Songs of Innocence

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Songs of Innocence Page 29

by Abrams, Fran

Canada, child migration to 106, 109, 135–6

  cancer, and diet 235

  cannabis 182

  Cannell, Phillis 140

  Cannon, Richard 148–9, 159

  care, freedom from 201–2

  Care and Feeding of Children (Holt) 61

  career options 203, 205, 248

  Carlile, Kimberley 198

  Carrington, C. A. 130–1

  Chelsea Babies Club 94

  Chelsea Boys 19–20

  Chester, HMS 83

  Chesterton, G. K. 98

  child abuse 144–7, 202

  battered child syndrome 198

  missed warnings 195, 196, 197, 199

  recognition of problem 194–9

  sexual 215–19

  child consumerism 227, 248

  child development 244

  Bowlby’s theory of attachment 150

  stages 93–4, 174

  child development movement 52

  child indoctrination, inter-war years 113–17

  child migration

  inter-war years 105–9

  World War II 135

  child murderers 101–5, 192–4, 220–3

  child murders 190–4, 202, 224, 237

  child neglect 12–13

  child prostitution 14–15, 212

  child psychology 48, 94

  child rearing

  Edwardian approach 48–52

  natural approach 48

  child sex-trafficking 14

  child sexual abuse 15, 215–19

  child starvation 12–13

  child wellbeing 230–8, 244

  childcare experts

  Edwardian 48–52

  inter-war years 95, 96

  childcare manuals 60

  childhood, changing attitudes to 1–8, 187–90

  childishness, importance of 42–3

  children

  added value 228–9

  as burden 209–10

  financial liability of 247–8

  investment in 245

  as investment in the future 240

  as lifestyle choice 225

  myths about 240–2

  parental fears about 223–5, 228

  purpose of 208

  put first 195, 223–5

  role of 246

  state investment in 243–4

  Children Act 1948 146–7

  Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1955 158

  children first 195, 223–5

  Children’s Act 1908 104

  Children’s Angry Brigade 185

  Children’s Charter 9–15

  Children’s Commissioner for England 5–6

  Children’s Express 229

  children’s homes, sexual abuse accusations 216

  Children’s Legal Centre 213

  children’s literature

  career novels 204–5

  Edwardian 44–5

  girls 204–5

  inter-war years 95–6

  children’s mental health system 181

  Children’s Overseas Reception Board 135–6

  children’s rights 5, 185–6, 189–90, 199, 213, 214–15, 234, 242

  Children’s Rights (magazine) 185

  Child’s Play 3 (film) 221

  Christian Action Research Education Campaigns 212

  Churchill, Winston 139

  cigarettes 56

  cinema 63–4, 156–7

  City of Benares, SS, sinking of 135–6

  Clark, Gill and Neil 225

  class divide, the 66–9

  Cleveland child sexual abuse case 216–18

  Clinton, Hillary Rodham 189

  Cold War, the 155–9, 203–4

  collective investment 243–4

  Colwell, Maria 194–9

  Colwell, Pauline 194–5, 195–7

  Colwell, Raymond 195–6

  Comăneci, Nadia 203–4

  Comic Cuts 63

  comics and comic strips 62–3, 157–8

  communism 115–17

  Communist Sunday Schools 115–16

  comprehensive schools 175–6

  computers 236

  Condon, John 82–3

  confidence 253

  conformity, post-war 149–50

  Connor, John 20

  consent, age of 15

  Conservative Political Centre 168–9

  Contented Little Baby Book (Ford) 243

  contraception 59, 184, 212–13

  Coon, Caroline 215

  Cooper, Bob and Doris 195, 196

  Copsey, Emma 32

  Cornwell, Jack 83

  corruption, fear of 241–2

  Court, David 181

  crime 100

  Criminal Law Amendment Act 15

  criminal punishment 104

  criminality, and childhood experience 193–4

  Crompton, Richmal 96

  Croydon High School 28

  cruelty 3

  Cuban Missile Crisis 159

  Curry, Bill 113, 118, 131

  Daily Mail 22, 59, 63, 115, 221–2, 225, 235

  Daily News 104

  Daily Telegraph 116, 238

  Daily Worker 116

  Dalgety, Susan 237

  dangers 32–3, 219–20

  Dartington Hall School 111–13, 118, 130–2

  Darwin, Charles 51, 98, 105

  Darwinism 51

  Davies, Maureen 219

  Dawson, Judith 218

  Day, Sidney 75–6, 86, 89–92, 97

  de Vere Stacpoole, Henry 45

  de Witt, Dorothy 131

  death, attitude to 33–4

  defective children 100

  Degeneration (Nordau) 55–6, 71

  Denham, Buckinghamshire 122–3, 128–9

  Dennis, Felix 187

  dependency 189

  Derwent, Lord 170

  deserting fathers 167–9

  Devine, Alexander 20–1

  Dewar, Dora 81

  Dick Barton (radio crime series) 163–4

  Dickens, Charles 12, 19

  diet 4, 34, 56–7, 74, 140, 227, 235, 242

  disabled children

  changing attitudes to 178–81

  special schools advocated 100

  Disappearance of Childhood, The (Postman) 207–8

  discipline, Locke on 2

  disease

  danger of 32–3

  evacuees 125

  World War II deaths 139

  disposable income 182, 245

  disturbed children 169–70

  divorce 167–9, 211, 223, 225, 251

  doing nothing 163

  Downey, Lesley Ann 191

  Dowse, Natalie 201–4

  Dr.Barnardo’s homes 46–7

  dress

  Edwardian 47–8

  Scuttlers 21

  and youth culture 160–1

  drinking 24, 98, 233, 242

  drugs and drug abuse 182–3, 184, 233

  Dulwich College Preparatory School 236

  dummies 60

  Dundee 57, 60

  Dyer, Amelia 37–8

  Eagle (comic) 157

  Economist, the 206

  Edinburgh Evening News 237

  education

  driving up standards 233

  elementary 29–30

  European refugee presence 130–1

  evacuees and 124

  free secondary 153

  girls 28–9, 203, 205

  grammar school applications 154–5

  inter-war years 109–17, 118

  investment in 244

  late-Victorian 25–30

  liberal 174–5

  mixed sex classes 22–3

  national curriculum 233

  and the Plowden Report 174–5

  pre-school 233–4

  private 27–8

  private lessons 173–4

  progressive 109–17, 118

  reform 140–1, 172–6

  religious 26

  state role 6

  du
ring World War I 81

  and youth violence 22–4

  Education Act 1944 140–1, 153

  educational under-achievement 234, 236, 252–3

  Edward VII, King 41, 47, 68

  Elementary Education Act 1870 25–6, 28, 39

  eleven plus exam 100, 153, 154, 155, 173–4

  Elizabeth II, Queen, marriage 147–8

  Ella from the West Country 229

  Elton, Lord 27

  emboldenment, children’s 181–2

  emigration 60

  Émile, Ou de l’éducationi (Rousseau) 2

  emotional capital 248

  emotional investment 17

  Empire Settlement Act 1923 106

  Englishness 53

  Enlightenment, the 2, 92–3

  errands 77

  Estonia, refugees from 155–6

  eugenics 97–9

  evacuees 106, 121–9

  sent overseas 135–7

  Evans, Edward 190–1

  Everson, Olive 50, 57, 62, 66–7, 69, 74

  evil 3, 193, 220, 241, 246

  evolution 51

  Factory Acts 13

  Fairbridge, Kingsley 106, 108

  false expectations 254

  family

  breakdown 223

  Edwardian 47

  importance as social unit 15–16

  late-Victorian times 15–19

  loss of power 6

  post-war 148–51

  power relations 242–3

  sanctity of 225

  Family Allowances 127, 140, 151

  Family and Youth Concern 212

  family size

  decline in 5, 58–9, 94–5, 147, 245

  need for large 139

  Farley, Albert 82–3

  fathers

  deserting 167–9

  post-war 149

  Fawcett, Millicent Garrett 28

  feelings, expression of 230–3

  Feldman, Marty 187

  femininity, Edwardian 47

  films, featuring Satanic children 220

  Firestone, Shulamith 187–8, 202

  Firth Park Grammar School 153–4

  Fisher Boys 160

  flogging 20

  Foley, Alice 1–2, 16–17, 24, 29–30, 33–4

  food additives 227

  Ford, Gina 243

  Foreman, Michael 132–3, 141, 154, 155, 155–6, 157, 158–9, 160–1

  Forster, William 25, 28, 39

  Foucault, Michel 188–9

  Fox, Penny 224

  freedom 42, 213–14, 246

  fresh air, benefits of 95

  Freud, Sigmund 48, 92, 94, 98–9, 244, 246

  Frith, Simon 207

  frustration 251

  future, uncertainty about 3, 238, 239, 242, 254

  general election, 1945 139–40

  generation gap, narrowing of 201–2

  genetic testing 225

  Germany 58

  Gibran, Kahlil 190

  Gibson, Yasmin 224

  Gillick, Victoria 212–13, 214

  girl gangs 22

  Girl Guides 78, 80

  girls

  career options 203, 205

  changing role 202–4

  education 28–9, 203, 205

  juvenile delinquency 164

  reading material 204–5

  and sex 210–12

  Girls’ Public Day School Trust 205

  Girls’ Realm 46

  golden age 7, 251

  Golding, William 3, 164–5, 221–2, 224–5, 241

  good life, exclusion from 251

  Goodyear, Warner 55

  Gordon, Lizzie 22

  Gough, Reginald and Esther 144–5

  governesses 48–9

  Grahame, Kenneth 45

  grammar schools 100, 153–5, 172–3, 175

  Green, J. Barcham 79

  Green, John 22

  Grim Fairy Tales (comic) 158

  Growing Up (film) 185

  Guardian 94, 95, 126, 169, 176, 181, 183, 185, 212, 215, 218

  gymnastics craze, 1970s 203–4

  Handbook for Girl Guides 80

  Handyside, Richard 184

  Hardie, Keir 80–1

  Harker, Lizzie Allen 52

  Harmsworth, Alfred 63

  Harry Potter books 233

  Hartlepool,, German bombardment of 85

  Health, Department of 219

  health and safety 231

  health services 4

  Hemingway, Diane 177

  Henry, Tyra 198

  heredity 98–9, 105

  Hey, Spurley 64

  Hicks, Athelstan Braxton 35–6

  Higgins, W. Francis 23

  Higgs, Marietta 216–18

  Hindley, Myra 190–1

  Hitler, Adolf 118

  Hodgson, Helen 60

  Hogan, Louise 51

  holiday schemes, 1909 43

  Holt, John 189

  Holt, Luther Emmett 60–1

  homicide rate, infants 34–5

  Hooligans 19, 22

  hope 3

  loss of 248–53

  horror comics 157–8

  household budget, children’s contribution 39

  housing 4, 127, 152–3, 182, 244

  Howe, Brian 193, 220

  Hoyles, Martin 187–9

  Hudson, Mary 210

  Huffington Post 248–9

  Huggate 26, 33

  Hughes, David 171–2, 175, 179–81

  Hughes, Graham 179–81

  Hughes, Thomas 27

  Hulme, Manchester 77, 87

  human development, theories of 93

  human nature 51

  human rights 186

  hyperactivity 189

  Ibsen, Henrik 55–6

  ideal child, the 244–5

  idealized state, childhood as 42

  identity, emergence of child’s 6

  illegitimate children 36–7, 76, 170

  Illustrated Chips 63

  Imperial Cancer Research Fund 235

  imperial expansion 27

  incest 15, 215–16

  Incorporated Association of Preparatory Schools 236

  independence 18

  Independent, the 223

  individual choice, limiting of 235

  individuals, children as 2, 9, 49, 93–4, 100, 178, 246

  inequality 171–3

  Infant Health Societies 60

  Infant Life Protection Act 1897 38

  infant mortality 59, 251

  decline in 4, 34, 46, 60, 244

  Edwardian 46

  late-Victorian 25, 33, 34

  Manchester 36

  infant purity 42

  infanticide 34–6, 38

  injustice 207

  innocence 42–3, 58, 190

  loss of 227–9

  Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration report 1904 59

  Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services 138

  International Times (magazine) 186

  International Year of the Child 189

  internet, the 236

  IQ testing 100, 103

  IVF 225

  Jackson, T. A. 116

  Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile 110

  Jeffries, Mrs 14–15

  Jewish Refugee Children Movement 133

  Jews, Nazi persecution 133

  Jex-Blake, Sonia 61

  Johnson, S. C. 59–60

  Jones, Jeremiah 101–5

  junk food 227, 242

  Jutland, Battle of 83

  juvenile delinquency

  American 177

  Burt on 100–5

  causes 162–3

  and the cinema 63–4

  decline in convictions 164

  girls 164

  post-war 161–4

  Kasumba, Stanley 230–1, 233, 252

  Kempe, C. Henry 198

  Keppel, Alice 47–8, 50–1, 65, 67–9, 121

  Keppel, Sonia 41–2, 47–8, 50–1, 64–5,
67–9, 70–2, 86–7

  Keppel, Violet 70–1, 87

  Kepple, William 196–7

  Kerr, Mark 117

  Key, Ellen 49, 52

  Kilbride, John 191

  Kindertransport 105, 133–4

  Kingsley, Charles 25, 241

  kisses, lack of 11

  Kohn, Hana 133, 143–4

  Kops, Bernard 117–18, 122–3, 128–9, 141

  Korbut, Olga 203

  Koseda, Heidi 198

  La Fontaine, Jean 219

  Lack, David 112

  Ladies Sanitary Association 60

  Lambeth 35

  Lancet 59

  Landers, Ann 208

  Lane, Homer 110–11

  Lane, John 108–9

  League of Militant Godless 115–16

  Leavenheath, Suffolk 36

  Leech, Kenneth 191

  Lees, Diana 197

  leisure 62–5, 163, 178

  Lennon, John 187

  Leopold, King of the Belgians 14

  Lewis, Jonathan 177

  lice 124, 130

  life expectancy 60, 251

  Little Commonwealth, the 110–11

  Little Red School Book, The 184–5

  Little White Bird, The (Barrie) 70

  Liverpool 7 173

  Liverpool Patriotic Society 56

  Llewellyn, Hermione 72–3, 76, 87–8, 92–3

  Lloyd George, David 97

  local authorities 147

  Locke, John 2

  London 43

  the Blitz 129

  East End 74–6

  poverty in 57

  riots, 2011 250

  World War I air raids 84–5, 85–6

  London County Council, child rearing handbook 49

  Lord of the Flies (Golding) 164–5, 241

  loss, fear of 44

  Lowestoft 160–1

  LSD 183

  Lusack, Zita 228–9

  Lyme Regis 111

  McCormack, Thomas 10

  Mackay of Clashfern, Lord 225

  Macpherson, Annie 106

  Mail on Sunday 228–9

  Major, John 233–4

  Malthusian League 97

  Malyon, George 32

  Man, Morrice 17–18, 27–8

  Manchester

  cinema attendance 64

  girl gangs 22

  Hulme 77, 87

  infant mortality rate 36

  Scuttlers 19–22

  Manchester Grammar School 154–5

  Manchester Guardian 46, 121

  Manchester School Board 24

  Manchester Teachers’ Association 173–4

  marriage 211

  marriage breakups 167–9, 223, 251

  Marxism Today 207

  Masefield, John 52–3

  Masham of Ilton, Baroness 211–12

  Mason, Doreen 199

  Mass Observation organization 119, 156

  report of 1940 127–8

  Massacre of the Innocents, The (Rose) 34–5

  Mauger, Peter 157, 158

  meals 123, 125

  Melly, George 187

  Melton Mowbray 105

  mental illness 179–81

  mental testing 99–100, 103

  MI5 113–16, 130–1

  Middle Earth Club 183

  middle-classes 18, 59

  migrant workers 206

  migration 60

 

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