by Cook, James A. ,Goldstein, Joshua,Johnson, Matthew D. ,Schmalzer, Sigrid
civil administration, 25–26;
geo-political economy, 75–76;
militarized parades, 36–37;
non-Chinese provenance, 28;
peasant rebellions, 8;
Revolution of 1911, 87;
surrender of Inner Asian powers, 30, 32;
Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864), 48, 49;
Western imperialism and, 139;
White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), 48, 49.
See also Qianlong Emperor, southern tours
Qionglai Mountains, Sichuan province, 263
Raffles, Stamford, 137
railroads, 75, 76, 77, 170
rebellion, 47–67;
common garb and signal flags, 50;
daily life, effect on, 64–65;
elite observers, 54–60;
graphic descriptions of carnage, 57–58, 58;
heterodoxy versus orthodoxy, language of, 48–49, 62;
lay observers, 48;
magic, belief in, 50–51, 54, 60;
official view, 60–64;
rebel battle formations and tactics, 53, 58–60, 59, 67n33;
refugees, 63–64;
ritual performance, 51–54;
as seen by participants, 50–54;
visual components in participant writings, 50–52, 56–57, 61–62, 64–65;
women as participants, 56–57, 66n24
Record of Pleasure-Boat Yangzhou, 36
Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) (Sima Qian), 37
Red Guards, 157, 242
Red-Color News Soldier (Li), 244
reeducation, 241
refugees, 165–83;
disasters as media spectacles, 166–67;
famine, 1751, 172–73;
foreign concessions and, 168, 168–69;
foreign reactions to media images, 170–72, 171;
former government functionaries, 177;
graphic description, 168–69;
growing state involvement, 175–76;
Hurricane Katrina, 165, 166–67;
national relief network, 176–78;
newsreel footage, 172;
returnees/repatriation, 169, 175;
separation of families, 170;
social welfare debate, 172–76;
U.S. media images of, 167;
U.S. relief efforts, 170–71;
visual documentation, 168, 169;
visualizing, 168, 168–70;
voluntarism, 172–76, 174
regime change, 199
religion, 4, 49–50, 134
Republic of China, 87–88;
Sun Yat-sen as first president, 87–88, 90
Republican era (1912–1949), 3, 9, 12–14, 22–23, 204.
See also women’s physical culture
The Reunion (film), 151
Revolution of 1911, 78, 87, 90
“The Revolutionary Crucible Gives Birth to a New Person,” 210–11
ritual performance, 51–54;
monumentality, 92–94, 97–100, 102;
redefining, 93–94, 105n24;
visual aspects of, 102–3
Roll of Famous Chinese Women Athletes, 114, 118
“roots-searching” movement, 271
rural-urban difference, 203–18, 210;
visual dimension, 204.
See also spatial profiling
rural/urban relations, 18–19
Saigon (Vietnam), 129
Salusti, Jean-Damascène, 34
satirical images, 287–88, 288, 289, 293n25
scar literature, 21, 243, 246, 247, 255
Schmalzer, Sigrid, 21
schoolchildren, panda preservation and, 263–65, 265
science, 113, 121, 262–63, 267
The Search for Modern China (Spence), 244
seeing:
culture of, 19, 21, 204, 212, 216;
state transformation of, 17–18;
types of, 5–6
“seeing is believing,” 5
selective representations, 7–8
self-criticism, 209
sent-down studio employees, 231
sent-down youth, 20, 21, 205, 241–58;
college recommendation, 251–52;
creating meaning in life, 250–51;
from elite, 246–47;
hunger strike, 252–53, 254;
life in Yunnan, 248–51;
literature on, 242–47;
memories, living with, 255–57;
“no-regret” accounts, 244–45;
ordinary, lives and memories of, 247–55;
photographs of, 245–46, 246;
picket corps, 253;
political classes, 249–50;
return to city, demands for, 251–55, 254;
rural-urban differences, 205, 208, 210, 214;
strikes, 252–55, 255;
work points, 215
“settling of accounts” movements (qingsuan), 191
shamans, 270
Shanghai (city), 12;
bombing, 170–71, 171;
cinema, 155–57;
city-wide tourism festival, 279;
Cultural Commission, 155;
demolition of neighborhoods, 288–89, 290, 293nn20, 21, 22;
Japanese attack on, 135;
leftist cultural movement, 147;
Number 17 National Textile Mill, 227;
refugees, 168, 168–69;
returnees, 169;
voluntarism, 175.
See also Expo 2010 Shanghai
Shanghai Film Studio Pictorial, 229, 230
Shao Yuanchong (Minister of Propaganda), 151
Shen Deqian (poet), 35–36
Shenbao (newspaper), 109, 175
Shennongjia (Hubei province), 267
Shennongjia nature reserve, 268, 271
shipping, 12, 75–76
shophouses (qilou), 14, 14, 137–38, 140, 143n20
Shui Hua (film director), 231
Siergou (shantytown), 189
silk road, 4
Sima Qian (historian), 37
Sina Weibo (microblogging site), 290
Singapore, 129, 132–38
Sino-Japanese War, 165–66, 168, 170.
See also refugees
Sino-Soviet relations, 198
“Sisters in Sports” photo essay, 121
Snow Storm Tonight (Liang), 245
social welfare, development of, 172–76
socialism, 17–18, 187
Socialist Education Movement, 210
Son of the Revolution (Liang), 243
Song dynasty (960–1279), 4
The Song of Fishermen (film), 152
Song on the Reservoir (film), 222–24, 223, 229, 231, 233
Song Youxing (writer), 269, 270
Songster, Elena, 21
Soul Mountain (Lingshan) (Gao), 270
Southeast Asia:
Chinese diaspora, 129–32;
early trade, 130, 131;
European colonialism, 130–31, 139;
Singapore, 128–32, 129;
wealth of overseas Chinese, 139
Soviet Union:
Dalian, presence in, 18, 186–87, 190–91, 195, 198;
housing in, 192;
industrial development, influence on, 203
spatial profiling, 19, 203–18;
food differences, 212–14;
historical context, 204–5, 212;
household registration (hukou), 204, 216, 252;
ideological correctness and, 209–10;
personality stereotypes, 211–12;
propaganda images, 206, 206–7;
renewed rural-urban ties, 206, 206;
rural bearing (fengdu), 211;
seeing people, 206, 206–12, 209, 210;
seeing place, 212–16;
skin differences, 206, 206–7;
work differences, 214–15
The Spectacles of Beijing (film), 152
Spence, Jonathan, 244
spirit tablets, 91, 93, 97, 10
5n24
Sports Illustrated, 109, 111, 117
The Sports Review, 120
Spring Silkworms (film), 152
“sputnik” concept, 226, 231
state-society relations, 7–9, 22, 281, 15017
statues, 4, 97, 98, 134–36, 135
Sun Guiyun (athlete), 109, 113, 116–17, 120
Sun Yat-sen, 87–90, 93;
“Three Principles of the People,” 94, 96, 159;
vision for China, 94–95, 104–5n16;
visit to Ming tombs, 93–94
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, 9, 22, 87–88, 88, 94–100, 95, 180;
ancestral ceremonies, 9, 99;
building of, 89–90, 95–96;
ceremonies at, 97–99;
Chinese Communist Party and, 101;
procession to tomb, 10, 105n25;
protestors at, 101, 103;
statue of Sun, 97, 98
Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park Management Committee, 100
Surabaya (trading center), 130
“Surrender of the Khan of Badakhshan” (court painting), 30, 32
Suzhou area, 7, 38, 39–40, 44n30
Taiping Kingdom, 49–50
Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864), 48, 49–50, 66n20;
elite observers, 57–58;
elite views of, 54–55;
tomb of Zhu and, 91, 92–93;
voluntarism, 173;
women as participants, 56–57
Tan Tock-seng (merchant), 136
Tangshan (town), 79–81, 80
Tangshan earthquake, 261
telescope metaphor, 21–22, 259–60, 273–74
Thailand, 129
Thian Hock Keng (Tian Hou Gong) temple, 134, 134–38, 135
“Three Principles of the People,” 94, 96, 159
Tian Han (Communist writer), 155
Tiananmen Square, 1, 1–2, 101
Tianjin (city), 12, 75, 76, 82–85, 205
Tianjin Daily, 209
Tianma Film Studio, 235
tombs, 9;
ancestral pavilion, 91, 91–92, 95, 96;
inscriptions and carvings, 96–97;
location of, 90–92;
public forbidden to view, 91–92, 93–94;
spirit tablets, 91, 93, 97, 105n24;
of Zhu Yuanzhang, 90–93, 91.
See also Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Tong Wangzhi (refugee), 177–78
tourism, 282
traders, 130, 131
Treaty of Nanjing, 75
treaty ports, 75, 204
Tushu jicheng (Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times), 82
The Twin Sisters (film), 157–60, 158, 163n38
Union of All Shanghai Voluntary Agencies, 175
United China Relief (UCR), 170–71
United Nations, 260
United States:
Bigfoot, 267;
Chinese communities, 14, 129, 132, 139;
Hurricane Katrina, 165, 166–67, 180;
orientation films for American troops, 171–72;
relief efforts for Chinese refugees, 170–71
United Survey Team, 261–62
“Up to the Mountains, Down to the Countryside” movement, 242
Urban Best Practices Area (UBPA), 282
urbanites:
clothing, 208, 209, 209–11, 210;
personality stereotypes, 211–12
urbanization, 9, 12–13, 17, 282
video game, Oil Baby, 284, 284–86, 287
violence, imagery of, 57–58, 58, 61
visual culture, 2–6, 12, 14, 23, 25, 229, 260, 280, 287
visual markers, 19
voluntarism:
Mao era, 222, 224–26, 233, 236;
myth of, 175;
refugees and, 172–76, 174
Wang Huaiqi (educator), 123n9
Wang Hui (painter), 31
Wang Xiangrong, 112
Wang Zhen, 252, 258n37
War of Resistance (1937–1945), 168, 170
Wartime Orphanage Committee, 178
Wartime Services Corps, 177
White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), 48, 49;
colored sashes, flags and armbands, 52–54;
geography, 62, 63;
ritual performance, 51–52;
visual components in participant writings, 50–52;
women as participants, 56
Why We Fight (orientation films), 171–72
Wild Swans (Jung), 243
wilderness, views of, 259–77;
crisis, 1976, 260–62, 268;
crisis, 1983, 262–66;
origins, search for, 270–71;
saving the soul, 272–73;
superstitious stories as hazard, 267;
telescope metaphor, 21–22, 259–60, 273–74;
as vulnerable, 261;
wild, celebrating, 268–73
Wilkinson, Endymion, 85n7
women:
dangerous, discourse of, 117;
objectified in prewar 1930s, 108, 118;
rebellion participants, 56–57, 66n24;
stereotypes of physical weakness, 107, 108
women’s physical culture, 12–14, 13, 107–25;
categorization of athletes, 1167–118;
“Chinese Sports Queen” contest, 117–88;
class issues, 113;
commodification of athletes, 117–18;
convergence of prurience and nationalism, 111–12;
ideology of “healthy beauty,” 113–20;
liberation rhetoric, 108, 112;
male gaze and, 108;
men involved in, 112–13;
national crisis and, 108, 111–12;
ogling for the nation, 111–12, 119;
photography, 13, 110, 111, 115, 118–19, 122;
postmodern interpretations, 121–22;
“quitters,” 116, 119–20;
sexualized images of sport, 109–11, 110;
strong and loyal Chinese woman, image of, 113;
typecasting of athletes, 116;
women’s sports as national games, 109–12
Wong, H. S. (photographer), 171, 181n12
woodblock printing, 4;
nianhua (New Year’s Paintings), 11, 12, 73–74
World War II, 165, 168, 171
Wu Meixian (athlete), 117
Wu Yunrui (physical education expert), 113
Xia Yan (screenwriter), 155–57, 160, 161, 162n27
Xiamen (city), 130, 131–32, 139–40
Xiamen University, 140
Xiaorong Han, 205
Xiaowei Zheng, 290
Xie Guangzhi (amateur historian), 245, 246, 254, 254–55
Xie Jin (filmmaker), 229
Xie Qi (official), 177
Xing Guihua (Dalian resident), 188, 195
Xishuangbanna Prefecture, 252
Xu Fanting (general), 101
Xu Shifu (former sent-down youth), 247, 249, 253, 258n37
Xu Yang (court painter), 7, 7–8, 31, 34
Xu Zhongzuan (athlete), 116
xuanchuan, as term, 220
Yan’ an (city), 155
Yan’ an filmmakers, 155–57
Yang Quan (former sent-down youth), 250–51
Yang Xiuqiong “The Mermaid” (athlete), 114–16, 115, 119, 124n23
Yangliuqing area, 11, 12, 69–86;
decline in picture making, 72, 75–78, 81;
geo-political economy, 75–78;
year-round production, 70, 72.
See also New Year’s Paintings (nianhua)
Yangzhou (city), 36
Yantai (city), 206
Ye Feng (sent-down youth), 252
yellow perimeter (huangcheng), 29
Yellow River, 75
yeren (Bigfoot-like creature), 259, 266–73;
as endangered, 266–68;
primitivism and, 268–71, 269, 273–74
Yeren (Gao Xingjian), 268, 270, 271
“A Yeren
Seeks a Mate” (Song), 269, 270
Yihua Film Studio, 147–49
Yihua Incident, 147–49
Young Companion (magazine), 10, 178, 179
youth.
See sent-down youth
Yu Fei’an, 76–77
Yu Hua, 2
Yu Ling (film bureau official), 155–56, 162n27
Yuan dynasty, 73
Yuan Muzhi (film bureau official), 155
Yuan Shikai (president), 87–88, 90
Yuan Yuhao (yeren tracker), 271
Yunnan Construction Corps, 241, 245, 248
Yunnan province, 237
yurts (ger), 8, 29–31, 33, 33–35
Zeng Guofan (governor), 78
Zengxing Picture Shop, 84
Zhang Dejian (elite observer), 57–60, 59
Zhang Fangtian (wholesaler), 82
Zhang Fei (heroic figure), 287, 288
Zhang Jinxing (yeren tracker), 272, 273
Zhang Qingcong (former sent-down youth), 247, 249–50, 250, 255
Zhang Zhengmo (sect leader), 51, 53
Zhang Zhongshi (writer), 176
Zhao Fan (Vice Minister), 253–54
Zhao Puchu (Buddhist leader), 175
Zhejian province, 25
Zhejiang province, 130
Zheng, Xiaowei, 20–21
Zheng He (explorer), 130
Zheng Zhengqiu (film director), 160
Zhong Kui (god), 11
Zhou Enlai, 222, 261
Zhou Liangpei, 270, 271, 272, 273
Zhou Xingru (sent-down youth), 253
Zhu De, 261
Zhu Yuanzhang (founder of Ming dynasty), 90–93.
See also Ming tomb (Purple Mountain)
About the Contributors
Jeremy Brown received his Ph.D. from UCSD in 2008 and is now Associate Professor of History at Simon Fraser University. His first book was City vs. Countryside in Mao’s China (2012), and he is currently conducting research for a book on the politics of accidents in the Mao era.
Michael G. Chang received his Ph.D. from UCSD in 2001 and is now Associate Professor of History at George Mason University. His first book, A Court on Horseback (2007), examined the politics of Qianlong’s imperial tours; he is writing a second book on political networks in the Qing imperial court.
James A. Cook received his Ph.D. from UCSD in 1998 and is now Associate Director of the Asian Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests include the impact of Overseas Chinese on the development of modern China and the environmental history of northwestern China.
Madeleine Yue Dong received her Ph.D. from UCSD in 1996 and is now Professor of History at the University of Washington. She is the author of the book Republican Beijing (2003) and numerous articles on late imperial and Republican-era China, and she is co-editor of three volumes on modern Chinese history.
Joshua Goldstein received his Ph.D. from UCSD in 2000 and is Associate Professor of History at University of Southern California. His first book, Drama Kings (2007), examined Peking Opera in the Republican era; his current research focuses on the social, economic and environmental history of recycling in China.