Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome

by E. M. Berens

  Odysseus was cordially received by the king and queen, who entertained him with magnificent hospitality, and in return for their kindness the hero related to them the history of his long and eventful voyage, and the many extraordinary adventures and miraculous escapes which had befallen him since his departure from the coast of Ilion.

  When he at last took leave of his royal entertainers Alcinous loaded him with rich gifts, and ordered him to be conveyed in one of his own ships to Ithaca.

  Arrival at Ithaca.—The voyage was a short and prosperous one. By the direction of king Alcinous rich furs had been laid on deck for the comfort of his guest, on which the hero, leaving the guidance of the ship to the Ph?acian sailors, soon fell into a deep sleep. When next morning the vessel arrived in the harbour of Ithaca the sailors, concluding that so unusually profound a slumber must be sent by the gods, conveyed him on shore without disturbing him, where they gently placed him beneath the cool shade of an olive-tree.

  When Odysseus awoke he knew not where he was, for his ever-watchful protectress Pallas-Athene had enveloped him in a thick cloud in order to conceal him from view. She now appeared to him in the disguise of a shepherd, and informed him that he was in his native land; that his father Laertes, bent with sorrow and old age, had withdrawn from the court; that his son Telemachus had grown to manhood, and was gone to seek for tidings of his father; and that his wife Penelope was harassed by the importunities of numerous suitors, who had taken possession of his home and devoured his substance. In order to gain time Penelope had promised to marry one of her lovers as soon as she had finished weaving a robe for the aged Laertes; but by secretly undoing at night [320]what she had done in the day she effectually retarded the completion of the work, and thus deferred her final reply. Just as Odysseus had set foot in Ithaca the angry suitors had discovered her stratagem, and had become in consequence more clamorous than ever. When the hero heard that this was indeed his native land, which, after an absence of twenty years, the gods had at length permitted him to behold once more, he threw himself on the ground, and kissed it in an ecstacy of joy.

  The goddess, who had meanwhile revealed her identity to Odysseus, now assisted him to conceal in a neighbouring cave the valuable gifts of the Ph?acian king. Then seating herself beside him she consulted with him as to the best means of ridding his palace of its shameless occupants.

  In order to prevent his being recognized she caused him to assume the form of an aged mendicant. His limbs became decrepid, his brown locks vanished, his eyes grew dim and bleared, and the regal robes given to him by king Alcinous were replaced by a tattered garb of dingy hue, which hung loosely round his shrunken form. Athene then desired him to seek shelter in the hut of Eum?us his own swine-herd.

  Eum?us received the old beggar hospitably, kindly ministered to his wants, and even confided to him his distress at the long continued absence of his beloved old master, and his regrets at being compelled by the unruly invaders of his house, to slaughter for their use all the finest and fattest of the herd.

  It chanced that the following morning Telemachus returned from his long and fruitless search for his father, and going first to the hut of Eum?us, heard from him the story of the seeming beggar whom he promised to befriend. Athene now urged Odysseus to make himself known to his son; and at her touch his beggar's rags disappeared, and he stood before Telemachus arrayed in royal robes and in the full strength and vigour of manhood. So imposing was the appearance of the hero that at first the young prince thought he must be a god; but when [321]he was convinced that it was indeed his beloved father, whose prolonged absence had caused him so much grief, he fell upon his neck and embraced him with every expression of dutiful affection.

  Odysseus charged Telemachus to keep his return a secret, and concerted with him a plan whereby they might rid themselves of the detested suitors. In order to carry it into effect Telemachus was to induce his mother to promise her hand to the one who could conquer in shooting with the famous bow of Odysseus, which the hero had left behind when he went to Troy, deeming it too precious a treasure to be taken with him. Odysseus now resumed his beggar's dress and appearance and accompanied his son to the palace, before the door of which lay his faithful dog Argo, who, though worn and feeble with age and neglect, instantly recognized his master. In his delight the poor animal made a last effort to welcome him; but his strength was exhausted, and he expired at his feet.

  When Odysseus entered his ancestral halls he was mocked and reviled by the riotous suitors, and Antinous, the most shameless of them all, ridiculed his abject appearance, and insolently bade him depart; but Penelope hearing of their cruel conduct, was touched with compassion, and desired her maidens to bring the poor mendicant into her presence. She spoke kindly to him, inquiring who he was and whence he came. He told her that he was the brother of the king of Crete, in whose palace he had seen Odysseus, who was about starting for Ithaca, and had declared his intention of arriving there before the year was out. The queen, overjoyed at the happy tidings, ordered her maidens to prepare a bed for the stranger, and to treat him as an honoured guest. She then desired the old nurse Euryclea to provide him with suitable raiment and to attend to all his wants.

  As the old servant was bathing his feet her eyes fell upon a scar which Odysseus had received in his youth from the tusks of a wild boar; and instantly recognizing the beloved master whom she had nursed as a babe, she [322]would have cried aloud in her joy, but the hero placing his hand upon her mouth, implored her not to betray him.

  The next day was a festival of Apollo, and the suitors in honour of the occasion feasted with more than their accustomed revelry. After the banquet was over Penelope, taking down the great bow of Odysseus from its place, entered the hall and declared that whosoever of her lovers could bend it and send an arrow through twelve rings (a feat which she had often seen Odysseus perform) should be chosen by her as her husband.

  All the suitors tried their skill, but in vain; not one possessed the strength required to draw the bow. Odysseus now stepped forward and asked permission to be allowed to try, but the haughty nobles mocked at his audacity, and would not have permitted it had not Telemachus interfered. The pretended beggar took up the bow, and with the greatest ease sent an arrow whizzing through the rings; then turning to Antinous, who was just raising a goblet of wine to his lips, he pierced him to the heart. At this the suitors sprang to their feet and looked round for their arms; but in obedience to the instructions of Odysseus Telemachus had previously removed them. He and his father now attacked the riotous revellers, and after a desperate encounter not one of the whole crew remained alive.

  The joyful intelligence of the return of Odysseus being conveyed to Penelope she descended to the hall, but refused to recognize, in the aged beggar, her gallant husband; whereupon he retired to the bath, from which he emerged in all the vigour and beauty with which Athene had endowed him at the court of Alcinous. But Penelope, still incredulous, determined to put him to a sure test. She therefore commanded in his hearing that his own bed should be brought from his chamber. Now the foot of this bed had been fashioned by Odysseus himself out of the stem of an olive-tree which was still rooted in the ground, and round it he had built the walls of the chamber. Knowing therefore that the bed could not be moved, he exclaimed that the errand was useless, for that no [323]mortal could stir it from its place. Then Penelope knew that it must be Odysseus himself who stood before her, and a most touching and affectionate meeting took place between the long-separated husband and wife.

  The following day the hero set out to seek his old father Laertes, whom he found on one of his estates in the country engaged in digging up a young olive-tree. The poor old man, who was dressed in the humble garb of a labourer, bore the traces of deep grief on his furrowed countenance, and so shocked was his son at the change in his appearance that for a moment he turned aside to conceal his tears.

  When Odysseus revealed himself to his father as the son whom he had so long mourned as lost, the joy
of the poor old man was almost greater than he could bear. With loving care Odysseus led him into the house, where at length, for the first time since the departure of his son, Laertes once more resumed his regal robes, and piously thanked the gods for this great and unlooked-for happiness.

  But not yet was the hero permitted to enjoy his well-earned repose, for the friends and relatives of the suitors now rose in rebellion against him and pursued him to the abode of his father. The struggle, however, was but a short one. After a brief contest negotiations of a peaceful nature were entered into between Odysseus and his subjects. Recognizing the justice of his cause, they became reconciled to their chief, who for many years continued to reign over them.

  * * *

  [325]

  PRONOUNCING INDEX.

  * * *

  [Note.—The system of pronunciation here followed is the English system, because it is the one at present most used among English-speaking peoples. In it the letters have substantially their English sound. Upon the continent of Europe the pronunciation of Latin and Greek is in like manner made to correspond in each nation to the pronunciation of its own language, and thus there is much diversity among the continental systems, though they resemble each other more closely than they do the English. In England and America also the continental methods of pronunciation have been extensively used. Thus ?neas may be pronounced A-na?-ahss; A?des ah-ee?-daze. Since the true, the ancient, pronunciation has been lost, and, as many contend, cannot be even substantially recovered, it is a matter of individual preference what system shall be followed.]

  A.

  Abderus (ab-dee?-rus), 244.

  Absyrtus (ab-sir?-tus), 226.

  Academus (ak--dee?-mus), 268.

  Achelous (ak-e-lo?-us), 254, 278.

  Acheron (ak?-e-ron), 132, 250.

  Achilles (-kil?-leez), 131, 291, 287, 297.

  Acis (?-sis), 105, 167.

  Acrisius (-crish?-e-us), 189, 205, 209.

  Acropolis (-crop?-o-lis), 189.

  Act?on (ak-tee?-on), 91.

  Admete (ad-mee?-te), 244.

  Admetus (ad-mee?-tus), 76, 119, 216.

  Adonis (-don?-iss), 59.

  Adrastia (ad-ras-ti?-ah), 142.

  Adrastus (-dras?-tus), 272.

  ?acus (ee?--cus), 34.

  ??a (ee-ee?-ah), island of, 67.

  ?gean Sea (ee-gee?-an), 287.

  [53]?geus (ee?-juce), 259, 262, 264.

  ?gina (ee-ji?-nah), island of, 230.

  ?gis (ee?-jiss), 26.

  ?gisthus (ee-jiss?-thus, th as in both), 305.

  ?gle (egg?-le), 163.

  ?gyptus (ee-jip?-tus), 135.

  Aello (-el?-lo), 137.

  ?neas (ee-nee?-ass), 304.

  ?olus (ee?-o-lus), 170, 210.

  A?r (?-er), 12.

  ?sacus (es?-a-cus), 284.

  ?sculapius (es-cu-la?-pe-us), 177.

  ?son (ee?-son), 213.

  ?etes (ee-ee?-teez), 215, 222.

  ?ther (ee?-ther), 12.

  ?thiopia (e-thi-o?-pe-ah), 207.

  ?thra (ee?-thrah), 259, 267, 288.

  ?tna, Mount (et?-nah), 100.

  Agamemnon (ag--mem?-non), 94, 286, 305.

  Agave (-ga?-ve), 127, 205.

  Agenor (-jee?-nor), 203.

  Ages, 22.

  Aglaia (ag-lay?-yah), 163.

  Agraulos (-graw?-lOs), 122.

  Agrigent (ag?-ri-jent), 213.

  A?des (a-i?-deez), 52, 130, 250.

  —helmet of 206, 208.

  A?doneus (a-i-do?-nuce), 130.

  Air, 12.

  Ajax (?-jax) the Greater, 298.

  —the Lesser, 305.

  Alcestis (al-ses?-tiss), 76.

  Alcinous (al-sin?-o-us), 228, 318.

  Alcippe (al-sip?-pe), 113

  Alcm?on (alk-mee?-on), 273, 277.

  Alcmene (alk-mee?-ne), 35, 234.

  Alecto (a-leck?-to), 138.

  Alexander (al-ex-an?-der), 284.

  Aloid? (al-o-i?-de), 113.

  Alpheus (al?-fuce), 242.

  Altars, 191.

  Althea (al-thee?-ah, th as in both), 90.

  Altis (al?-tis) the, 41.

  Amalthea (am-al-thee?-ah), 15.

  Amazons (am?-a-zons), 244, 258, 264.

  Ambrosia (am-bro?-zhah), 15.

  [326] Amor (?-mor), 150.

  Amphiaraus (am?-fe-a-ray?-us), 273.

  Amphidamas (am-fid?-a-mass), 221.

  Amphilochus (am-fil?-o-cus), 277.

  Amphion (am-fi?-on), 33.

  Amphitrite (am-fe-tri?-te), 104, 167.

  Amphitrion (am-fit?-re-on), 35, 234.

  Amycus (am?-i-cus), 219.

  Anaitis-Aphroditis (an-a-i?-tis-af-ro-di?-tis), 92.

  Ananke (an-ang?-ke), 147.

  Ancili? (an-sil?-e-e), 115.

  Androgeos (an-dro?-je-oss), 262.

  Andromache (an-drom?-a-ke), 295, 304.

  Andromeda (an-drom?-e-dah), 207.

  Antea (an-tee?-ah), 256.

  Anteos (an-tee?-Os), 248.

  Anteros (an?-te-ross), 150.

  Antigone (an-tig?-o-ne), 271, 275.

  Antinous (an-tin?-o-us), 321.

  Antiope (an-ti?-o-pe), 32.

  Antiphates (an-tif?-a-teez), 311.

  Aphareus (af?-a-ruce), 34.

  Aphrodite (af-ro-di?-te), 58, 99, 152.

  Apollo (-pol?-lo), 68.

  —(Roman), 83.

  Apple of Discord, 39.

  Arachne (a-rak?-ne), 45.

  Arcadia (ar-ca?-de-ah), 240.

  Arctos (ark?-tOs), 35.

  Areopagus (a-re-op?-a-gus), 44, 113, 212.

  Ares (?-reez), 99, 112.

  —grove of, 215.

  —field of, 223, 225.

  Arete (a-ree?-te or ar?-e-te), 228, 318.

  Arethusa (ar-e-thu?-sah), 163.

  Aretias (-ree?-she-ass), 221.

  Argia (ar-ji?-ah), 272.

  Argives (ar-jives), 274.

  Argo, 215, 230, 321.

  Argonauts (ar?-go-nawts), 213.

  Argos (ar?-gOs), 209, 216, 283.

  Argus, 224.

  Argus-Panoptes (pan-op?-teez), 36.

  Ariadne (a-re-ad?-ne), 128, 263.

  Aricia (a-rish?-e-ah), 97.

  Arion (a-ri?-on), 275.

  Arist?us (ar-iss-tee?-us), 81.

  Aristodemus (a-ris?-to-de?-mus), 282.

  Aristomachus (ar-is-tom?-a-cus), 282.

  Arsino? (ar-sin?-o-e), 278.

  Artemis (ar?-te-miss), 87.

  Ascalaphus (ass-cal?-a-fuss), 55, 250.

  Asclepius (ass-clee?-pe-us), 71, 76, 176.

  Ashtoreth (ash?-to-reth), 61.

  Asphodel meadows (ass-fo-del), 133.

  Astarte (ass-tar?-te), 61.

  Astr?a (ass-tree?-ah), 85.

  Astr?us (ass-tree?-us), 68.

  Astyanax (ass-ti?-a-nax), 304.

  Atalanta (at-a-lan?-tah), 89.

  Ate (?-te), 149.

  Athamas (ath?-a-mass), 111, 215.

  Athene (a-thee?-ne, th as in both), 43.

  Athene-Polias (po?-le-ass), 44, 189, 199, 264.

  Athens, 264.

  Atlas, 207, 248.

  Atreus, (?-truce), 282.

  Atropos (at?-ro-pOs), 139.

  Atys (?-tiss), 19.

  Augeas (aw?-je-ass), 242, 254.

  Augurs, 196.

  Aulis (aw?-lis), 97.

  Aurora (aw-ro?-rah), 13, 67.

  Autochthony (aw-tok?-tho-ny), 22.