The Imperial Cruise

by James Bradley

13 Wesley S. Griswold, A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (New York: McGraw Hill, 1962), 144.

  14 Text of Burlingame-Seward Treaty in Charles I. Bevans, comp., Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1971), 6:680–84.

  15 Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World, 164.

  16 Sin-Kiong Wong, China’s Anti-American Boycott Movement in 1905: A Study in Urban Protest (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002), 19.

  17 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 78.

  18 Eric T. L. Love, Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 95. Actual quote reads: “who eat beef and bread and drink beer cannot labor alongside of those who live on rice, and if the experiment [in Asian immigration] is attempted on a large scale, the American Laborer will have to drop his knife and fork and take up the chopsticks.”

  19 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 291.

  20 Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 194.

  21 Ibid., 79.

  22 Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 271.

  23 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 140.

  24 Isham Dell, Rock Springs Massacre 1885 (Lincoln City, OR: Dell Isham & Associates, 1985), 52.

  25 TR, “National Life and Character,” in American Ideals, And Other Essays, Social and Political (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 1:111–12.

  26 Kenton J. Clymer, John Hay (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975), 156.

  27 Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the U.K. and the U.S.

  28 Terence V. Powderly, “Exclude Anarchist and Chinaman!” Collier’s Weekly 28 (December 14, 1901).

  29 McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 59.

  30 Ibid., 64.

  31 Ibid., 68.

  32 Ibid., 114.

  33 TR to Cortelyou, January 25, 1904, in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 3:709.

  34 New York Tribune, June 29, 1905.

  35 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Mobilizing a Social Movement in China: Propaganda of the 1905 Boycott Campaign,” Chinese Studies (Taipei) 19:1 (June 2001), 375–408.

  36 Ibid.

  37 Lay to Loomis, August 16, 1905, Canton Dispatches.

  38 Chester Holcombe, “The Question of Chinese Exclusion,” Outlook 80 (July 8, 1905), 619.

  39 New York Times, June 28, 1905.

  40 TR to Taft in Hong Kong, September 3, 1905, Taft papers, series 4, Taft-TR.

  41 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Die for the Boycott and Nation: Martrydom and the 1905 Anti-American Movement in China,” Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

  42 Washington Post, September 1, 1905; New York Times, September 4, 1905.

  43 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York, Viking 2007), 123.

  44 New York Times, September 28, 1905.

  45 Washington Post, September 7, 1905.

  46 Lay to Loomis, September 12, 1905, Canton Dispatches.

  47 Lay to Loomis, October 30, 1905, Canton Dispatches.

  48 Charles Chaile-Long, “Why China Boycotts U.S.,” World Today 10 (March 1906), 314.

  49 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 99.

  50 Ibid., 89, 95.

  51 Ibid., 98.

  52 W. W. Rockhill to James L. Rodgers, September 18, 1905, Rockhill Papers.

  53 “The Rising Spirit in China,” Outlook 81 (October 7, 1905): 316.

  54 New York Tribune, August 30, 1905.

  CHAPTER 11: INCOGNITO IN JAPAN

  Caption:

  Emperor Gojong: Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, File Microcopies, no. 134, roll 13, Despatches Korea.

  1 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 84–86.

  2 Mark Sullivan, Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century, ed. Dan Rather (New York: Scribner’s 1996), 282.

  3 John Edward Wilz, “Did the United States Betray Korea?” Pacific Historical Review 54, no. 3 (1985), 251.

  4 His visitors were Syngman Rhee and Pastor Yuu P’yong-Ku.

  5 TR to Spring Rice, Nov. 1, 1905, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 5:61.

  6 Steven Ericson and Allen Hockley, eds., The Treaty of Portsmouth and Its Legacies (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, published by University Press of New England, 2008), 57.

  7 TR to Kaneko, August 23, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1312.

  8 TR to Mortimer Durand, British ambassador to the United States, August 23, 1905, ibid., 4:1310–11.

  9 British documents, IV, 105, as cited in Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 85.

  10 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 262; Ericson and Hockley, Treaty of Portsmouth, 60.

  11 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 455.

  12 Raymond Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 1988), 167.

  13 Ibid., 171.

  14 Andrew Gordon, “The Crowd and Politics in Imperial Japan: Tokyo, 1905–1918,” Past and Present 121, no. 121 (November 1988), 141–70.

  15 Lloyd C. Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 262.

  16 Ibid.

  17 Griscom to TR, September 21, 1905, Roosevelt Papers.

  18 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, September 6, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:14–15.

  19 William W. Rockhill to Taft, telegram, September 14, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906), roll 43, frames 117–18.

  20 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 41.

  21 Esthus, Double Eagle and the Rising Sun, 174.

  22 Saturday, September 2, 1905, Sagamore Hill. Letters: TR. to Alice: If the belligerents had not met at Portsmouth “they would not have made peace.” (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)

  23 Teague, Mrs. L., 106.

  24 Ibid., 108.

  25 Ibid.

  26 Willard Straight to Frederick Palmer, October 3, 1905, Willard Straight Papers, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections.

  27 Ibid.

  28 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 108.

  29 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 104.

  30 TR to Rockhill, telegram September 17, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M92 (Despatches from U.S. Ministers to China, 1843–1906), roll 129.

  TELEGRAM RECEIVED September 17TH, 1905

  Rockhill,

  Peking.

  Further investigation satisfies me that Miss Roosevelt’s contemplated trip with her party incognity? (incognita) to Japan can be quite safely made. It would be wise however as you suggest for Newlands to communicate with Griscom by cable before coming.

  Taft.

  [Author Note: “Incognita” is the feminine Latin version of “incognito.” Classically educated Taft was referring to a female, Alice Roosevelt.]

  31 Teague, Mrs. L., 87.

  32 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 106; “Not a banzai to be heard,” Teague, Mrs. L., 87.

  CHAPTER 12: SELLOUT IN SEOUL

  1 Enclosure in Allen to J
ohn Sherman, September 13, 1897, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Despatches to Korea), 13.

  2 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 8, 1900. Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394.

  3 Monday, October 30, 1905, en route to Washington D.C. on the U.S.S. West Virginia. Letters: Edith to Kermit: Alice is looking very careworn and troubled about something. She will not say what is wrong. (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)

  4 Kokumin Newspaper, November 4, 1905.

  5 TR to Taft, October 5, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:46.

  6 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 105.

  7 Jongsuk Chay, Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean American Relations to 1910 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), 146.

  8 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 305.

  9 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 61.

  10 Ibid., 111.

  11 “The treaty rested on the false assumption that Korea could govern herself well. It had already been shown that she could not in any real sense govern herself at all.” TR, America and the World War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915), 29. In his Autobiography, Roosevelt wrote that he approved of Japan taking over Korea because Korea “had shown herself utterly impotent either for self-government or self-defense (and) was in actual fact almost immediately annexed to Japan.” Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Co., 1913), 545.

  12 Herbert Croly, Willard Straight (New York: Macmillan Company, 1924), 188.

  13 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1956), 322.

  14 Joyce C. Lebra, Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 157.

  15 Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Address to the nation in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. www.nationalcenter.org/FRooseveltDateInfamy1941.html, accessed August 22, 2009.

  16 www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18facts1.htm, accessed August 22, 2009.

  17 Kentaro Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” Contemporary Japan 1, no. 1 (June 1932).

  18 “Monroe Doctrine for Japan Stirs American Criticism,” Washington Star, July 4, 1921.

  19 Stanley Hornbeck memorandum, January 14, 1932, “Manchuria?… for Asia,” in Justus D. Downecke, comp., The Diplomacy of Frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 as Revealed in the Papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1981), 127.

  20 Kaku Mori, leader of the Seiyukai Party, quoted in “Japan: Fissiparous Tendencies,” Time, September 5, 1932.

  21 Ibid.

  22 Ibid.

  23 Kiyoshi K. Kawakami, American-Japanese Relations: An Inside View of Japan’s Policies and Purposes (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1912).

  24 Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria.”

  25 Ibid.

  26 George H. Blakeslee, “The Japanese Monroe Doctrine,” Foreign Affairs 11, issue 4 (July 1933), 671–81.

  27 Kimitada Miwa, “Japanese Images of War with the United States,” in Akira Iriye, ed., Mutual Images: Essays in American-Japanese Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 133.

  28 Department of State Bulletin 5, no. 129 (December 13, 1941).

  CHAPTER 13: FOLLOWING THE SUN

  Captions:

  Moro Massacre: Samuel Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre” (March 12, 1906), in Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, eds., Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 248–51.

  Wedding: Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 128, 129.

  1 TR, The Winning of the West (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons,1894), vol. 1: From the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, 1769–1776, x, xi.

  2 New York Times, September 9, 2008.

  3 Ibid.

  4 Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre.”

  5 Ibid.

  6 Teague, Mrs. L., 129.

  7 Carol Felsenthal, The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 85.

  8 Ibid., 98.

  9 Ibid.

  10 Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 436.

  11 Teague, Mrs. L., 128.

  12 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Diary entry, July 27, 1905, Papers of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Library of Congress.

  13 William “Fishbait” Miller and Francis Spatz Leighton, Fishbait (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977), 103–104.

  14 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 231.

  15 Ibid., 312.

  16 New York Times, May 16, 1955.

  17 Cordery, Alice, 423.

  18 TR to Trevelyan, June 19, 1908, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 6:1805.

  19 TR to Taft, August 7, 1908. TR Papers, PLB 83, series 2, Box 29.

  20 Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1986), 102.

  21 TR to William Howard Taft, September 5, 1908. Morison, Letters, 6:1209–10; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 504.

  22 Stephen Hess, “Big Bill Taft,” American Heritage Magazine 17, no. 6 (October 1966).

  23 TR to William Howard Taft, August 21, 1907, in Morison, Letters, 5:761.

  24 Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 151.

  25 Theodore Roosevelt, “Expansion of the White Races,” in Hermann Hagedorn, ed., National Edition: The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 18 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), 348.

  26 Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), 163.

  27 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 460.

  28 Roosevelt to Philander Knox, February 8, 1909. Morison, Letters, 6: 1512–13.

  29 Theodore Roosevelt, “Biological Analogies in History,” The Romanes Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, June 7, 1910 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1910), 31.

  30 Baron Kaneko died in Tokyo at the age of eighty-nine, seven months after his countrymen attacked Pearl Harbor.

  31 New York Times, July 30, 1905.

  32 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 35.

  33 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 743.

  34 Carleton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1961), 41.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  1 Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenous Life, Essays and Addresses (New York: The Century Co., 1905), 28.

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  “Just because you wrote a few books, the world is not going to change. You will find that you will go to sleep and awaken as the same son-of-a-bitch you were the day before.”

  —JAMES MICHENER

  James Bradley is a son of John Bradley, who helped raise the American flag on Iwo Jima. He is the author of Flags of Our Fathers and Flyboys and is the president of the James Bradley Peace Foundation.

  * Also King Kojong, King Gojong, or Emperor Kojong. He ruled from 1863 to 1907. Before 1897 he was King Gojong and after 1897 he was Emperor Gojong.

  * In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt wrote, “The world would have halted had it not been for the Teutonic conquest
s in alien lands.”40

  * “Yellow Peril” was the term for westerners’ fear that hordes of angry Asians would overrun them and destroy Western civilization.

  * The idea that the other western countries colonizing parts of China would allow free trade to England and the United States within their spheres.

  * The following conversation between Taft and the prime minister of Japan is remarkably similar—in order of topics and content—to the Roosevelt–Kaneko–Takahira lunch discussion in the White House on June 6, 1904.