
Fifth Crusade 303–4, 305, 306
First Crusade 71, 87, 92, 99–101, 102–17, 153, 154, 220, 256
Fourth Crusade 227, 301–3
mythology 153
People’s Crusade 106
preaching 104–5
Second Crusade 135, 149, 172, 175–8, 179–81, 187–90
Seventh Crusade 313–14
Sixth Crusade 306–7
taking the cross 102–4
term ‘crusade’ 103–4
Third Crusade 276, 287–8, 293, 299
Curcuas, John, general 60
Curia 353, 354
Cyprus
Acre supplies 328
Arab attacks 29
attacks from 336
captured by Richard 294–5, 329
crusade plan 341
Mameluke invasion plans 334
Maronite community 335
Muslims driven out (965) 61
refugees from Acre 326, 327
refugees from Jerusalem 49
Templar archives 127, 223
Templar presence 329, 333, 335, 344, 354
D
Damascus
attacked by Nur al-Din 207–8
Ayyubid rule 300, 309
Baldwin’s assault plan 133–5
Byzantine capture 62
conflict with Cairo 309, 310
fall to Mongols (1260) 315
fall to Nur al-Din (1154) 188, 208, 219, 233
fall to al-Salih (1245) 313
revolt (744) 43
sacked by Persians (613) 16
Saladin’s position (1174) 5, 236, 237
Second Crusade strategy 186–7
siege (1129) 149
siege (1148) 187–8
siege and fall (635) 23–4
temple rebuilt as church 10
Turkish capture and recapture 79, 80
walls demolished 45
Damietta
capture (1219) 304
Seventh Crusade 313
Dandolo, doge of Venice 302
Daniel, Russian abbot 124
Dante 353
De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum (anonymous author) 2, 268–9, 271
De Laude Novae Militae (In Praise of the New Knighthood) (Bernard of Clairvaux) 139, 321
dhimmis (non-Muslim population)
Abbasid policy 45, 49, 50
Fatimid policy 66
legal and social position 39, 79, 156, 161, 280, 334
Umayyad policy 42, 43–4
Zoroastrians 46–7
Dome of the Rock
altar to St Nicholas 123
construction 27, 31–5, 50
cross on 122, 281–2
Frederick’s visit 307
height of Dome 53
Muslim worship 148
Night Journey 34, 36
purified by Saladin 2, 3, 201, 282
rock beneath 33
site 122, 129
Templar reconversion 310
Temple of the Lord 122, 130, 201
Dominicans 301, 345
Dorylaeum, battle (1147) 179–80
Drogo, Templar knight 178
Druze 244–5, 333
E
Edessa
county of 119, 122
crusader state 98, 109, 119
fall to Turks (1146) 169–71, 172, 177
Khorezmian Turks 311
liberation by crusaders 109, 112
siege and fall (1144) 166–9, 170, 171, 187
Edward I, king of England 227, 319, 335, 340
Egeria, pilgrim 239
Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne 52
Egypt
administration by Copts 30–31
Amalric’s expeditions 209–10, 215, 218
Arab invasion 23, 30, 209
Ayyubid rule 300, 301, 309
Baldwin I’s expedition 128
blockade strategy 320
capture by Nur al-Din’s forces 213–14
Christian population 30–31, 42, 50, 56, 67, 211, 237–8
churches 11, 334
Copts 30–1, 41, 65, 239, 334
fall to Saladin 234
famine 64
Fatimids 63–70, 119, 195, 207, 209–10
Fifth Crusade 303–4
Frankish-Byzantine expedition 212–13
Ikhshidids 61, 64
Jewish population 237–8
Mamelukes 230, 288, 314, 320
Muslim religion 211, 237
Persian invasion 16
pilgrims 55–7, 68
revolt (831) 49–50
Saladin’s rule 235–8, 250, 256
Templar policy 309–10
Tulunids 58, 61
Turks defeated 79
Eleanor of Aquitaine 173, 175, 181–5, 294
Ellenblum, Ronnie 151–2, 154, 260
England, Templar sites 136
Ernoul, Frankish chronicler 258–9, 267
Eschenbach, Wolfram von 183, 185
Eschiva, countess of Tripoli 268
Etienne of Suisy, cardinal 358–60
Eugenius III, pope 140, 172, 173–4, 177, 178
Everard des Barres, Grand
Master 175, 179, 180, 182, 193, 194
F
Al-Fadil, Al-Qadi 3, 256, 307–8
Fatima, daughter of Mohammed 28, 63
Fatimids
architecture 166
Ascalon base 128, 150, 152, 186, 289
Ascalon loss 194, 207, 209, 221
campaign against Abbasids 64
campaigns against Atsiz 81
conquest of Egypt 63–4, 77
death of last caliph 233, 235, 237
Egyptian regime 65, 209, 211, 212
Jerusalem defence against crusaders 112–13
Jerusalem loss and recovery 112
Jerusalem policies 67–8, 88, 125–6, 197, 280, 334
Jerusalem surrender (1099) 113–14
origins 63
Palestine rule 77, 79
persecution of Christians and Jews 66–7, 125
religion 63–4, 65, 195, 211
Ferdinand of Léon and Castile 93
La Fève, castle 222, 266
fortresses 151–2
France, nation–state 232
Francis of Assisi 301
Franciscans 301, 345–6
Frankopan, Peter 101
Franks, Martel’s victories 37
Franks (Franj)
achievements of crusades 195–6
Acre sieges 292–3, 295–6
> armour 297
Arsuf victory 298
attitude to Muslim society 120
Baybars’ campaigns against 315–19
building works in Jerusalem 122–3, 198–9, 307
castles 218–23, 256, 259–60, 263, 317–18
Damascus campaign 186–8
driven out of Outremer 329–30
Egyptian campaign 212–14
fall of Acre 326–9
fall of Edessa 170–71, 172, 188
fall of Jerusalem 1–5, 278–80, 284
fall of Tripoli 325
Hattin defeat 270–74
intermarriage 146
isolation 257
jihad against 164–5, 172, 195, 230, 262
La Forbie defeat 313
languages learned by 120, 146, 157, 242
liberation of pilgrimage sites 129
life in Palestine 146
Muslim attitudes to 156–7, 159–61, 243–4
Palestine rule 129
population in Palestine 156
religious tolerance 238–9
Saladin’s campaigns against 3, 128, 256, 261–2, 263
settlers in Outremer 154–6
siege warfare 259–60, 263
strategy against Saladin 256, 260, 263–4
Temple Mount policies 148
term 87, 120
welcomed 120
Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor 288, 304–8, 309
Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler career 141, 145
on Aqsa mosque 147
on crusade conditions 107–8
on language skills of Franks 157
on Outremer settlement 145–6
on Urban’s speech at Clermont 96–8
on victory at Jerusalem 114, 115, 117
Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem
Bethany church 239
campaign against Zengi 163
death 185, 206
diplomacy 158, 160, 162
Hospitaller grant 152
marriage to Melisende 132
palace 147
rule of Jerusalem 147, 198
supporter of Templars 126
Fulk of Villaret, Grand Master of Hospitallers 341
Further Mosque 33–4, 69, 280
Fustat 55–6, 64, 66, 210, 213
G
Galilee, principality of 265–7
Gaza
Arab civil wars 48
La Forbie battle (1244) 312–13
massacre of population 80
Muslim uprisings 79
religion 238
surrender to Saladin 276
Templar defences 220–21, 222
Templar strategy 254
truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309
Genoa
Acre trading community 289, 323
arms and food supplies 113
campaigns against Arabs 93
Constantinople colony 257
slave trade 229
trade with Egypt 258, 320
Geoffrey Bissot, Templar knight 142
Geoffrey of Charney, preceptor of Normandy 349, 350, 359, 367–8
Geoffrey of Flujeac 151
Geoffrey Fulcher, Templar knight 178, 211–12, 214
Geoffrey of Gonneville, preceptor of Poitou and Aquitaine 359, 367
Gerard of Nazareth, bishop of Latakia 241–2
Gerard of Ridefort, Grand Master 264–7, 269, 273, 276, 293