Spies and Commissars

by Robert Service

  Rhys Williams, Albert: and American subcommittee on Russian propaganda, ref 1; background, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1; and the Bureau of International Revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; after fall of Provisional Government, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2; and Russian language, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Ribot, Alexandre, ref 1

  Right Centre, ref 1

  Robins, Raymond: and Ambassador Francis, ref 1, ref 2; belief in Soviet-American links, ref 1; and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, ref 1, ref 2; car stolen by anarchists, ref 1; and informers in Petrograd garrison, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; at meeting of Allied military representatives, ref 1; move to Vologda, ref 1; return to America, ref 1; and trade with Russia, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and western handling of Sovnarkom, ref 1

  Roche, Mr Justice, ref 1

  Roden Buxton, Charles, ref 1, ref 2

  Roland-Holst, Henriette, ref 1

  Romania: and the Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; ambassador arrested in Petrograd, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; crown jewels of, ref 1; and Hungary, ref 1, ref 2; and propaganda, ref 1; Russian troops in, ref 1

  Romanovs, the: abdication of Nicholas II, ref 1; assassination of, ref 1; effects of abdication: in America, ref 1; effects of abdication: in Britain, ref 1, ref 2; effects of abdication: in Germany, ref 1; effects of abdication: in Russia, ref 1, ref 2

  Romberg, Gisbert von, ref 1

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., ref 1

  Roosevelt, Theodore, ref 1, ref 2

  Root, Elihu, ref 1, ref 2

  Rosen, Baron, ref 1

  Rostov-on-Don, Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rothermere, Lord, ref 1

  Rothstein, Theodore: advocate of Bolshevik ideas, ref 1; background, ref 1; and British government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and creation of Communist Party of Great Britain, ref 1; and information gathering for Sovnarkom, ref 1; interpreting Lenin for H. G. Wells, ref 1; in Moscow, ref 1; possible article by, ref 1; Soviet ambassador to Tehran, ref 1

  Royal Navy, British: blockade of German fleet, ref 1, ref 2; convoy system, ref 1

  Russian Communist Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Russell, Bertrand, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Bolshevism, ref 1, ref 2; and Clifford Allen, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1

  Russia as an American Problem (Spargo), ref 1

  Russia in 1919 (Ransome), ref 1

  Russia in the Shadows (Wells), ref 1, ref 2

  Russian Embassy in London, ref 1, ref 2

  Russian Famine Relief (United States), ref 1

  Russian Marxist colony in London: ref 1; New Year party at the Litvinov’s, ref 1; and return to Russia, ref 1

  Russian Soviet Bureau, ref 1

  Ruthenberg, Charles, ref 1, ref 2

  Ryan, Edward W., ref 1

  Rykov, Alexei, ref 1, ref 2

  Sadoul, Jacques: background and description, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; comment at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; at Fifth Congress of Soviets, ref 1; and French embassy, ref 1; French government prevents his free return to France, ref 1; information on military, ref 1; interviews Naudeau for Bolsheviks, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Soviet leadership, ref 1; staying in Russia, ref 1, ref 2; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1

  Safarova, Varvara, ref 1

  St Petersburg, see Petrograd

  Salvation Army, ref 1

  Saturday Evening Post, ref 1

  Savinkov, Boris: and Churchill, ref 1; expelled from Warsaw, ref 1; insurrection in Yaroslavl province, ref 1; and Lloyd George, ref 1; military advisor to Kerenski, ref 1; and Noulens, ref 1, ref 2; and resistance to Bolshevism, ref 1; and Russian Foreign Delegation in Paris, ref 1; and Russian Political Committee in Warsaw, ref 1; and Sidney Reilly, ref 1, ref 2; support for Allies, ref 1, ref 2; execution by Cheka, ref 1

  Sazonov, Sergei: anti-Bolshevik diplomat in Paris, ref 1; on Finland’s independence, ref 1; and Kolchak, ref 1; in London, ref 1; and the Russian Foreign Delegation, ref 1; and the Supreme Council, ref 1

  Scavenius, Harald, ref 1

  Scheidemann, Philipp, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Schubert, military attaché, ref 1

  Scott, C. P., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Secret Service Bureau: and American support for war, ref 1; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Francis Meynell, ref 1; and George Hill, ref 1; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; Mansfield Cumming, ref 1, ref 2; and Maugham, ref 1; New York station, ref 1; and Sidney Reilly, ref 1; and Stalin, ref 1; training course of, ref 1

  Semënov, G. M., ref 1

  Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, ref 1

  Sèvres, treaty of, ref 1

  Shalyapin, Fëdor, ref 1

  Shatov, Bill, ref 1, ref 2

  Shaumyan, Stepan, ref 1

  Shaw, Tom, ref 1

  Shelepina, Yevgenia: and Arthur Ransome, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; background, ref 1; in Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1; and Paul Dukes, ref 1; secretarial assistant to Trotsky, ref 1

  Sheridan, Clare: and Churchill, ref 1; drawn to Russia, ref 1; and Dzerzhinski, ref 1; and Kamenev, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; return to Britain, ref 1

  Siberia: aid to, ref 1, ref 2; and the Japanese, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the Romanovs, ref 1, ref 2; rural revolts in, ref 1; and trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Trans-Siberian railway, ref 1, ref 2

  Siberian Creameries Co-operative Union, ref 1

  Siemens-Schuckert (company), ref 1, ref 2

  Simons, Rev. George A., ref 1

  Sirola, Yrjö, ref 1

  Sisson, Edgar, ref 1

  Skinner, H., ref 1, ref 2

  Skoropadskyi, Pavlo, ref 1, ref 2

  Smolny Institute, Petrograd, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Snowden, Mrs Philip, (Ethel), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Social Democratic Federation, ref 1

  Socialist-Revolutionary Combat Organization, ref 1

  Socialist-Revolutionary party, ref 1; and the advance on Petrograd, ref 1; and Arthur Ransome, ref 1; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Constituent Assembly, ref 1; in elected soviets, ref 1; and Komuch, ref 1, ref 2; and Lenin, ref 1, ref 2; and the Petrograd Soviet, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and search for peace, ref 1; and socialist coalition negotiations, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Ukraine, ref 1; see also Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly); Left Socialist-Revolutionaries

  Sokolnikov, Grigori, ref 1, ref 2

  Sokolovskaya, Alexandra, ref 1

  Soskice, David, ref 1

  soviets: as basis for government, ref 1, ref 2; and the Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2; in factories, ref 1; and garrison troops, ref 1, ref 2; and Kerenski, ref 1; and the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; propaganda in elections to, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2; and sale of grain, ref 1; transfer of power to, ref 1; see also Petrograd Soviet

  Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): and Allied assistance in training for Red Army, ref 1; and American communists, ref 1; Anglo-Soviet trade talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; the Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2; and the Cheka, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Cheka freed from legal restraints, ref 1; Chicherin and Petrov, ref 1; and Constituent Assembly, ref 1; and the Czechs, ref 1, ref 2; defended by MacDonald, ref 1; demobilization of Russian Army, ref 1; and diplomatic exchange with Germany, ref 1; and diplomatic recognition internationally, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and diplomatic safety, ref 1; diplomacy: use of ‘unofficial agents’, ref 1, ref 2; and economic situation and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Finnish independence, ref 1; and former Russian Empire, ref 1, ref 2; forms Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, ref 1; and German and Austrian diplomats, ref 1; and German high command, ref 1; and German strategic interests, ref 1; and intelligence activity, ref 1, ref 2; journalist accreditation, ref 1; journalist accreditation: Decree on Press, ref 1; and
Komuch, ref 1; lack of diplomatic service, ref 1; and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, ref 1, ref 2; and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: Blyumkin kills Mirbach, ref 1; and Litvinov, ref 1, ref 2; the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2; and Murmansk landings by Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and Murmansk: request for German help, ref 1; occupation of telegraph offices, ref 1; overthrows Provisional Government, ref 1; POWs freed from detention camps, ref 1; and propaganda, ref 1; revolutionary decrees of, ref 1, ref 2; and Romania, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; and the Russian co-operative movement, ref 1; and secret Allied treaties, ref 1; sue for peace with Germans, ref 1; supplementary treaty with Germany, ref 1; and Sweden, ref 1; and trade with America, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and trade with America: famine relief, ref 1; and trade with Germany, ref 1; and Ukraine, ref 1, ref 2; use of couriers, ref 1; and Western Bolshevik sympathisers, ref 1, ref 2

  Spalajkovic, Serbin Ambassador, ref 1

  Spargo, John, ref 1, ref 2

  Spartakusbund and Spartacists: ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; leaders of, ref 1; revolution in Germany, ref 1, ref 2

  Spears, E. L., ref 1

  Spies Petroleum Company, ref 1

  Spiridonova, Maria, ref 1

  SS George Washington (ship), ref 1

  SS Kristianiafjord, ref 1, ref 2

  Stalin, Joseph: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and British Secret Service, ref 1; and Churchill, ref 1; and communization of Eastern Europe, ref 1; and conditional support for Provisional Government, ref 1; and defence of Petrograd, ref 1; and federation of communist republics, ref 1; health of, ref 1; on the invasion of Ukraine, ref 1; and recognition of new Soviet republics, ref 1; and the Red Army advance into Poland, ref 1; and regime of radical changes, ref 1; significance of pseudonym, ref 1; suspicion of ‘bourgeois’ experts, ref 1; and Trotsky, ref 1; on the Volunteer Army, ref 1

  Starzhevskaya, Olga, ref 1, ref 2

  Stasova, Yelena, ref 1

  State and Revolution, The (Lenin), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  State Department, United States: and Felix Frankfurter, ref 1; and John Reed, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and John Reed: memo, ref 1; and Nuorteva, ref 1; and Soviet commercial requests, ref 1; sympathisers in, ref 1

  Steed, Henry Wickham, ref 1

  Steffens, Lincoln, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Stevenson, Frances, ref 1, ref 2

  Streseman, Gustav, ref 1

  Strong, Anna Louise, ref 1

  Struve, Pëtr, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  submarines, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Supreme Council (of Allies): and Estonian government, ref 1; founded, ref 1; lifts economic blockade, ref 1; policies and Churchill, ref 1; and Polish offer of attack on Soviets, ref 1; quarantines Bolshevism, ref 1

  Sverdlov, Yakov: and Brest-Litovsk talks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and expenses for delegation to Germany, ref 1; and international communist congress, ref 1; and military apparel, ref 1; and Mirbach, ref 1; and news that Germany to sue for peace, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; takes command after Lenin shot, ref 1

  Swallows and Amazons (Ransome), ref 1

  Sweden, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Switzerland, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Syria, ref 1

  Szamuely, Tibor, ref 1, ref 2

  Tactical Centre, ref 1

  Tambov peasant revolt, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  telegraphy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; see also Hughes apparatus

  Ten Days that Shook the World (Reed), ref 1

  Tereshchenko, Foreign Affairs Minister, ref 1

  Thalheimer, August, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Thälmann, Ernst, ref 1, ref 2

  Theory and Practice of Bolshevism, The (Russell), ref 1

  Thomas, Albert, ref 1, ref 2

  Thompson, William B., ref 1

  Thomson, Basil, ref 1

  Thorne, Will, ref 1

  Tiflis bank robbery (1907), ref 1, ref 2

  Tikhon, Patriarch, ref 1

  Times, The, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Kamenev, ref 1, ref 2; and Paul Dukes, ref 1, ref 2; as source of information, ref 1, ref 2

  Tobolsk, Siberia, ref 1, ref 2

  Toller, Ernst, ref 1

  Tolstoy, Alexei, ref 1

  Tomski, Head of Soviet trade union, ref 1

  Tornio, Finland, ref 1, ref 2

  Trachtenberg, Alexander L., ref 1

  trade agreements, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Anglo-Soviet trade treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Trades Union Congress, ref 1

  trade unions: and Bolsheviks, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; in Britain: against military action, ref 1, ref 2; in Britain: Seamen’s Union, ref 1; elections to, ref 1; expanding network of, ref 1; in Germany, ref 1, ref 2; in Hungary, ref 1; and the New Economic Policy, ref 1; Profintern as international agency for, ref 1; strike by Railwaymen’s Union, ref 1; and Tomski, ref 1

  Trans-Siberian railway, ref 1, ref 2

  Transylvania, ref 1

  Trentino, ref 1, ref 2

  Trotsky, Lev Davidovich: on Admiral Altvater, ref 1; and America, ref 1, ref 2; and America: American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1; and American Relief Administration, ref 1; and Bertrand Russell, ref 1; and Brest-Litovsk treaty, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the British, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and the British: Litvinov as ‘plenipotentiary’, ref 1; and the British: Murmansk landings, ref 1; and the Central Committee, ref 1; and Comintern, ref 1, ref 2; Congress of Soviets, ref 1; and Czech former POWs, ref 1; and diplomatic links, ref 1; and the domestic economic system, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Estonian offensive, ref 1; and European revolution, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; exile and death, ref 1; and Faux-Pas Bidet, ref 1; and foreign trade, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and France, ref 1; and Germany, ref 1; interview with John Reed, ref 1; the Kronstadt mutiny, ref 1, ref 2; the Lockhart plot, ref 1, ref 2; marriage to Alexandra Sokolovskaya, ref 1; and Marxism, ref 1, ref 2; as People’s Commissar for Military Affairs, ref 1; as People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; in the Petrograd Soviet, ref 1, ref 2; and the Polish offensive, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; political ideology, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; political ideology: What Next? (booklet), ref 1; and POWs, ref 1; and the proletarian dictatorship, ref 1, ref 2; and propaganda, ref 1; and propaganda: Bureau of International revolutionary Propaganda, ref 1; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and Raymond Robins, ref 1; return to Russia (1917), ref 1; on the Romanov killings, ref 1; and Russian economy, ref 1; sculpted by Clare Sheridan, ref 1; as seen by others, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and supporters in the West, ref 1; and the war with Komuch, ref 1; and the Western Allies, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; and Yevgenia Shelepina, ref 1

  Trubetskoi, E. D., ref 1

  Truth about Russia, The (booklet), ref 1

  Tsereteli, Irakli, ref 1

  Tukhachevski, Mikhail, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Turkey, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Turner, Ben, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Turner, Jean, ref 1

  Tyrrell, W. G. T., ref 1

  U-boats, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Ukraine: agricultural troubles, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Bolsheviks and, ref 1, ref 2; border with Russia negotiations, ref 1; at Brest-Litovsk, ref 1; and the Central Powers, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; Central Rada, ref 1; covert activities in, ref 1, ref 2; and the French, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and Poland, ref 1, ref 2; and the Provisional Government, ref 1; and the Romanovs, ref 1; trade with, ref 1

  Union for the Defence of the Fatherland and Freedom, ref 1

  Union of Russian Workers, ref 1

  United Kingdom, see Britain

  United States of America: aid to Germany, ref 1; aid to White forces, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; American Railway Mission to Russia, ref 1, ref 2; American Red Cross, ref 1, ref 2; American Relief Administration, ref
1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; and communications and information, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; communism and Bolshevism in, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; embassy consulates, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; and the Great War, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; journalists in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Lockhart Plot, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; and military expeditions in Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; the Paris Peace Conference, ref 1; and Poland, ref 1; and post-war planning, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and the Provisional Government, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; and trade with Russia, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13; and Trotsky, ref 1; postscript, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; see also Western Allies

  Uritski, Moisei: assassination of, ref 1; and Lenin, ref 1; and possible attack of Archangel by Germans, ref 1; and transfer of Romanovs, ref 1

  Urquhart, Leslie, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Vanderlip, Frank A., ref 1

  Vanderlip, Washington B., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Varga, Jeno, ref 1

  Vaucher, Paul, ref 1

  Vaucher, Robert, ref 1

  Versailles, Treaty of: in book of J. M. Keynes, ref 1; and German government, ref 1, ref 2; and German industry, ref 1; signed, ref 1; and Soviet leaders, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Verthamont, Henri de, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Volodarski, V., ref 1

  Vologda, Russia: Chicherin says town unsafe, ref 1; embassies move to, ref 1, ref 2; Noulens in, ref 1; Western diplomatic corps leave, ref 1

  Volunteer Army: considered as danger by Stalin, ref 1; and Denikin, ref 1, ref 2; and Denikin: defeated by Red Army, ref 1; evacuation from Crimea, ref 1; first of White forces, ref 1; and General Poole, ref 1; and Lockhart, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; recovery and re-equipment of, ref 1; Reilly on readiness of, ref 1; and Savinkov, ref 1

  Vorovski, Vatslav, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Wallhead, R. C., ref 1, ref 2

  War and Peace, ref 1

  Wardrop, Oliver, ref 1, ref 2

  Warsaw, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; Anti-Bolshevik Congress in, ref 1

  Warsaw Pact, ref 1

  Washington Post, ref 1

  Webb, Beatrice, ref 1

  Webb, Sidney, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Wedgwood, Josiah, ref 1