The Rape of Europa

  11. Ibid., p. 214.

  12. Barr Papers, undated note.

  13. Institute of Contemporary Art, Dissent: The Issue of Modern Art in Boston, exhibition catalogue (Boston, 1985), p. 32.

  14. H. Lehmann-Haupt, Art under a Dictatorship (New York, 1954), p. 15.

  15. Cited in B. Hinz, Art in the Third Reich (New York, 1979), p. 49.

  16. Ibid., pp. 49–50.

  17. Lehmann-Haupt, op. cit., pp. 37–40.

  18. Hentzen, op. cit., p. 61.

  19. A. Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York, 1970), p. 93.

  20. B. M. Lane, Architecture and Politics in Germany 1918–1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 156–58.

  21. Hinz, op. cit., pp. 25–26.

  22. Speer, op. cit., p. 49.

  23. Ibid., p. 27.

  24. Hentzen, op. cit., pp. 10–16.

  25. Lehmann-Haupt, op. cit., p. 75.

  26. Baltimore Museum of Art, Oskar Schlemmer, exhibition catalogue (Baltimore, 1986), p. 204.

  27. Galerie Nierendorf, Fünfzig Jahre 1920–1970, exhibition catalogue (Berlin, 1970), pp. 14, 68–69.

  28. Marlboro Fine Arts, Nolde: Forbidden Pictures, exhibition catalogue (London, 1970), p.5.

  29. Lehmann-Haupt, op. cit., p. 87.

  30. Nolde, p. 10.

  31. The Diary and Letters of Kaethe Kollwitz, ed. Hans Kollwitz (Chicago, 1955), p. 125.

  32. P. O. Rave, Kunstdiktatur im Dritten Reich (Hamburg, 1949), p. 41. Translated by author.

  33. Hinz, op. cit., p. 35.

  34. NA, RG 260/394, Mühlmann testimony.

  35. This quote and following from Hinz, op. cit., pp. 37–38.

  36. Rave, op. cit., p. 66.

  37. F. Roh, Entartete Kunst (Hannover, 1962). This book lists the removed works of all museums in detail.

  38. Hentzen, op. cit., p. 29. Translated by author.

  39. Rave, op. cit., pp. 55–56. Translated by author.

  40. See Hinz, op. cit., p. 2; Rave, op. cit., pp. 54–55, translated by author; Hentzen, op. cit., various. Also Staatsgalerie Moderner Kunst, Dokumentation zum Nationalsocialismus im Bildersturm (Munich, 1987).

  41. Hentzen, op. cit., p. 38. Translated by author.

  42. Ibid., p. 39.

  43. Roh, op. cit., p. 251.

  44. NA, RG 260/438, MFAA interrogation of Angerer, May 20, 1947.

  45. Cited in S. Barron, ed., Degenerate Art, exhibition catalogue, LACMA (New York, 1991). p. 135.

  46. A. Huneke, “On the Trail of Missing Masterpieces,” in Barron, op. cit., p. 122.

  47. Hentzen, op. cit., p. 44; Rave, op. cit., 65.

  48. Interview with Feilchenfeldt; and Dokumentation, p. 152.

  49. Roh, op. cit., pp. 124–25. For far more detail see also Huneke, “Missing Masterpieces,” in Barron, op. cit.

  50. Cited in Huneke, “Missing Masterpieces,” in Barron, op. cit., p. 128.

  II. PERIOD OF ADJUSTMENT

  1. N. Henderson, Failure of a Mission (New York, 1940), pp. 93–96.

  2. W. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York, 1960), pp. 302–8; fn. p. 303.

  3. Account of policy based on correspondence in NA, RG 260/417, File “Cultural Life in Germany and Occupied Territories. I.”

  4. R. Huyghe, interview with author, Paris, January 1990.

  5. Art News, November 25, 1939.

  6. Ibid., January 27, 1940.

  7. Ibid., September 16, 1939, p. 16.

  8. Dissent, p. 36.

  9. Ibid., p. 32.

  10. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Bornheim.

  11. NA, RG 239 and 260, various sources: DIR Hoffmann; CIR Linz; Dietrich interrogations, 1945. See also note 25.

  12. NGA, Library, Parkhurst Papers, “Statement of K. Haberstock,” June 4, 1945, p. 5.

  13. NA, RG 260/407, Haberstock evidence, Thormälen testimony.

  14. Ibid., Kunisch, Reichsminister und Prussische Minister für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, to Hitler, November 24, 1935; and to all directors, December 17, 1935.

  15. NA, RG 260/405 IV, Haberstock correspondence.

  16. Interview with Feilchenfeldt.

  17. NA, RG 260/386, Posse correspondence.

  18. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 90.

  19. Ibid., pp. 36–38.

  20. Ibid.

  21. S. Welles, The Time for Decision (New York, 1944), pp. 118–19.

  22. NA, RG 239/85, OSS/ALIU CIR 2, Rousseau, “The Goering Collection,” September 13, 1945.

  23. NA, RG 260/172, Goering interrogation, December 22, 1945; and 260/82, birthday lists.

  24. Henderson, op. cit., p. 123.

  25. NA, RG 239/77, OSS/ALIU CIR 4, Faison, “Linz: Hitler’s Museum and Library,” December 14, 1945, p. 2.

  26. W. Schellenberg, Memoirs (London, 1956), pp. 50–51.

  27. W. Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York, 1941), p. 111.

  28. D. Wilson, Rothschild (New York, 1988), pp. 370–71.

  29. Shirer, Berlin Diary, p. 189.

  30. NA, RG 59, SD Cable 862.4016/2103, Geist, Berlin, to Secretary of State, April 11, 1939.

  31. NA, RG 260/388, Posse-Bormann correspondence.

  32. Speer, op. cit., p. 109.

  33. NA, RG 260/415, complete file of German records on transfer.

  34. NA, RG 260/185, Nuremberg Document 1499-PS.

  35. See E. Kubin, Sonderauftrag Linz (Vienna, 1988), pp. 21–22. From a file in Kunsthistoriches Archives, Duveen to Mühlmann, March 2, 1939, and Dworschak to Amt Reichstatthalter, Wien, April 4, 1939. Also NA, RG 260/388, Dworschak to Posse, October 20, 1939.

  36. NA, RG 260/394, Mühlmann interrogations.

  37. S. L. Faison, note to author, February 1993.

  38. D. Tutaev, The Consul of Florence (London, 1966), pp. 11–12.

  39. NA, RG 260/298.

  40. CIR Linz, Attachment 1.

  41. NA, RG 260/386 II, ledgers for Linz operation.

  42. NA, RG 260/388 II, Bormann to Buerckel.

  43. Columbia University, Hathaway Papers, Limberger to Zentralstelle für Denkmalschutz, Vienna, October 23 and November 19, 1939.

  44. NA, RG 260/388, Posse-Bormann correspondence, May 16, 1940.

  45. NA, RG 260/298, Statement of Dr. Buchheit, Director, Bavarian National Museum, April 18, 1946; also OSS/ALIU DIR Buchner.

  46. NA, RG 260/388, Posse-Bormann correspondence.

  47. Ibid., Posse to Bormann, May 27, 1940.

  48. NA, RG 260/387, Posse Report, June 1940.

  49. NA, RG 260/438, original Reichschancellery file on purchase.

  50. Beaux Arts, August 18, 1939, letter from Maria Teresa Le—(illegible) and Rafael Alberti.

  51. ANF, RG F21–3981, Report to the Ministry of Education, November 13, 1939.

  52. Ibid.

  53. K. Clark, The Other Half (London, 1977), p. 1.

  54. See The National Museums and Galleries: The War Years and After (London, 1948).

  55. See A. Frankfurter, “Rescued Prado at Geneva,” Art News, July 15, 1939; Magazine of Art, July 1939; and J. Russell, “Masterpieces Caught Between Two Wars,” The New York Times, September 3, 1989.

  56. R. Gimpel, Diary of an Art Dealer (London, 1986), p. 446.

  57. See P. Corémans, La Protection scientifique des oeuvres d’art en temps de guerre (Brussels, 1946).

  58. M. Hours, Une Vie au Louvre (Paris, 1987), p. 43.

  59. Ibid., p. 44. Translated by author.

  60. Ibid., p. 46.

  III. EASTERN ORIENTATIONS

  1. A. Hitler, Mein Kampf (London, 1974), pp. 596–98.

  2. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 532.

  3. NA, RG 59, SD Cable 740.00/1906 #1120, Warsaw, June 26, 1939.

  4. See S. Lorentz, Museums and Collections in Poland, 1945–1955 (Warsaw, 1956); C. Estreicher, Cultural Losses of Poland (London, 1944); Nazi Kultur in Poland (London, 1945).

  5. E. Raczynski, In Allied London (London, 1962), pp. 66–67.

  6. NA, RG 59, SD Cable 740.00116 EW 1939/96 #1075, Septemb
er 22, 1939.

  7. Schellenberg, Memoirs, p. 75.

  8. R. C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust (Lexington, 1986), p. 3, n. 9.

  9. Shirer, Third Reich, pp. 938, 944.

  10. O. Abetz, Histoire d’un politique franco-allemand (Paris, 1953), pp. 113–14.

  11. Leonard Papers, Washington, D.C., H. Lehmann-Haupt, “Cultural Looting of the Ahnenerbe,” OMGUS, Berlin, March 1, 1948, no. 183, p. 60.

  12. Nazi Kultur, p. 100.

  13. T. Potocki, interview with author.

  14. See A. Potocki, Master of Lancut (London, 1959).

  15. NA, RG 260/394, Mühlmann testimony.

  16. G. Mihan, Looted Treasure (London, 1944), p. 62.

  17. NA, RG 260/416, 417, Ahnenerbe documents.

  18. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, Attachment 5.

  19. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering, p. 31.

  20. Mühlmann testimony.

  21. NA, RG 260/430, MFAA “Report on the Cracow Altarpiece,” November 8, 1947.

  22. NA, RG 260/394, Barthel to Mühlmann, December 19, 1939.

  23. NA, RG 260/430, Breslau correspondence.

  24. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, pp. 94–95.

  25. NA, RG 260/430, account of Kraut’s activities based on extensive files of SS correspondence.

  26. Berliner Morgenpost, February 10, 1942.

  27. NA, RG 260/430, Grundmann testimony. Also D. Frey, “Report on My Activity in Poland,” 1947. University of Regina, Heinrich Papers.

  28. D. Frey, Bausteine zu Einer Philosophie der Kunst, ed. W. Frodl (Darmstadt, 1976), p. ix.

  29. NA, RG 239/9, DIR Dienststelle Mühlmann.

  30. Potocki, op. cit., pp. 282–83.

  31. Grundmann’s actions from his testimony, and his Diary, kindly provided to author by C. Friemuth.

  32. NA, RG 238/66C, Frank diary, various entries. Frank kept an hour-by-hour diary during his entire tenure in Poland. It is preserved at the NA as part of the Nuremberg trials evidence.

  33. Grundmann testimony.

  34. Frank diary, March 17, 1945.

  IV. LIVES AND PROPERTY

  1. D. Sutton, “L’Amateur accompli: Frits Lught,” in Treasures from the Collection of F. Lught at the Institut Neerlandais (Paris, 1976).

  2. Interview with Feilchenfeldt.

  3. A. Venema, Kunsthandel in Nederland, 1940–1945 (Amsterdam, 1986), p. 56.

  4. S. K. Binkhorst, interview with author.

  5. D. H. Goudstikker von Saher, interview with author.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid.

  8. A. Scherpuis, “Een Heer in de Kunsthandel,” Vrij Nederland, November 10, 1990. Courtesy of S. K. Binkhorst.

  9. NA, RG 239/11, SHAEF First Canadian Army Report, September 2–16, 1944.

  10. H. Brubach, “Survivors,” The New Yorker, August 27, 1990, p. 74.

  11. P. Guggenheim, Out of This Century (New York, 1987), p. 196.

  12. Ibid., p. 219.

  13. R. Valland, Le Front de l’art (Paris, 1961), chap. 2; L. Mazauric, Le Louvre en voyage, 1939–1945 (Paris, 1978), chap. 2.

  14. Mazauric, op. cit., p. 45. Translated by author.

  15. Y. Bizardel, Sous l’occupation (Paris, 1964), pp. 11–12.

  16. A. Barr, Matisse (New York, 1951), p. 255.

  17. Mazauric, op. cit., pp. 58–59. Translated by author.

  18. W. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1971), pp. 786–87.

  19. R. Murphy, A Diplomat among Warriors (New York, 1964), p. 41.

  20. W. Churchill, The Second World War (Boston, 1951), vol. II, p. 153.

  21. Guggenheim, op. cit., p. 219.

  22. NA, RG 239/75, Rosenberg to Henraux, December 15, 1944.

  23. Barr, op. cit., p. 256.

  24. D. Wilson, Rothschild (New York, 1988), p. 372.

  25. NA, RG 239/74, Bernheim-Jeune deposition.

  26. M. Fabiani, Quand j’étais marchand de tableaux (Paris, 1976), pp. 22–23.

  27. SD, RG 59/10, Ardelia Hall Records, Dispatch 9E135341, July 13, 1949.

  28. NA, RG 239/82, British Economic Advisory Board Report, July 3, 1945.

  29. UST/FFC, Report NY 8–943, RG 131/785, May 28, 1942.

  30. See M. Davies and I. Rawlins, War Time Storage in Wales of Pictures from the National Gallery (London, 1940).

  31. J. Rothenstein, Brave Day, Hideous Night (London, 1967), p. 84.

  32. R. Breitman, Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York, 1991), p. 117.

  33. M. Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS (Stuttgart, 1974), p. 171.

  34. Ibid., pp. 174–77.

  35. Goebbels Diaries, ed. L. P. Lochner (New York, 1948), p. 434.

  36. NA, RG 260/185, Keitel to CIC-OKW, July 5, 1940.

  37. Ibid., Report on Activities of the ERR in the Netherlands, Nuremberg Document 175-PS.

  38. F. Duparc, Een eeuw wedstrijd voor Nederland’s cultureel erfgoed (The Hague, 1975), p. 28.

  39. NA, RG 260/394, CIR Dienststelle Mühlmann, Vlug, December 25, 1945.

  40. Duparc, op. cit., p. 28.

  41. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering, p. 139; CIR Dienststelle Mühlmann, pp. 46, 29.

  42. NA, RG 260/387, Posse-Bormann correspondence, September 23, 1940.

  43. Duparc, op. cit., p. 230.

  44. NA, RG 239/83, Waterhouse, “Report on Amsterdam,” May 13, 1945; and 239/79, “Traduction #3448 for J. Vlug.”

  45. All accounts of Plietzsch activities from CIR Dienststelle Mühlmann.

  46. See Venema, op. cit.

  47. Ibid., p. 62; and NA, RG 239/61, SHAEF Report, LaFarge, “Removal of Works of Art from the Netherlands,” December 29, 1944.

  48. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, Attachment 2.

  49. Venema, op. cit., p. 218.

  50. NA, RG 260/394, Mühlmann interrogations.

  51. NA, RG 239/80, OSS/ALIU Miedl Report 2, Rousseau, undated.

  52. CIR Goering, pp. 65–74.

  53. LaFarge Report; CIR Goering, p. 68.

  54. CIR Goering, pp. 92–94, Attachments 41–44, and p. 60.

  55. Venema, op. cit., pp. 238–53; and CIR Goering, pp. 74–76.

  56. Venema, op. cit., pp. 254–66; CIR Goering, p. 82; NA, RG 260/387, Posse correspondence, “Memo for Bormann,” May 10, 1941.

  57. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Hofer, p. 7.

  58. Venema, op. cit., pp. 267–70; and CIR Goering, pp. 80–83.

  59. CIR Goering, p. 62.

  60. H. von Schirach, Der Preis der Herrlichheit (Munich, 1975), pp. 196–97; and Venema, op. cit., pp. 143–44.

  61. OSS Miedl Reports.

  62. CIR Linz, Attachment 60, October 14, 1940.

  63. Ibid., Supplement, p. 8.

  64. Account based on Venema, op. cit., pp. 173–85; CIR Linz, pp. 36–38; OSS Miedl Reports.

  65. Mühlmann interrogations.

  66. NA, RG 260/387, Bormann to Hannsen, October 13, 1940.

  67. CIR Linz, Attachment 8.

  68. NA, RG 260/387, Posse-Bormann correspondence, February 4, 1941.

  V. LENITY AND CRUELTY

  1. W. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, p. 880.

  2. A. Home, To Lose a Battle (London, 1979), p. 647.

  3. R. Aron, Histoire de Vichy (Paris, 1954), p. 72.

  4. Cited in Shirer, Third Republic, p. 914.

  5. Shirer, Berlin Diary, July 9, 1940, p. 449.

  6. R. Murphy, A Diplomat among Warriors, p. 43.

  7. Shirer, Third Republic, p. 781.

  8. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, pp. 170–73.

  9. NA, RG 260/428, Keitel to Lorey, June 24, 1940, p. 449.

  10. Aron, op. cit., pp. 232–36.

  11. Home, op. cit., p. 652.

  12. NA, RG 239, Metternich, “Concerning My Activities as Adviser on the Protection of Monuments, 1940–42,” undated.

  13. Mazauric, Le Louvre en voyage, p. 79.

  14. J. Cassou, Le Pillage par les Allemands (Paris, 1947), p. 77

  15. Abetz, Histoire d’un politique franco-alleman
d, p. 143.

  16. Valland, Le Front de l’art, pp. 235–36.

  17. Cassou, op. cit., pp. 80–81. Army ordinance of July 15, 1940.

  18. Ibid., p. 82.

  19. Valland, op. cit., pp. 235–36. Abetz to von Brauchitsch, August 8, 1940.

  20. NA, RG 239, Hentzen interrogation, June 22, 1945.

  21. Metropolitan Museum library, “Bericht auf Erlass des Herrn Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei …” known as Kümmel Report, completed December 31, 1940.

  22. See F. H. Taylor, The Taste of Angels (Boston, 1948); E. R. Chamberlain, Loot (New York, 1983); P. Clemen, Protection of Art During War, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1919).

  23. Metternich Report, p. 7.

  24. NA, RG 260/411, “Zusammenarbeit der Chefs der Militärbewaltung …” Report, September 13, 1940.

  25. G. Lowry, A Jeweler’s Eye (Washington, D.C., 1988), p. 11.

  26. NA, RG 260/411, Keitel to CIC France, September 17, 1940.

  27. NA, RG 260/429, Abetz Report, February 1, 1941.

  28. Cited in C. Friemuth, Die Geraubte Kunst (Brunswick, 1989), pp. 29–30.

  29. Aron, op. cit., p. 209.

  30. Valland, op. cit., p. 55ff.

  31. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering; Valland, op. cit., ch. 8.

  32. Cassou, op. cit., pp. 132–33.

  33. CIR Goering.

  34. Cassou, op. cit., p. 105.

  35. NA, RG 239/85, OSS/ALIU CIR r, Plaut, “Activity of the ERR in France,” August 15, 1945, Attachment 4.

  36. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, Attachments 56a and 56b.

  37. NA, RG 260/427, ERR Records, Landowska correspondence.

  38. CIR Linz, Attachment 56.

  39. NA, RG 239/82, “Report on Measures for the Seizure of Jewish Property,” January 29, 1941.

  40. Valland, op. cit., p. 75.

  41. NA, RG 260/410–13, ERR correspondence.

  42. NA, RG 239/85, CIR ERR, p. 53.

  43. Ibid., Attachment 9, p. 6.

  44. Ibid., pp. 20–21.

  45. NA, RG 260/387, Posse correspondence, January 30 and 31, 1941.

  46. L. B. Dorléac, Histoire de l’art: Paris 1940–44 (Paris, 1986), p. 301.

  47. Mazauric, op. cit., pp. 135–36.

  48. Cassou, op. cit., pp. 92–98.

  49. CIR ERR, Attachment 9.

  50. Ibid., Attachment 5, December 18, 1941.

  51. Ibid., OKH to CIC France, January 28 and February 8, 1942.