by Cook, James A. ,Goldstein, Joshua,Johnson, Matthew D. ,Schmalzer, Sigrid
A Factory Grows and Thrives (film), 226
Fallen-flower Village (film), 151
famine, Great Leap, 204, 235
feature-style documentaries, 226
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 166
“Felt Quarters” (Jooliyan), 35
Feng Yu-xiang, Madame, 179
fengshui, 90–91
Fernsebner, Sue, 22
Fifteenth North China Games, 112, 113
film criticism groups, 232
Finance Bureau, 196
folk visual culture, 12
Four Cleanups Movement, 210
“Four Harbin Sisters” (“Four Healthy Women Generals”), 113, 116–17
Four Modernizations, 21, 263, 273
“Free China,” 169
Fuhua (printing company), 83, 85
Fujian province, 128, 130
Fujitani, Takashi, 120–21
Gambler Brother, 137
Gang of Four, 243
Gao Xingjian (writer), 268, 270–71
Gao Xuantong (painter), 74
“Gathering for a Meal during the Hunt” (Castiglione), 33–34
gaze:
male, 108, 118–19, 121;
of spectators, 40;
of state, 15–17
General Motors-Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (GM-SAIC), 286–87, 288
geography, 62, 63
geo-political economy, Yangliuqing area, 75–78
Gigantopithecus, 267, 268
glasses, as class marker, 208, 210
global economy, 22, 281–82
Goddess (film), 151
Goddess of the Sea (Mazu), 134, 134–38, 135
gold, discovery of, 129
grain shipments, 64, 73, 75–76
Grand Canal, 12, 26, 36, 73, 75–76, 85n7
Grand Ministerial and Princely Superintendents of the Imperial Encampment, 28
Great Leap Forward (1958–1960), 23, 204, 209;
as developmental ideology, 224–25;
famine, 204, 235.
See also cinema, Great Leap Forward era
Gu Jianchen (film historian), 155
Guangdong province, 129, 130
Guangzhou (city), 130, 131–32
guilds, 173
Guomindang (Nationalist Party, GMD), 9, 17, 23, 87–105;
factionalism within, 147, 148, 149, 150;
film censorship, 148–50;
Ministry of Propaganda, 148, 150;
as “national family,” 99–100, 103;
Northern Expedition, 89, 95;
patriotism, dampening of, 153–55;
refugee crisis and, 167, 176–78;
shifting policy, 153–54;
U.S. military training films and, 172;
women’s sports and, 112–13.
See also cinema, Guomindang era (“leftist”); Sun Yat-sen; Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Haibao (mascot), 279, 280, 291n2
“A Hall Full of Gold and Jade,” 70, 71
Hall of Purple Brilliance (Beijing), 28, 31, 36
Han Chinese literati, 25–26, 34
Han dynasty, 73
Harbin Sisters, 113, 116–17
“Having No Regret for Their Lost Youth” (photo display), 245, 246
He sisters, 13, 114, 119
Henie, Sonja, 120
Hess, Christian, 17, 208
heterodoxy versus orthodoxy, 48–49, 62
high modernism, 262, 273, 275n11
Hirohito, Emperor, 153
historians, 3–5;
methodological issues, 5–6;
subjective decisions, 273–74;
telescope metaphor, 21–22, 259–60, 273–74
historical narrative, 20–22
histories:
archival sources, 8–9, 34, 47;
photographs in, 20–21
history from below, 8–9
History of Chinese Cinema (Cheng), 156
History of the Former (Western) Han Dynasty (Hanshu) (Ban), 38
Ho, Virgil, 143n20
Hong Xiuquan (rebellion leader), 49–50, 66n18
household registration (hukou), 204, 216, 252
housing:
colonial era conditions, Dalian, 187–90, 189, 190;
imperial lodges (xinggong), 33;
redistribution, 18, 18, 190–96;
yurts, 8, 29, 33, 33.
See also Dalian (city)
housing readjustment work teams, 193–94
Hu Die (actress), 158, 159
Hu Zhengzhong (sect leader), 51
hua, character, 141
Huang Baomei (film), 227–29, 230
Huang Baomei (worker, film star), 227–29, 230
Huaqiao (“Chinese sojourner”), 128–29, 141.
See also overseas Chinese communities
Hubei’s Ten-Thousand Catty Field (film), 227, 228
Hui Ling (governor), 62
hukou status, 204, 216, 252
Humanity (film), 154
Hurricane Katrina, 165, 166–67, 180
Hussein, Saddam, 178, 199
“I Am Yeren” (Zhou), 270, 273
identity, social, 6
ideology, 94, 104–5n16
“Illustrations of Military Victories” (court paintings), 30, 30–31, 34, 36
“Illustrations of Southern Tours” (court paintings), 31, 34
“Illustrations of the Mulan Hunt” (court paintings), 30, 34
image-makers, 3, 4, 22, 97
imagination, historical, 25
industrial production, 19, 79;
Dalian, 185–86, 197–98, 199–200;
Soviet influences, 203;
“sputnik” experiments, 226
Inner Asian political culture, 34–35
inner perimeter (neicheng), 29
inscriptions and carvings, 96–97
intellectuals:
cinema and, 149, 159;
Deng era, 259, 271;
May Fourth, 141;
urban, 205, 208
International Literature (Communist publication), 152
International Meet (Shanghai, 1931), 114
International Relief Committee (Shanghai), 175
International Settlement, 168, 168
Internet, 22, 281, 288, 289–90, 293nn23, 24
interpretation, 23, 42;
ambiguities of meanings, 150–53;
historical context of cinema, 145–47, 153–55, 160, 161
Iraq, 178, 199
Japanese, 17, 79;
Chinese cinema and, 154;
invasions of China, later 1930s, 165–66;
Manchuria, invasion of, 147, 153;
repatriation by CCP, 189.
See also refugees
Java, 130
Jespersen, Christopher, 170
Jesuit missionaries, 30, 31, 34, 44n18
Jiang Shangou (film industry insider), 155
Jiangnan province, 7, 25–26
Johnson, Matthew, 19–20
Joohoi (bannerman), 28
Jung Chang, 243
Kangxi emperor, 31
Kapitan (local leader), 137
Karloff, Boris, 146
King of Early Rice (film), 227
kneeling, meaning of, 253–54, 254
Kracauer, Siegfried, 121
land reform, 23, 187, 188, 192, 193
Lawrence, Chris, 166
Leftist cinema.
See cinema, Guomindang era (“leftist”)
Leftist League, 157
leisure time, 229–30
Li Dou (local historian), 36, 40
Li Fanwu (provincial governor), 244
Li Guangting, 69
Li Guohua (yeren tracker), 267, 271, 272–73
Li Quan’er (mythical figure), 50–51
Li Zhensheng (photojournalist), 244
Liang Heng, 243
Life magazine, 170, 171
The Life Weekly, 107
Lin Biao, 251
Lin Zhuguang (entrepreneur), 127, 141
Lincoln, Abraham, 97
Lincoln Memorial, 97, 101
Linglong, 108
Linji (printing company), 82–83
lithography, 12, 81, 82–85
Little Masters of the Great Leap Forward (film), 236
Liu Bang (Han dynasty founder), 37
Liu Jingzhen (athlete), 117
Liu Shaoqi, 221, 242
local security teams, 194
Lower Yangtze delta (Jiangnan), 25, 26
Lu Jia, 37
Lu Xun (cultural critic), 160
Lu Yanzhi (architect), 96
Luan Xiuyun (athlete), 116
lumber activity, panda deaths and, 261–62
Luo Gang (director of CFCC), 152
Luo Ronghuan (CCP official), 192
Ma Yi (athlete), 114
magic, belief in, 50–51, 54, 60
magistrates, 173
Maitreya Buddha, 50
Manchu emperors, 25, 93–94, 104n15.
See also Qianlong Emperor
Manchu ethnic identity, 37–38, 42
Manchuria, 147, 153, 192
Mao Zedong, 17, 101, 105n29, 220;
belief in completed transition to socialism, 221, 224–25;
communes and, 225;
death of, 261;
portrait, 1, 1–2;
propaganda and, 222
Mao Zedong mausoleum, 101
Maoism, 224–26
Mao-themed art, 1–3
maps, 128, 131, 133
Mask of Fu Manchu (film), 146
May Fourth Movement (1919), 141
McCaffrey, Cecily, 8–9
McLuhan, Marshall, 20
media:
attacks on women athletes, 114–17;
disasters as spectacles, 166–67;
propaganda and, 219;
refugees, visualizing, 168, 168–70;
Western women, imagery of, 108, 119, 121
“medium is the message,” 20
Meisner, Maurice, 204, 225
memory, 20–21, 100–101
Ming dynasty (1368-1644), 12, 69, 73, 90;
tombs, 90–92, 91
Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 204
Ming tomb (Purple Mountain), 90–93, 91, 100, 101
Ming Tombs reservoir construction project, 222, 226, 238n6
Mingxing film company, 150
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 261, 263, 266
minority nationalities, art of, 271
missionaries, 30, 31, 34, 44n18, 78
mob mentality, 243
Modern Girls, 117, 119
modernization, 12, 21, 96, 141, 205;
Expo 2010, 280–81;
film technology, 220;
Four Modernizations, 21, 263, 273;
overseas Chinese and, 128, 141;
panda preservation and, 259.
See also Great Leap Forward (1958–1960)
Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, 4
Mongols, 90
monumentality, 9, 87–89, 88;
reverence and contestation, 100–101;
ritual elements, 92–94, 97–100, 102;
tombs in capitals, 90.
See also Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Morris, Andrew, 12
moving day parades, 18, 18, 187, 194–95, 199.
See also Dalian (city)
Musgrove, Charles, 9, 180
myth making, 147, 148, 155–57, 160
nail-houses, 289, 293n21
Nanjing (city), 49, 75;
architectural forms, 87–105;
Guomindang move to, 89–94, 101;
relocation of capital to Chongqing, 166.
See also Purple Mountain
Nanjing decade (1928–1937), 147
Naquin, Susan, 52
narrative, historical, 20–22
national crisis, 1930s, 108, 111–12
National Film Censorship Committee (NFCC), 148–49
National Games, 109–12, 111, 114, 123n8
nationalism:
ogling for the nation, 111–12, 119;
overseas Chinese communities, 127–28, 132, 141–42
Nationalist Central Propaganda Committee, 152
Nationalist Party.
See Guomindang (Nationalist Party, GMD)
nation-state, 9, 15, 89, 93–94;
political tutelage, concept of, 95, 97, 101, 103;
native-place associations, 173
netizens, 281, 289–90
New Life Advisory Committee, 178
New Life Movement, 113, 114
new media, 4, 281
New Orleans Convention Center, 166
New Year’s Paintings (nianhua), 11, 12, 69–86;
“Burning the Wanghai Pavilion,” 78;
categories, 74;
current events depicted, 70, 78, 79;
geo-political economy and, 75–78;
gods and goddesses, images of, 69–70;
“A Hall Full of Gold and Jade,” 70, 71;
Japanese-produced lithographs, 82–83;
lithography, 81, 82–85;
manual production process, 83–84;
reform of content, 78–82, 80;
re-organization of production, 74–75;
Tianjin production, 75, 76, 82–85;
tradition, pattern of, 73–75;
types of, 69–70.
See also Yangliuqing area
newsreel theaters, 233
nianhua.
See New Year’s Paintings
“no regrets” narrative, 20, 21, 243, 245, 247, 255
non-state actors, 21
North China Swim Meet (1934), 114
Northern Expedition, 89, 95
Number 17 National Textile Mill (Shanghai), 227–29
Nusan (bannerman), 28
Oil Baby (cartoon figure), 284, 284–86, 287, 292n13
Oil Pavilion, 283–86, 285
Olympics, 2008, 19, 23, 281
On the Xin’an River (film), 235–36
Opium War, 75
overseas Chinese communities, 14, 127–43, 133;
anti-Chinese racism, 127–28, 132, 139;
borders and, 128–29, 133, 138, 141–42;
Chinese diaspora, 129–32;
coolie trade, 131–32;
Huaqiao (“Chinese sojourner”), 128–29, 141;
merchant communities, 130;
migration through fourteenth century, 129–30;
nationalism, 141–42;
relationship with China, 138–40;
religion and culture, 134;
remittances to mainland, 139–40;
Singapore, 132–38;
Southeast Asia, 129–32, 130, 131, 139;
United States, 14, 129
Pan Gongzhan (elite leader), 175
Pan Wenshi (biology professor), 266
panda:
as diplomatic gift, 260, 276n20;
as national treasure, 260, 261, 264–65, 276n20;
panda preservation, 21, 259–66;
crisis, 1983, 262–66;
crisis in nature, 1976, 260–62, 268;
data collection, 262;
fundraising, 265–66, 273;
as national cause, 263–64
patriotism, cinema and, 153–55
Pearl Harbor, bombing of, 171
peasant rebellions, 8
peasants, socialist period (1949–1978), 203–18;
intellectuals, view of, 205;
personality stereotypes, 211–12;
propaganda directed toward, 226;
rural bearing (fengdu), 211;
villages associated with dirt, 215–16;
visual images of, 206, 206–7, 209
Peking Opera, 70, 72
Peng Yanqing (elite observer), 54, 55, 57
People’s Daily, 222, 263, 265
People’s Liberation Army, 207–8;
construction corps, 247–48
People’s Republic of China (1949–present), 3, 203.
See also Cultural Revolu
tion; Dalian (city); Great Leap Forward; peasants, socialist period (1949–1978)
Philippines, 127, 130–31, 139
photographs, 2;
histories of the Cultural Revolution, 20–21;
of sent-down youth, 245–46, 246, 254–55;
women’s physical culture, 13, 110, 111, 115, 118–19, 122
pictorials, 82, 107, 173–74, 174, 179, 245
Pingwu County, Sichuan province, 261
political spectacle, 18, 18, 37–38, 41–42
poor man’s philosophy, 159–60
popular literature, 267, 268–70, 269
post-Mao era, 259–60, 277
poverty, as tool for propganda, 220–21
power, disciplining, 108–9, 120–21
power relationships, 6
state-society relations, 7–9, 22, 281
primitivism, 268–71, 269, 273–74
propaganda, 21;
audiences and filmgoing practices, 232–35, 234;
communes in, 225–27;
contemporary views of, 236–37;
Expo 2010, 280;
goals not always achieved, 232;
Great Leap Forward era, 219–39;
model workers, 229;
panda preservation, 263;
from perspective of producers, 219;
as political persuasion, 219;
by projection units, 232, 233;
sense of possibility, 237;
sent-down youth and, 248;
spatial profiling, 206, 206–7;
as state-sanctioned reality, 235–37;
xuanchuan, 220
public spaces, 9, 97–101, 138, 220
Purple Mountain, 87–88;
Guomindang ideology and, 89–94;
Ming tomb, 90–93, 91, 100;
shifts in worldview, 94.
See also Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Qian Xingsu (athlete), 113–14
Qianlong Emperor, 7, 7–8;
as literati tourist, 27;
poetry by, 27, 39, 40–41
Qianlong Emperor, southern tours, 7, 7–8, 25–45, 26, 89, 97, 99;
1762 and 1765 tours, 33;
benevolent civilian rule imagery, 37, 39–42;
court paintings, 30, 30–32, 34, 36;
dock encampments, 36–37;
encampments as emblems of ethnic authority, 29–36, 30;
Imperial Escorts, 28–29;
intermediate rest stops, 33–34;
logistics of imperial procession, 27–28;
Manchu ethnic identity, 37–38, 42;
martial prowess, symbols of, 28, 30–31, 32, 35, 37–39;
mobile court as ethnic detachment, 27–29;
“observing the people,” discourse of, 39–42;
“ruling from horseback,” 37–38, 41–42;
spectators, 35, 39–40, 103;
visual impact and meaning, 34–36;
yurts left out of paintings, 8, 31, 33–35
Qianlong Emperor’s Entry into Suzhou (Xu), 7, 7–8
qiao, character, 141, 143n23
Qin Liyan, 244
Qing dynasty (1644-1911), 3, 7, 22, 204;