When She Was Bad
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233 “As one Austin woman”: Stacey et al., The Violent Couple, p. 63.
WOMAN AS PREDATOR
234 Epigraph quotes: Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990, p. 247. Toppan cited in Eric Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1991), p. 124.
235 percentage of serial killers who are women: Hickey, Serial Murderers, p. 107.
236 nicknames of multiple killers: Ibid.
237 “We can be fascinated without being afraid”: James Alan Fox and Jack Levin, “Female Serial Killers,” in Culliver, ed., Female Criminality, p. 260.
238 gender differences in serial murder superficial: Candice Skrapec, “Female Serial Killer,” in Birch, ed., Moving Targets, p. 263.
239 twenty-two killers arrested between 1972 and 1992: Belea T. Keeney and Kathleen M. Heide: “Gender Differences in Serial Murderers: A Preliminary Analysis,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9:3 (September 1994). Keeney defined serial homicide in her 1992 master’s thesis as “the premeditated murder of three or more victims, committed over time in separate incidents, in a civilian context, with the murder activity being chosen by the offender” (unpublished, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.).
240 use of guns by female serial killers: Hickey, Serial Murderers, p. 117.
241 FBI definition of serial murder: R. Ressler, A. Burgess, and J. Douglas, Sexual Homicide (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988). For account of BSSU research, see also R. Ressler and Tom Schactman, Whoever Fights Monsters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).
242 “routine activities theory”: See, for example, R. V. Clarke and M. Felson, eds., Routine Activity and Rational Choice (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1993); D. K. Rossmo, “Targeting Victims: Serial Killers and the Urban Environment,” in T. O’Reilly-Fleming and S. A. Egger, eds., Serial and Mass Murder: Theory, Research and Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994).
243 female serial killers average a greater number of victims: Hickey, Serial Murderers, p. 126.
244 “white male drifters”: Phyllis Chesler, “A Double Standard for Murder?” The New York Times, January 8, 1992, p. 19.
245 Serial killer as henchman: Jane Caputi, The Age of Sex Crime (London: Women’s Press, 1987).
246 “the State says …”: Susan McWhinney, “Petite Treason: Crimes Against the Matriarchy,” in Amy Scholder, ed., Critical Condition: Women on the Edge of Violence (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1993), pp. 48–51.
247 “Many years ago, I was a boy drowning in the sea”: Nilsen quoted by Brian Masters, Killing for Company: The Story of a Man Addicted to Murder (New York: Dell, 1993).
248 quotes from Sharon Smolick and inmates at Bedford Hills: Interviews with Matthew Scanlon, “Women in Prison,” Psychology Today 26:6 (November-December 1993).
249 function of temperament: H. J. Eysenck, Crime and Personality (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964), p. 91.
250 right man syndrome: Colin Wilson, Written in Blood: A History of Forensic Detection (London: GraftonBooks, 1989).
251 “nightmare artworks”: Joyce Carol Oates, The New York Review of Books, March 24, 1994.
252 “Poisoning is a cloak-and-dagger kind of crime”: Quoted by Tom Kuncl, Death Row Women (New York: Pocket Books, 1994), p. 190.
WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT?
253 women “the distaff half of a murderous couple”: Joyce Carol Oates, “I had no other thrill or happiness,” The New York Review of Books, March 24, 1994, p. 52.
254 account of Hindley and Brady: Emlyn Williams, Beyond Belief: The Moors Murderers (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1967).
255 “In 1967”: Diana Bryden, “Monsters and Virgins,” Fuse 18:3 (1995).
256 “soft touches for clever men”: Henry Weinstein, “Woman bandit’s sentence to be restudied,” Los Angeles Times, July 8, 1991, p. 1.
257 “a woman who would do anything for love”: Farr, Sunset Murders.
258 “only wanted to be loved”: Dan Darvishian, “Blood Ties,” Sacramento, April 1984, p. 29.
259 Homolka a “brutalized” victim: Susan G. Cole, “Homolka Not Like Bernardo,” Now, July 13–19, 1995, p. 11.
260 Lord Astor: Patricia Pearson, “How Women Can Get Away with Murder,” Toronto Globe and Mail, August 18, 1993, p. 9.
261 “compliant victims”: Roy Hazelwood, Park Dietz, and Janet Warren, “Compliant Victims of the Sexual Sadist,” Australian Family Physician 22:4 (April 1993), 1–5.
262 “Women like us”: Farr, Sunset Murders, p. 207.
263 sample of co-killers with one or more women: Hickey, Serial Murderers p. 175.
264 Rosemary West: “In Darkest England,” National Review, November 6, 1995; Judith Neely: Candice Skrapec, “The Female Serial Killer”; Tina Powell, Gwendolyn Graham, and Diedre Hunt: all three cases discussed in Tom Kuncl, Death Row Women.
265 “I killed the bitch”: Hickey, Serial Murderers, p. 179.
266 “Learning crime”: Morris, Women, Crime and Criminal Justice, p. 76.
267 account of Karla Faye Tucker: Beverly Lowry, Crossed Over: A Murder, A Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).
268 FBI survey of seven women involved with sexual sadists: Hazelwood, Dietz, and Warren, “Compliant Victims.”
269 comments by Carol Bundy: Testimony at the trial of Douglas Clark.
270 shared psychotic disorder: Jose M. Silveira, M.D., and Mary V. Seeman, M.D., “Shared Psychotic Disorder: A Critical Review of the Literature,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, October 1995.
271 study of sixteen female sexual offenders: Ruth Mathews, Jane Kinder Matthews, and Kathleen Speltz, Female Sexual Offenders: An Exploratory Study (Orwell, Vt.: The Safer Society Press, 1989).
272 “When they talked about it all”: Farr, Sunset Murders, p. 123.
273 “One key to understanding a woman who kills repeatedly”: Skrapec, “Female Serial Killer,” in Birch, ed., Moving Targets, p. 263.
274 “I was unwilling to at first”: Mathews, Matthews, and Speltz, “Female Sexual Offenders,” p. 15.
275 “I felt like I was seventeen years old again!” Letters published by Toronto Sun, September 12, 1994, pp. 3–5.
276 “I do not think Kristen French died from ligature strangulation”: Kirk Makin, “Homolka Testimony Challenged,” Toronto Globe & Mail, September 5, 1995, p. 1.
277 “too late, too late”: Farr, Sunset Murders, p. 208.
ISLAND OF WOMEN
278 “air of viciousness”: Josie O’Dwyer in Pat Carlan, ed., Criminal Women: Autobiographical Accounts (London: Polity Press, 1985), p. 143.
279 percentage of inmates who are psychopaths: K. Howells and C. Hollin, eds., Clinical Approaches to Mentally Disordered Offenders (New York: Wiley, 1993). See also S. B. Guze, Criminality and Psychiatric Disorders (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
280 data on female inmates and drug use/drug crimes: Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Special Report: Women in Prison.”
281 recidivism rates: Ray Belcourt, Tanya Nanners, and Linda Lefetarve, “Examining the unexamined: Recidivism among female offenders,” U.S. Department of Justice Report, April 12, 1996.
282 U.S. infraction rate for 1986: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. A study comparing male and female inmate misconduct in North Carolina found that “non-violent sexual offenses” and “escapes” were more common among the women. Craddock, “Misconduct Careers,” The Prison Journal, March 1996.
283 British infraction rates: Morris, Women, Crime and Criminal Justice, p. 121.
284 infraction rates in two Texas prisons: Dorothy Spektorov McClellan, “Disparity in the discipline of male and female inmates in Texas prisons,” in Women & Criminal Justice 5:2 (1994), 71–97.
285 four in ten inmates have prior record of violent crime: Washington, D.C., Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Special Report: Women in Prison,” 1991.
286 “You ca
n get into a fight every ten seconds here”: Interviews with Scanlon, “Women in Prison.”
287 “When I came out of Borstal”: O’Dwyer in Carlan, ed., Criminal Women, p. 147
288 O’Dwyer attacking Hindley: Ibid., p. 164.
289 “Scholars have generally failed”: Clemens Bartollas, “Little Girls Grown Up: The Perils of Institutionalization,” in Culliver, ed., Female Criminality, p. 471.
290 hierarchy building: Imogene Moyer, “Leadership in a Women’s Prison,” Journal of Criminal Justice 8 (1980). See also A. Mandaraka-Sheppard, The Dynamics of Aggression in Women’s Prisons in England (London: Gower Press, 1986).
291 Frontera study on snitches: D. Ward and G. Kassebaum, Women’s Prison: Sex and Social Structure (Chicago: Aldine, 1965), p. 33. See also Vergil Williams and Mary Fish, Convicts, Codes and Contraband: The Prison Life of Men and Women (New York: Ballinger, 1974), p. 118.
292 “Common messages gleaned from female prison films”: Karlene Faith, Unruly Women: The Politics of Confinement and Resistance (Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers, 1993).
293 “Lesbianism is not the issue”: Veronica Compton, Prison Life, September/October 1995, p. 12.
294 account of Bedford Hills aggressors: Jean Harris, “They Always Call Us Ladies”: Stories from Prison (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988), p. 112.
295 national correctional officer survey: J. M. Pollock, Sex and Supervision: Guarding Male and Female Inmates (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 35.
296 gang behavior in Los Angeles: George T. Felkenes and Harold K. Becker, “Female Gang Members: A Growing Issue For Policy Makers,” Journal of Gang Research 2:4 (Summer 1995), 1–8. Asked to reply “yes” or “no” to the statement “If you have a good reason, you don’t have to obey the law,” 71.8 percent of girls said “yes” versus 54.1 percent of boys. The law, apparently, also applied to the rules of the gang. Boys were much more likely than girls to say they would kill or commit some other crime specifically if asked to do so by the gang, although 50 percent of the girls had committed a crime. A majority of both sexes said they were not forced to join the gang against their will.
297 “Negative feelings toward staff lead inmates to respond emotionally”: McClellan, “Disparity in the Discipline of Male and Female Inmates in Texas Prisons,” Women & Criminal Justice.
298 account of P4W riot: Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston, Madam Justice Louise Arbour, presiding, March 1996.
299 “a place that has tended to view women as victims”: Henry Hess, “Report Vindicates Women’s Prison Staff,” Toronto Globe & Mail, January 21, 1995.
300 drugs “for the purpose of social control”: Mandaraka-Sheppard, Dynamics of Aggression, p. 134. See also Concetta C. Culliver, “Females Behind Prison Bars,” in Culliver, ed., Female Criminality, p. 397.
LET THE GUN SMOKE
301 Lynda Hart, Fatal Women: Lesbian Sexuality and the Mark of Aggression (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).
302 Elliott Leyton, Men of Blood: Violence in Everyday Life (Toronto: McClelland & Stuart, 1996).
303 liberation hypothesis: Freda Adler, Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975).
304 “Women have only themselves to blame”: Jim McDowell, “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby,” Alberta Report, July 31, 1994, p. 24.
305 Finnish girls’ aggression: Vappu Viemerö, “Changes in Patterns of Aggressiveness Among Finnish Girls over a Decade,” in Björkqvist and Niemela, eds., Of Mice and Women, p. 105.
306 New York City girls’ offenses against teachers: United Federation of Teachers, New York chapter. A corroborating number was requested from the New York City Board of Education, Department of Safety, but was never supplied.
307 L.A. gangs: See Felkenes and Becker, “Female Gang Members”; see also Mary Harris, Cholas: Latino Girls and Gangs (New York: AMS Press, 1988); James Diego Vigil, Barrio Gangs (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988). Vigil confirms that the kind of violence engaged in has grown more severe for both males and females, although males still command the most respect and seniority.
308 homicidal women in Julia Tutwiler Prison: Penelope J. Hanke, “A Study of Victim-Offender Homicide Relationships,” paper presented at annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, Fla., November 1994.
309 study of homicide in six U. S. cities: homicidal women, change in motive—Weisheit, “Female Homicide Offenders.”
310 Mann, When Women Kill.
311 male-bashing slogans: Cited by Tama Starr, Eve’s Revenge: Saints, Sinners and Stand-up Sisters (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1994).
312 “anger and need for empowerment will be directed at the power-brokers”: Skrapec, “Female Serial Killer,” in Birch, ed., Moving Targets, p. 265.
313 “They’re treating me like a criminal!”: “Canadian Immigration Bar ‘Foolish,’ Activist Says,” Toronto Star, February 20, 1994.
314 “Various factions … have their spiritual leaders”: Compton, Prison Life, September-October 1994, p. 12.
315 of 254 female killers at Bedford Hills in 1994: Henry H. Brownstein et al., “The Evolution of Motive and Circumstance in Homicides by Women,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, Fla., November 1994.
316 New York State statistics: Ibid.
317 Burbank, Fighting Women, p. 274.
318 Richard Ford, “In the Face,” The New Yorker, September 16, 1996.
319 Ellie Nesler: “Mother Gets 10 Years for Slaying Molester Suspect,” The New York Times, January 8, 1994.