The Rape of Europa
Page 59
45. AAA, Stout Papers, diary, various entries.
46. Lord Methuen, Normandy Diary (London, 1952), October 23, 1944, p. 62.
47. Rorimer diary, various entries, September 1944.
48. Rorimer Papers, SHAEF Report, February 13, 1945.
49. Rorimer diary, October 26, 1944.
50. Rorimer, Survival, p. 89.
51. W. Hancock, interview with author.
52. NA, RG 239/28, Ross, “Report on Visit to Strasbourg 10–17, December, 1944,” January 4, 1945.
53. Rorimer Papers. Sommier to Rorimer, October 30, 1944.
54. Ibid., Eighth Report, November 12, 1944.
55. Rorimer diary, March 22, 1945.
56. Clark, The Other Half, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 73.
58. Rothenstein, Brave Day, Hideous Night, p. 140.
59. Fabiani, Quand j’étais marchand de tableaux, pp. 140–41.
60. Clark, op. cit., p. 72.
61. J. R. Mellow, Charmed Circle (New York, 1974), P. 457.
62. Rothenstein, op. cit., p. 143.
63. Rorimer Papers, Thirteenth/Fourteenth Report, March 10, 1945.
64. The following account is based mainly on I. Kühnel-Kunze, Bergung, Evakuierung, Rückführung: Die Berliner Museen in den Jahre 1939–1959 (Berlin, 1984); also various articles by and interviews with Klaus Goldmann of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin, especially his “Der Schatz des Priamos,” in Sonderdruck aus Heinrich Schliemann: Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod, ed. J. Herrmann (Berlin, 1992).
65. D. Botting and I. Sayer, Nazi Gold (New York, 1984), p. 11.
66. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, pp. 78–80.
67. Kubin, Sonderauftrag Linz, pp. 71–79.
68. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 459.
69. Ibid., pp. 314–15.
70. Following based on Kubin, op. cit., chaps. 2 and 3, which cites many Austrian accounts; NA, RG 260/186, Scholz report to Posey, May 20, 1945; CIR Linz; CIR Goering; DIR-Voss; and many others.
71. NA, RG 260/186, von Hummel to Sieber, May 1, 1945.
72. Kubin, op. cit., p. 130.
73. NA, RG 239/28, Report, unsigned, presumably by Luithlen, May 12, 1945. Also Kubin, op. cit., pp. 130–37.
74. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering, pp. 170–73.
75. CIR Goering, pp. 173–74.
76. Shirer, Third Reich, pp. 1112–1118.
77. NA, RG 239/77, memo, Newkirk to Sixth Army, August 1, 1945.
78. NA, RG 260/439, Oberkommissar Boos testimony. Report on Field Trip to Berchtesgaden, Taper and Breitenbach, Part 3: General History of Goering Train, for Leonard, September 1, 1947.
79. Ibid., p. 6.
80. Murphy, A Diplomat among Warriors, pp. 228–29.
81. LC, Stimson Papers, diary, reel 128.
82. C. Hull, Memoirs (New York, 1948), FDR to Hull, October 20, 1944, p. 1621.
83. Murphy, op. cit., p. 228.
84. Morgenthau Diary (Washington, D.C., 1967), vol. 2, pp. 1294, 1302.
85. NA, RG 239/38, Harvey to Kefauver, July 18, 1944.
86. Summarized in FRUS, 1945, vol. 2; and Grew to RC February 27, 1945.
87. John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown Papers, JNB to his wife, various, April 1945.
88. NGA, Archives, Minutes of RC meeting, April 26, 1945.
89. NA, RG 165/463, War Department Cables FX74971 and 82956, May 13 and 15, 1945.
XI. ASHES AND DARKNESS
1. AAA, Stout Papers, GS to his wife, March 19, 1945.
2. NA, RG 239/10, DNB broadcast of March 17, 1945, quoted in Stout memo to ComNavEu, April 7, 1945.
3. Hancock, “Experiences,” p. 288.
4. Ibid., p. 289.
5. Stout Papers, GS to his wife, April 4, 1945.
6. Hancock, op. cit., pp. 293–94.
7. L. Kirstein, “In Quest of the Golden Lamb,” Town and Country, September 1945, p. 183; NA, RG 239/11, Third Army Field Reports, April 1945; Kirstein, interview with author.
8. Keck statement on incident, Ninth Army, April 7, 1945. Courtesy of C. H. Smyth.
9. Morgenthau Diary, vol. 2, pp. 1131–1132.
10. This account based on AAA, Stout diary; and the report of Col. C. L. Morris, “G-5 Functions in ETOUSA OPS,” April 26, 1945, NA copy courtesy of K. Goldmann.
11. Rorimer Papers, Rorimer diary, May 23 and 24, 1945.
12. NA, RG 239/11, Posey Field Report, April 9, 1945.
13. NA, RG 239/77, AMG Report 159, Hancock, May 12, 1945, and Stout diary.
14. AAA, Howe Papers, Moore to Howe, May 13, 1946.
15. Interview with Hancock.
16. NGA, Library, Smyth Papers, SHAEF Document AG 000.4–2 GE-AGM, May 20, 1945.
17. Rorimer, Survival, p. 164, and diary.
18. Rorimer’s and Hathaway’s diaries for early May are the principal sources for Berchtesgaden events. See also Rorimer’s Survival.
19. Rorimer diary, May 10, 1945, and Survival, pp. 199–200.
20. New York Herald Tribune, May 20, 1945.
21. Time, May 28, 1945.
22. NGA, Archives, Walker diary, 1945.
23. NA, RG 260/33, CID Report TPMCID15, March 22, 1948.
24. Kubin, Sonderauftrag Linz, pp. 141–43.
25. Kirstein, op. cit., p. 186.
26. Ibid., p. 189.
27. NA, RG 260/186, Scholz Report, May 20, 1945.
28. Stout Papers, GS to his wife, May 15, 1945.
29. Stout diary, May 21, 1945.
30. Ibid., June 5, 1945.
31. Columbia University, Hathaway Papers, Hathaway diary, May 21–24, 1945.
32. Botting and Sayer, America’s Secret Army (New York, 1989), p. 228.
33. NA, RG 260/34, Horn Report, August 14, 1945.
34. J. Skilton, Défense de l’art européen (Paris, 1948), chaps. 3 and 4, and p. 86.
35. Hathaway diary, June 1, 1945.
36. Based on various newspaper accounts, June 1946-April 1947, NGA, Parkhurst Papers,
37. Kater, Das Ahnenerbe, pp. 44, 80, 90–94.
38. Based on New York Times articles and investigations by William Honan, Summer 1990.
39. NA, RG 165/172, CAD Records, April-October 1945.
40. Rorimer diary, May 9, 1945.
41. Account of establishment of Munich Collecting Point based on Smyth’s official diary, kindly provided to author, and on conversations with him; Stout and Rorimer diaries; and monthly reports of Collecting Point. See also C. H. Smyth, Repatriation of Art from the Collecting Point in Munich after World War II, March 13, 1986 (The Hague, 1988).
42. Account of Kuchumov’s travels taken from Massie, Pavlovsk, chap. 17.
43. See Goldmann, “Der Schatz des Priamos,” in Sonderdruck aus Heinrich Schliemann, ed. J. Hermann (Berlin, 1992), and Kühnel-Kunze, Bergung, Evakuierung, Rückführung (Berlin, 1984).
44. Getty Center, Arntz Archive, Reutti, “Reports on Post-War Activities,” MS.
45. N. Sokolova, “Die Rettung der Dresdener Kunstschatze,” in Jahrbuch 1960, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen (Dresden, 1961).
46. Reutti, “Die Katastrophe von Karnzow,” in op. cit., pp. 85–108. Also The New York Times, November 24, 1990, and Washington Post, August 16 and 17, 1990.
47. Reutti, “Carinhall” (unpaged), in op. cit.; and Valland, Le Front de l’art, p. 150.
XII. MIXED MOTIVES
1. Morgenthau Diary, vol. 2, pp. 1371–1373.
2. John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown Papers, JNB to his wife, May 30, 1945.
3. NGA, SG, Excerpts from Crosby Report on Mission to Europe, March 8-June 10, 1945.
4. LC, Finley Papers, unidentified clipping, by-line Associated Press, Paris, June 9, 1945.
5. Brown Papers, memo to Deputy Military Governor, HQ, U.S. Group Control Council, June I, 1945.
6. NGA, SG, Finley memo, June 18, 1945.
7. NA, RG 165/463, War Department Cable 18531, June 18, 1945.
8. J. Plaut, interview with a
uthor.
9. C. Friemuth, Die Geraubte Kunst, pp. 123–25.
10. NGA, Archives, Walker diary, 1945 trip to Europe, July 19, 1945.
11. NGA, Library, Smyth Papers, Smyth diary, July 24, 1945.
12. “History of the Wiesbaden Collecting Point, 13 July 1945–5 March 1946.” This and various letters, courtesy of W. Farmer.
13. Kuhnel-Kunze, Bergung, Evakuierung, Rückführung, pp. 107–109; Friemuth, op. cit., pp. 130–31, 139–40.
14. S. L. Faison, note to author.
15. NA, RG 260/394, CIR Dienststelle Mühlmann, op. cit., p. 57.
16. NA, RG 239/84, DIR Voss, op. cit.
17. NA, RG 260/32, Horn Report, November 27, 1945, and Howe to Horn, December 28, 1945.
18. NA, RG 239/85, CIR Goering, op. cit., p. 176.
19. NA, RG 239/77, CIR Linz, op. cit., p. 86.
20. NA, RG 260/33, Parkhurst memo, July 6, 1945.
21. S. L. Faison, interview with author.
22. FRUS, 1945, vol. 2, p. 943, EAC (45) 59.
23. Brown Papers, Edwards to JNB, May 11, 1945.
24. Ibid., JNB to his wife, May 15, 1945.
25. Walker diary, July 12, 1945.
26. FRUS, 1945, vol. I, Conference of Berlin, Washington, D.C., 1960, Document 356, Pauley to Secretary of State, June 19, 1945, p. 511.
27. Ibid., Document 360, Pauley to Eisenhower, June 27, 1945, p. 514.
28. NA, RG 260/32, memo of conversation, Hammond, July 5, 1945.
29. Conference of Berlin, Document 376, memo to delegation, July 14, 1945, p. 538.
30. Ibid., Document 378, U.S. delegation working paper, July 14, 1945, p. 550.
31. LC, Stimson Papers, Kyle diary, July 17, 1945.
32. Conference of Berlin, Clay memo, “Art Objects in US Zone,” vol. 1, p. 924.
33. Kyle diary.
34. Brown Papers, JNB to his wife, August 7, 1945.
35. Ibid., August 7, 1945.
36. Columbia University, Hathaway Papers, Hammond to Hathaway, July 29, 1945.
37. Ibid., July 31, 1945.
38. Conference of Berlin, Documents 924 and 964, Pauley and Clayton memo for Clay, July 30, 1945.
39. Hathaway Papers, JNB to Hathaway, August 2, 1945.
40. NA, RG 200, Clay Papers, Clay to WARCAD, August 7, 1945. Courtesy of John Taylor.
41. Brown Papers, Report, August 10, 1945.
42. Ibid., JNB to his wife, August 12, 1945.
43. FRUS, 1945, vol. 2, p. 945, Byrnes to Pauley, August 14, 1945.
44. NGA, Archives, Byrnes to Roberts.
45. NGA, Archives, Walker diary, August 14, 1945.
46. NGA, SG, FHT to Cairns, September 3, 1945.
47. Ibid., memo of meeting, August 31, 1945.
48. D. E. Finley, A Standard of Excellence (Washington, D.C., 1973), p. 162.
49. FRUS, 1945, vol. 2, p. 948, Acheson to Murphy, September 11, 1945.
50. Brown Papers, Hammond to JNB, September 1945.
51. Ibid., Hammond to JNB, September 14, 1945.
52. NGA, SG, Clay to McCloy, September 21, 1945.
53. Brown Papers, JNB to LaFarge, September 27, 1945.
54. NGA, SG, Walker statement at RC board meeting, September 25, 1945.
55. Ibid., Supplement to minutes of meeting of September 25, 1945.
56. Brown Papers, JNB to LaFarge, September 27, 1945.
57. AAA, Howe Papers, Stout to Howe, January 6, 1946.
58. NGA, Archives, “Hanns” to Walker, undated (received by NGA on October 15, 1945).
59. Brown Papers, Standen to JNB, October 28, 1945.
60. NA, RG 239/13, Cott to Sawyer, November 7, 1945.
61. NA, RG 200/10, Clay Papers, NX 55599 cable from McCloy, October 10, 1945.
62. NA, RG 239/9, Hathaway to Phillips, October 25, 1945.
63. Brown Papers, Standen to JNB, November 7, 1945.
64. Courtesy Walter Farmer, Seventh Army to OMG for Stadtkreis Wiesbaden, undated.
65. NGA, Library, Standen Papers.
66. Rorimer Papers, Rorimer to Edwards, November 8, 1945.
67. Howe Papers, Hancock to Howe, August 8, 1945.
68. NGA, Library, Parkhurst Papers, cable, November 9, 1945. “Letter from the Rhine-land,” The New Yorker, November 17, 1945, p. 57.
69. L. Moore, telephone conversation with author.
70. Smyth diary, November 12, 1945.
71. Ibid., November 12, 1945.
72. Brown Papers, JNB to Standen, November 16, 1945.
73. FRUS, 1945, vol. 2, p. 955. Byrnes to Bevin, November 27, 1945.
74. Account based on official reports of Moore and McBride. Also Keith Merrill: A Memoir (1968), p. 202. Courtesy of Mrs. R. Seamans.
75. Washington Times Herald, November 24, 1945.
76. NGA, SG, Sawyer to Cairns, undated.
77. NGA, Archives, Ritchie to Finley, December 10, 1945.
78. Howe Papers, Kirstein to Howe, January 21, 1946.
79. Ibid., LaFarge to Howe, March 2, 1946.
80. NGA, Archives, Finley to Rich, January 30, 1946.
81. NGA, SG, Finley to Morse, February 12, 1946.
82. Washington Post, May 18, 1946.
83. NA, RG 165/172, WDGSS, memo of telephone conversation, Hilldring to Echols, May 3, 1946.
84. Walker diary, July 21, 1945.
85. LC, Finley Papers, Walker to Finley, July 11, 1946.
86. The Papers of General Lucius Clay: Germany, 1945–1949, ed. J. E. Smith (Bloomington, 1974), p. 268. Document 160, October 4, 1946.
87. Ibid., p. 552, February 6, 1948.
88. Ibid., p. 555, February 6, 1948.
89. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Hearings on S2439: A Bill to Provide for the Temporary Retention in the US of Certain German Paintings, March 4 and April 16, 1948, Washington, D.C.: USGPO.
90. Ibid., p 11.
91. Papers of General Lucius Clay, pp. 634–37, April 23, 1948.
XIII. THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE
1. NA, RG 239/14, clipping from La Libre Belgique, May 28, 1945.
2. Ibid., Estreicher to Crosby, June 1, 1945.
3. John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown Papers, “Ad-Interim Restitution,” memo, May 28, 1945.
4. NA, RG 239/44, Crosby, “Report on Mission to Europe,” June 23, 1945.
5. NGA, Library, Smyth Papers. Hammond, “Report on TDY Brussels 5/9/45.” Various letters, JNB to A. K. Brown, August 1945.
6. NA, RG 239/41, Murphy to Secretary of State, September 11, 1945, and Acheson to Murphy, September 18, 1945.
7. NA, RG 239/28, U.S. Ambassador Hornbeck dispatch, October 24, 1945.
8. E. E. Adams, “Looted Art Treasures Go Back to France,” The Quartermaster Review, September-October 1946.
9. A. Ritchie, “The Restitution of Art Loot,” Gallery Notes (Albright Art Gallery, Buffalo, N.Y.), July 1946.
10. NGA, Library, Lesley Papers, Lesley, Statement on Return of Altar, undated. Also NA, RG 260/3, Bumbar, WAC, MFAA, “Informal Report Covering Return of Veit Stoss Altar,” May 24, 1946.
11. S. M. Alsop, To Marietta from Paris, 1945–1960 (New York, 1975), p. 171.
12. Mrs. A. M. Kellen, New York. Telephone conversation with author.
13. NA, RG 239/6, Petrides to Henraux, April 19, 1945.
14. NA, RG 239/37, Cooper, “Report on Visit to Switzerland,” March 22, 1945.
15. Getty Center, Cooper Papers, “Rapport de M. Paul Rosenberg sur son voyage en Suisse.” September 1945.
16. NA, RG 239/82, Cooper, “Note of a Conversation with Herr Emil Bührle,” Dispatch 13144, December 10, 1945, U.S. Legation, Bern.
17. Getty Center, Cooper Papers, Bührle, “Exposé concernant G acquisition de tableaux,” October 15, 1945, and Bührle to Vodoz, October 17, 1945.
18. NA, RG 239/82, OSS/ALIU, Plaut and Rousseau, “Memo on Investigations in Switzerland,” December 9, 1945.
19. Rosenberg Archive, New York, transcript of decision of Chambre des Actions en Revendi
cation de Biens Spoliés, Tribunal Fédéral Suisse, Lausanne, June 3, 1948.
20. NGA, The Passionate Eye, exhibition catalogue (Zurich, 1990), p. 22.
21. Rosenberg Archive, A. Rosenberg to H. G. Blechschmid, February 12, 1971.
22. ANF, RG F21, Non-côté, Dossier Jaujard, Douanes to Henraux, January 30, 1946.
23. Ibid., Nicolas to Henraux, undated.
24. Kubin, Sonderauftrag Linz, pp. 44–45.
25. Venema, Kunsthandel in Nederland, pp. 488–90.
26. NA, RG 239/80, DGER Report, January 1945.
27. Dossier Jaujard, DGER to Jaujard, October 4, 1945.
28. Ibid., Duchartre to Henraux, January 27, 1946.
29. OSS/ALIU, RG 239/7, Wittmann, “Activity of the ALIU in France,” October 25, 1945-February 6, 1946.
30. SD, RG 59/10, Ardelia Hall Records, Vollard File.
31. Dossier Jaujard, Gascon to Jaujard, March 25, 1949.
32. NA, RG 239/27, AMG Report 159, Annexure X, “Report on the Western Provinces of Holland,” May 1945.
33. See Venema, op. cit., pp. 494–97 and 234–44.
34. See Lord Kilbracken, Van Meegeren, Master Forger (New York, 1967).
35. NGA, Library, Standen Papers, MS, “MFAA 1945–47.”
36. NA, RG 260/86, Heinrich to RDR Division, January 25, 1949.
37. AAA, Howe Papers, “Summary of December 1950 Monthly Report of the Central Collecting Point, Wiesbaden.”
38. Report of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (Washington, D.C., 1946), p. 46.
39. NA, RG 260/34, memo, Taper to Leonard, January 14, 1948.
40. Princess J. Lubomirska and D. Shelest, conversations with author, Washington, D.C., December 1991.
41. Rorimer, Survival, pp. 155–57, and various diary entries. Also memo, Quinn to G-5, Seventh Army, June 10, 1945.
42. The New York Times, December 12, 1977, and January 6, 1978.
43. M. Kurtz, Nazi Contraband (New York, 1985), pp. 194–97.
44. Ibid., Chapter 7 gives a detailed discussion of the establishment of the JRSO.
45. J. Dornberg, “The Mounting Embarrassment of Germany’s Nazi Treasures,” ArtNews, September 1988, p. 139.
46. Faison diary entry, April 25, 1951, quoted in note to author.
47. Howe Papers, Heinrich to Faison, February 13, 1951.
48. Leonard Papers, Washington, D.C., Haberstock to Breitenbach, August 13, 1947.