52. NA, RG 260/411, von Behr Directive, February 21, 1942.
53. NA, RG 260/413, COD Plan of Transport, March 1, 1942.
54. NA, RG 260/414, Pottier to Seligman, October 28, 1942.
55. NA. RG 260/185, Progress Report of Dienststelle Westen to July 31, 1944, Nuremberg Document L188.
56. Nouveau Journal, March 24, 1942, p. 2.
57. Bizardel, Sous l’occupation, pp. 93–101.
58. Mazauric, op. cit., pp. 81–85.
59. Ibid., p. 128.
60. Interview with Huyghe, Paris, January 1990.
61. Valland, op. cit., pp. 130–36.
62. NA, RG 260/428, various Reichschancellery records and reports; 260/181, Buchner correspondence.
63. New York Herald Tribune, February 26, 1943.
64. Aron, op. cit., p. 564.
65. NA, RG 239/76, SHAEF Report, March 6, 1945.
66. See CIR Goering; Valland, op. cit., ch. 17; Metternich Report, pp. 13–14. Also Huyghe interview.
67. Assouline, An Artful Life, p. 262.
68. G. Stein, Wars I Have Seen (New York, 1945), p. 69.
69. J. Weld, Peggy, The Wayward Guggenheim (New York, 1986), pp. 210–11.
70. Guggenheim, Out of This Century, pp. 223–24.
71. C. McCabe, “Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America,” in J. Jackman and C. Borden, eds., The Muses Flee Hitler (Washington, D.C., 1983), p. 82.
72. Weld, op. cit., p. 212.
73. McCabe, op. cit., pp. 102–103.
74. V. Fry, Surrender on Demand (New York, 1945), p. 113.
75. Weld, op. cit., p. 218.
76. Ibid., pp. 218, 233–34.
77. Fry, op. cit., pp. 101–103.
78. Ibid., p. 130.
VI. BUSINESS AND PLEASURE
1. NA, RG 239/6, “The Bunjes Papers: German Administration of the Fine Arts in the Paris Area,” Control Council for Germany, British Element, February 16, 1945, p. 45.
2. Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, March 25, 1942.
3. ANF, RG AJ40/1673, Bunjes Papers.
4. Nouveau Journal, December 14, 1942.
5. K. E. Maison, Honoré Daumier (New York, 1968), pp. 16, 157.
6. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering.
7. NA, RG 239/84, Schenker Papers.
8. NA, RG 260/32, Hesse testimony, July 13, 1945.
9. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, Supplement, p. 8.
10. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Bornheim.
11. NA, RG 260/404, Dietrich Records.
12. NA, RG 260/387, Posse correspondence, February 24, 1941.
13. NA, RG 239/77, OSS Special Report on the Firm of Wildenstein, Cooper, September 20, 1945, p. 1.; UST/FFC, Report NY 8–943, RG 131, Butler to Pehle, October 9, 1941.
14. See OSS Cooper Report. September 20, 1945, and UST/FFC, Report NY 8–943.
15. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Haberstock.
16. Assouline, An Artful Life, p. 282.
17. UST/FFC, RG 131/719, intercept, Wildenstein to Dequoy, April 2, 1941.
18. ANF, RG AJ38, Inventory of Records of Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives. The records themselves are sequestered, but the inventory and its introduction are informative.
19. Assouline, op. cit, pp. 283–84.
20. NA, RG 260/412, Kunstschutz Reports, May 15, 1941.
21. ANF, RG AJ40/614, Dossier Wildenstein.
22. Cooper Report, Attachment B.
23. UST/FFC files, various intercepts.
24. Ibid. Also NA, RG 260/82, British Economic Advisory Branch Report, March 7, 1943.
25. NA, RG 239/14, Dinsmoor to Cairns, December 11, 1943.
26. NA, RG 239/7, Censorship intercept.
27. Art Digest, January 15, 1941, p. 2; Art News, September 1941, p. 26.
28. NA, RG 239/7, UST/FFC, Report NY 8–2818, January 18, 1944.
29. Ibid., N.Y. Art Market File.
30. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Rochlitz.
31. CIR Goering, Attachment 1, Hofer to Goering, September 26, 1941.
32. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Hofer, pp. 5–6.
33. Getty Center, Cooper Papers, Hofer to Goering, July 18, 1941.
34. Following based on Cooper Papers, Reports on Looted Works in Switzerland, January 21, 1945; and NA, RG 239/37, March 22, 1945.
35. NA, RG 239/39, Safehaven Report 225, von Hirsch to unidentified recipient, August 24, 1942.
36. NA, RG 260/188, Rosenberg to Hitler, April 16, 1943. Nuremberg Document 015-PS.
37. Valland, Le Front de l’art, pp. 180–81.
38. Getty Center, Arntz Archive, list and letter, Valland, December 10, 1962.
39. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Voss.
40. NA, RG 239/79, DGER Report on Schloss collection, undated; CIR Linz, pp. 29–34; DIR Lohse; Valland, op. cit., chap. 13; NA, RG 260/405, Haberstock correspondence.
41. CIR Linz, Attachment 35a.
42. Venema, Kunsthandel in Nederland, p. 153.
43. G. Heller, Un Allemand à Paris (Paris, 1981), p. 189.
44. E. Jünger, Journal (Paris, 1951), various.
45. Heller, op. cit., pp. 62–63.
46. NA, RG 260/410, “The Gould Case,” Report of Chief of Military Administration for Northwest France, July 27, 1943.
47. P. Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre (Paris, 1946), p. 29.
48. Bizardel, Sous l’Occupation, pp. 58–60.
49. Ibid., p. 65; Dorléac, Histoire de l’art, pp. 51, 118.
50. Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 71–77.
51. Dorléac, op. cit., pp. 121–23.
52. Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 147–49.
53. Ibid., p. 92.
54. Jünger, op. cit., p. 186.
55. Cited in Dorléac, op. cit., p. 94.
56. Ibid., pp. 93, 420.
57. Ibid., pp. 29, 54.
58. J. Flanner, Men and Monuments (New York, 1957), p. 163.
59. Barr, Matisse, pp. 562–63.
60. Bizardel, op. cit., pp. 123–24.
VII. PLUS ÇA CHANGE
1. Shirer, Third Reich, p. 830.
2. Himmler speech, July 13, 1941, cited in R. Breitman, Architect of Genocide, p. 177.
3. Ibid., p. 283.
4. Rorimer Papers, New York, Rosenberg to Reichskommissar of Kovno, August 20, 1941.
5. Shirer, op. cit., p. 853.
6. Account based on S. P. Varshavskii, Saved for Humanity (Leningrad, 1985), and H. Salisbury, The 900 Days (New York, 1969).
7. A. Hitler, Monologe im Führer Hauptquartier, 1941–1944, ed. W. Jochman and H. Heim (Hamburg, 1980), August 6, 1942, p. 330, and July 11 and 12, 1941, p. 40.
8. Account based on S. Massie’s excellent Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace (Boston, 1990), chap. 11.
9. Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden, July 15, 1943, p. 5.
10. Leonard Papers, Washington, D.C., Lehmann-Haupt, “Cultural Looting of the Ahnenerbe,” Document 279a.
11. Ibid., Documents 224, 251, 286.
12. NA, RG 260/428, Keitel to Lorey, September 3, 1941.
13. NA, RG 260/185, Kube to Rosenberg, September 29, 1941, Nuremberg Document 1099-PS.
14. See Massie, op. cit., chap. 13.
15. Account of Hermitage events based on Varshavskii, op. cit.
16. Ahnenerbe Document 271. April 8, 1943.
17. NA, RG 260/185, Führererlass, March 1, 1942.
18. Ahnenerbe Documents 225–27; and Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS, p. 155.
19. Monologe, op. cit., p. 39.
20. Ahnenerbe Document 295.
21. NA, RG 260/438, Bender File.
22. L. Lochner, ed., The Goebbels Diaries 1942–43 (New York, 1948), April 20, 1943, p. 338.
23. NA, RG 260/412, Generalkommando von Förster, July 19, 1943.
24. Pester Lloyd Abendblatt, May 20, 1943.
25. Kolnische Zeitung, April 4, 1942.
26. Ahnenerbe Documents 273 and 275. Also NA, RG 260/185, Utikal Reports October 21 and 26, 1943, Nuremberg Document 035-PS.
27. The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International
Military Tribunal, vol. 7, p. 97. USSR Document 376, Utikal Directive August 23, 1944.
28. New York Herald Tribune, February 17, 1944.
29. NA, RG 239/19, OSS R&A Report 2555, September 20, 1944.
VIII. INCH BY INCH
1. The Protection of Cultural Resources Against the Hazards of War (Washington, D.C., February 1942), p. iii.
2. NGA, Archives, RG 17a, Evacuation File.
3. C. Tomkins, Merchants and Masterpieces (New York, 1973), p. 283.
4. AAA, Constable Papers, Constable to “M.B.”, June 15, 1941.
5. Washington Post, December 17, 1941.
6. NGA, Library, “Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Association of Museum Directors on the Problems of Protection and Defense Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 20 and 21, 1941.”
7. AAA, Barr Papers, Barr to Bliss, October 19, 1942.
8. G. Stout, “Preservation of Paintings in Wartime,” Technical Studies, January 1942.
9. NGA, Archives, Evacuation File.
10. Ibid.
11. “U.S. Museums,” Art News, January 1—14, 1942.
12. NA, RG 239/54, American Defense Harvard, Final Report.
13. Constable Papers, Constable to Leland, September 25, 1942.
14. NA, RG 239/53, Taylor to Sachs, December 4, 1942.
15. Ibid., Taylor memo for submission to the President, November 24, 1942.
16. NGA, Archives, RG 17a-WWII, Proposal Regarding Protection of European Monuments.
17. NA, RG 239/53, Stone to FDR, December 8, 1942.
18. For exhaustive and surprisingly fascinating detail on this issue see H. L. Coles and A. K. Weinberg, Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors (Washington, D.C., 1964).
19. Ibid., p. 3.
20. Constable Papers, Clark to Constable, February 25, 1943.
21. Ibid., Maclagan to Constable, February 26, 1943.
22. NA, RG 239/19, SD Bulletin, January 9, 1943.
23. See C. L. Woolley, A Record of the Work Done by the Military Authorities for the Protection of the Treasures of Art and History in War Areas (London, 1947).
24. Ibid., p. 8.
25. Constable Papers, Shoemaker to Perry, March 10, 1943.
26. Ibid., Shoemaker to Perry, April 3, 1943.
27. Ibid., Constable to Stout, April 10, 1943.
28. Ibid., Shoemaker to Constable, April 19, 1943.
29. NA, RG 165/463, CAD Records, Haskell memo for Bundy, March 26, 1943.
30. Ibid., correspondence and memos, April 1943.
31. Constable Papers, Shoemaker to Perry, May 14, 1943.
32. Ibid., Stout to Constable, May 26, 1943.
33. Ibid., Sachs to various, June 17, 1943.
34. NA, RG 239/53, memo on Protection Project, May 30, 1943.
35. NA, RG 239/12, Hull to FDR, June 21, 1943.
36. NA, RG 165/463, CAD correspondence, July 1–6 and 27, 1943.
37. NA, RG 239/27, Hammond, “Report on Work in Italy,” undated.
38. E. Pyle, Brave Men (New York, 1944), p. 18.
39. T. Sizer, “A Walpolean at War,” The Walpole Society Notebook, 1946, p. 68.
40. NA, RG 165/463, Hammond to Reber, July 24, 1943.
41. NA, RG 239/47, cable, Lang to Calhoun, July 7, 1944.
42. New York Herald Tribune, August 10, 1943.
43. NA, RG 239/56, Events in Sicily from various field reports filed by Hammond and Maxse.
IX. THE RED-HOT RAKE
1. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, pp. 307–308.
2. See B. Molajoli, Musei ed opere d’arte di Napoli attraverso la guerra (Naples, 1948).
3. Berliner Boersen Zeitung, August 12, 1943, p. 2.
4. NA, RG 239/24, Filangeri, “Report on Destruction,” September 30, 1943.
5. H. C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York, 1946), p. 434.
6. Molajoli, op. cit., p. 47.
7. Hammond, “Report on Work in Italy,” p. 18.
8. NA, RG 239/13, Finley-McCloy correspondence.
9. Daily Telegram, July 21, 1943.
10. The New York Times, September 11, 1943.
11. NA, RG 239/13, Finley to McCloy, October 2, 1943.
12. NA, RG 239/18, Apostolic Delegate to Cairns, May 4, 1943.
13. NA, RG 239/51, McCloy to Finley, undated.
14. Coles and Weinberg, Civil Affairs, pp. 216–14.
15. Butcher, op. cit., p. 460.
16. Woolley, Record, pp. 23–24.
17. NA, RG 239/58, Guidebook to The Royal Palace, Naples.
18. Woolley, op. cit., p. 28.
19. Tutaev, The Consul of Florence, p. 42.
20. NA, RG 239/59, AMG Report 65, pp. 40–41.
21. Ibid., Sjogvist, “Pro Memoria,” October 2, 1944.
22. Ibid., AMG Report 49, von Tieschowitz, “Report to Rahn,” November 19, 1943.
23. Ibid., “Daily Reports,” p. 7.
24. Tutaev, op. cit., pp. 93–94.
25. NA, RG 239/64, Cooper and De Wald, “Report on the German Kunstschutz in Italy,” June 30, 1945.
26. Von Tieschowitz Daily Reports, p. 10.
27. RC, Final Report, June 1946, p. 80.
28. Sjoqvist, op. cit., p. 6.
29. NGA, Library, Parkhurst Papers, Keynes to Walker, February 15, 1944.
30. M. W. Clark, Calculated Risk (New York, 1950), p. 322.
31. D. Hapgood and D. Richardson, Monte Cassino (New York, 1984), p. 227.
32. The New York Times, March 13, 1944.
33. NA, RG 165/463, CAD Section 4, Office of Director of Operations, February 23, 1944.
34. Ibid., War Department Cables 54038 and 46439, June 3, 1944.
35. NA, RG 239/58, Cott, Field Report, July 11, 1943.
36. NA, RG 239/38, Pinsent, AMG Report 24, p. 11.
37. NA, RG 165/463, quoted in undated draft speech by John Walker.
38. Movements of Florentine works from NGA, Library, Hartt Papers, Keller Report, February 17, 1945; Enthoven Report, February 21, 1945; Reidemeister Report, June 1945; Ringler Report, undated.
39. Tutaev, op. cit., p. 210.
40. C. Fasola, The Florentine Galleries and the War (Florence, 1945), p. 69.
41. NA, RG 239/19, Harrison to Secretary of State, no. 5428, August 19, 1944.
42. Tutaev, op. cit., p. 289.
43. B. Berenson, Rumor and Reflection (New York, 1952), p. 382.
44. Fasola, op. cit., p. 61.
45. NA, RG 239/15, Erlich to Sachs, August 4, 1944.
46. F. Hartt, Florentine Art under Fire (Princeton, 1949), p. 30.
47. The New York Times, August 30, 1944.
48. Hartt, op. cit., p. 47.
49. D. Lang, “Letter from Florence,” The New Yorker, September 25, 1944, p. 71.
50. Hartt Papers, Keller Report on moving of statue, February 17, 1945.
51. Hartt, op. cit., p. 92.
52. Events in Pisa based on NA, RG 239/59, Keller, Field Reports, September-November 1944.
53. Tutaev, op. cit., p. 92.
54. De Wald-Cooper Report, p. 12.
55. I. Origo, War in Val d’Orcia (London, 1984), p. 91.
56. Ibid., p. 113.
57. Ibid., p. 206.
58. Ibid., p. 234.
59. Following based on De Wald-Cooper Report, part 3.
60. Hartt Papers, Ringler Report, pp. 12–13.
61. A. Dulles, The Secret Surrender (New York, 1966), p. 93.
62. Ibid., pp. 162–65, 184.
63. Hartt, op. cit., p. 105.
64. Dulles, op. cit., p. 245.
65. NA, RG 239/64, Keller Report, May 22, 1945.
66. Ibid., p. 7.
X. TOUCH AND GO
1. Columbia University, Hathaway Papers, note by Hathaway on document, January 8, 1961.
2. Woolley, Record, p. 43.
3. Coles and Weinberg, Civil Affairs, pp. 864–65.
4. Ibid., p. 864.
5. NA, RG 239/52, Newton to Sachs, February 2, 1944.
> 6. NA, RG 239/7, Wildenstein, “Works of Art—Weapons of War and Peace,” La Répuhlique française, December 1943. Included as Exhibit “A” in UST/FFC, Report NY 8–2818.
7. NA, RG 239/5, Minutes of RC meeting, February 3, 1944.
8. NA, RG 239/49, Safehaven Project Circular, January 16, 1945.
9. NA, RG 165/463, SD Cable 3281, April 21, 1944.
10. Ibid., Finley to Hilldring, April 28, 1944.
11. Ibid., Hilldring to Finley, May 2, 1944.
12. Ibid., Newton to Hilldring, May 23, 1944.
13. Ibid., Hilldring to Holmes, Cairns, Newton, June 23 and 28, 1944.
14. Minutes of RC meeting, July 27, 1944.
15. NA, RG 239, Finley to McCloy, August 5, 1944.
16. NA, RG 165/463, CAD memo, August 21, 1944.
17. Ibid., Holmes to Hilldring, September 11, 1944.
18. Ibid., Hilldring to Cairns, September 19 and 22, 1944.
19. NA, RG 239/9, Rousseau to Stokes, February 24, 1945.
20. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, pp. 12–15.
21. NA, RG 239/24, LaFarge Reports, June 21–24, 1944.
22. J. Rorimer, Survival (New York, 1950), p. 15.
23. Ronmer Papers, New York, Rorimer diary, August 9, 1945.
24. ANF, AJ40/573, Bayeux Tapestry File. Courtesy of I. Vernus.
25. NA, RG 239/74, Bernheim-Jeune deposition.
26. Reported to author by Hector Feliciano, Antenne Deux, Paris, May 1993.
27. Mazauric, Le Louvre en voyage, pp. 139–41.
28. Ibid., pp. 167–68.
29. Interview with Huyghe.
30. Valland, Le Front de l’art, p. 195.
31. Rorimer diary, August 18 and 19, 1944.
32. Ibid., August 23–24, 1944.
33. See Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre.
34. NA, RG 260/182, Lohse to Hofer, July 13, 1944.
35. Valland, op. cit., pp. 184–87.
36. NA, RG 260/411, Rosenberg memo, November 24, 1944.
37. Ibid., Hearing summary, January 15, 1945.
38. ANF, AJ 40/573, von Tieschowitz to Busley, June 22, 1944.
39. Rorimer, Survival, p. 59.
40. Valland, op. cit., pp. 210–11.
41. NA, RG 239/11, AMG Report 11, “Excerpts from MFAA Report to Oct. 1, 1944.”
42. NA, RG 260/386 VI, Figlhuber memo, September 7, 1944, and German Navy memo, September 9, 1944.
43. The New York Times, April 12, 1944.
44. This and following Hancock quotes: W. Hancock, “Experiences of a Monuments Officer in Germany,” College Art Journal, May 1946; and interview.
The Rape of Europa Page 58