The Templars
Page 45
32. Berry, Odo of Deuil 127.
33. Ibid.
6: ‘The Mill of War’
1. Otto of Freising gives St Simeon as Louis’ docking point; this is now Samandag, in Turkey. Mierow, C.C. (trans.) and Emery R, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and His Continuator, Rahewin (New York: 2004) 101.
2. Barber, The New Knighthood 67–8.
3. Luchaire, A., Études sur les actes de Louis VII (Paris: 1885) 174.
4. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 9.
5. A study of the architecture of the Temple Mount during the Templars’ tenure there is given in Boas, A.J., Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c. 1120–1291) (Abingdon: 2006) 19–28.
6. Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh 147; for a slightly extended version of the same passage see Gabrieli and Costello, Arab Historians of the Crusades 79–80.
7. Mierow and Emery, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 102.
8. Ibid. 102.
9. Collins and Alta’I, Al-Muqaddasi: The Best Divisions For the Knowledge of the Regions 133–6; Broadhurst, R.J.C. (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (London: 1952) 272.
10. Ibn al-Athir describes his own father being present as Zengi died: he begged to be granted a swifter end. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir I, 382.
11. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 222.
12. For a full and sympathetic re-assessment of the crusaders’ objectives in attacking Damascus, see Hoch, M., ‘The Choices of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade: A Re-evaluation’ in Balard, M. (ed.), Autour de la première croisade (Paris: 1996) 359–69.
13. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 186.
14. Mierow and Emery, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 102.
15. Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr 271–2.
16. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 188.
17. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades 284.
18. Ibid. 285.
19. On the debate about Frankish strategy at the siege of Damascus, see Phillips, The Second Crusade 221–7.
20. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 192.
21. Ibid. 195.
7: ‘The God-Forsaken Tower’
1. Gaza is mentioned approvingly by Al-Muqaddasi as ‘a large town on the main road into Egypt... there is here a beautiful mosque’. Collins and Alta’I, Al-Muqaddasi: The Best Divisions For the Knowledge of the Regions 146.
2. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 202.
3. al-Ghazzi died in 1129/30, and fragments of his poetry were preserved by the chronicler Ibn al-Athir; Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir I, 285.
4. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 481–2.
5. For Andrew’s analogy with the ant, see Bernard of Clairvaux’s reply to him in James, The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux 479.
6. This letter is printed in modern English translation in Barber, M. and Bate, K., Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (Farnham: 2013) 47–8; the original French can be found in Bouquet, M. et al (eds.), Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France XV (Paris: 1878), 540–1.
7. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 203.
8. Ibid. 219.
9. On Bethgibelin and other castles in the region see Kennedy, H., Crusader Castles (Cambridge: 1994) 30–2, also Smail, R.C., ‘Crusaders’ Castles of the Twelfth Century’ in The Cambridge Historical Journal 10 (1952), 140.
10. The only detailed account of the siege of Ascalon is by William of Tyre. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 217–34.
11. James, The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux 519, 521.
12. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 221.
13. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades 315.
14. As seems evident from their position when Ascalon’s wall was breached and the tower fell. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades 227.
15. Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh 25.
16. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades 227.
17. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 227.
18. For the strategic implications for the secular rulers of Jerusalem see Smail, R.C., Crusading Warfare 1097–1193 (2nd edn, Cambridge: 1995) 103–4.
8: ‘Power and Riches’
1. A detailed eyewitness report of Nasr-al-Din’s flight from Cairo and the extraordinary circumstances that prompted it is contained in Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh 26–36. Also see Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 67–8.
2. This allegation is made by Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 67.
3. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 251.
4. Cobb, Usama ibn Munqidh 37–8. Usama took a particular interest in this saddle since it actually belonged to him.
5. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 68.
6. James, Brooke and Mynors, Walter Map: De Nugis Curialium, Courtier’s Trifles 62–7.
7. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 253.
8. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 147–8.
9. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 253.
10. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 69.
11. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 253.
12. Delisle, L. (ed.), Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France XV (Paris: 1808), 681–2.
13. Wilkinson et al, Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185 293–4.
14. Ibid. 303.
15. Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders 106, 111, 112; Kennedy, Crusader Castles 31, 55.
16. Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders 111–12.
17. Ibid. 188.
18. Wilkinson et al, Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185 310.
19. Ibid. 312.
20. Kennedy, Crusader Castles 56.
21. Ibid. 57.
9: ‘Troubles in the Two Lands’
1. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 300.
2. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 172.
3. William of Tyre recorded that ‘the death of Baldwin was the occasion of much discord among the barons of the realm, who were variously affected by the change of monarchs. In fact it came near causing a serious quarrel involving the danger of schism’. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 295.
4. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 53.
5. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 300.
6. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades 336–7.
7. Sewell, R.C. (ed. and trans.), Gesta Stephani, Regis Anglorum et Ducis Normannorum (London: 1846) 38.
8. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 306.
9. Barber, M., The Crusader States (New Haven/London: 2012) 241.
10. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 61.
11. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 317.
12. Ibid. 312.
13. Ibid. 312.
14. Ibid. 330.
15. Nicholson, H.J., The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (Farnham: 1997) 28.
16. This quote and the description of the palace that follows, Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 319–21.
17. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 351.
18. Richards, D.S. (trans.), The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin (Farnham: 2002) 26.
19. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 23.
10: ‘Tears of Fire’
1. Gabrieli and Costello, Arab Historians of the Crusades 146–7.
2. Ric
hards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 45.
3. Ibid. 28.
4. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 391.
5. Bird, J., Peters, E. and Powell, J.M. (eds.), Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291 (Philadelphia: 2013) 189.
6. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 392.
7. Barber, The New Knighthood 103.
8. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 392–3.
9. Ibid. 393.
10. Ibid. 394.
11. On the physical site of the Hospital in Jerusalem, see Pringle, D., ‘The Layout of the Jerusalem Hospital in the Twelfth Century: Further Thoughts and Suggestions’ in Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 91–110.
12. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 72.
13. See Kedar, B.Z., ‘The Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane’ in France, K. and Zajac, W.G. (eds.), The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton (Aldershot: 1998).
14. Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ in Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux Tome IV (Paris: 1898), 185.
15. Ibid. 185.
16. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 54.
17. Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ 185.
18. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 431.
19. Ibid. 431.
20. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 54.
21. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 73.
22. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 253.
23. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 437.
24. Genesis 32:10–32.
25. Ellenblum, R., Crusader Castles and Modern Histories (Cambridge: 2007) 264.
26. Ibid. 273; Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ 208.
27. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 444.
28. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 264.
29. Ibid. 266.
30. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 440.
31. Ibid. 443, quoting Job 27:3–4: ‘All the while my breath is in me, and the spirit of God is in my nostrils; My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit.’
32. Ibid. 443.
33. Imad al-Din, in Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux Tome IV (Paris: 1898), 200.
34. Ibid. 194.
35. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 265.
36. Ibid. 265.
37. Imad al-Din 205; Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 266.
38. Imad al-Din 205.
39. Ibid. 206–7.
40. Note to Come
41. The historian and archaeologist Ronnie Ellenblum excavated the site in the early twenty-first century and discovered ‘the body of at least one of the defenders... in situ, opposite the breach in the wall’. Ellenblum, R., Crusader Castles and Modern Histories, (Cambridge: 2007) 273.
42. Imad al-Din 203.
43. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 266.
44. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 444.
11: ‘Woe to you, Jerusalem?’
1. The canons of the Third Lateran Council can be consulted in English translation most conveniently at http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum11.htm.
2. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land 246–7.
3. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 279.
4. See for example Gargallo, Moya, A. et al (eds.), Cartulario del Temple de Huesca (Zaragoza: 1985) 44, 58.
5. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 543.
6. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 455–6.
7. During his career to 1186 the sultan spent a combined total of just eleven months actively fighting Frankish armies, compared to nearly three years engaged in campaigns against Muslims. Asbridge, The Crusades 335.
8. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea II, 502.
9. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 539–40. See also Barber, M., ‘The Reputation of Gerard of Ridefort’ in Upton-Ward, J., The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (Aldershot: 2008) 116–17.
10. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 79.
11. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 161–2.
12. Jacoby, Z., ‘The Tomb of Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (1185–1186), and the Workshop of the Temple Area’, Gesta 18 (1979) 3–14 discusses the tomb, now lost except for fragments of carved stone.
13. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 68.
14. For this interpretation of Gerard of Ridefort’s actions at Cresson see Tyerman, C., God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London: 2006) 367.
15. Letter to Frederick I of Germany, printed in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 76–7.
16. Hoogeweg, H., Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters (Stuttgart: 1894) 142.
17. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 76.
18. According to the continuator of William of Tyre. Edbury, P.W., The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Farnham: 1998) 32.
19. Stevenson, J., Ralph of Coggeshall: Chronicon Anglicanum (London: 1875) 212.
20. Rules 659, 675, 676. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 170–1.
21. See the letter to Frederick I in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 76. This broadly agrees with Ralph of Coggeshall’s rendering of the Templars’ response: ‘Whether we live or die we will always be victorious in Christ’s name!’ Stevenson, Ralph of Coggeshall 212.
22. Bernard was here invoking Romans 24:8. Greenia and Barber, Bernard of Clairvaux: In Praise of the New Knighthood 34. On Templar approaches to martyrdom, see Rother, J., ‘Embracing Death, Celebrating Life: Reflections on the Concept of Martyrdom in the Order of the Knights Templar’, Ordines Militares 19 (2014).
23. Urs’ fate at Cresson is slightly uncertain, but it seems very likely that he was killed. For a summary of the prosopographical evidence see Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 666. For the fate of Roger de Moulins, the continuator of William of Tyre names decapitation. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 32.
24. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 319.
25. Stevenson, Ralph of Coggeshall 212.
26. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 25–6.
27. Ibid. 26.
28. The pope’s precis of Gerard’s letter is printed in English translation in Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 33.
29. Stevenson, Ralph of Coggeshall 218.
30. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 457.
31. Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ 264.
32. Ibid. 263.
33. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 31.
34. Letter to Frederick I, Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 77; de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 460–1.
35. de Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 461.
36. Melville, C.P. and Lyons, M.C., ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’ in Kedar, B.Z. (ed.) The Horns of Hattin (Jerusalem: 1992) 210–11.
37. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 321.
38. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 32.
39. Melville and Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’ 211.
40. The ‘Eracles’, this translation is given in Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 159.
41. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East 82.
42. Ibid. 78.
43. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 322.
44. Melville and Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’ 211.
45. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 74.
46. Richards, Chr
onicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 323.
47. Ibid. 323.
48. Melville and Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’ 211, 212.
49. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 74.
50. Letter to the master of the Hospitallers in Italy, translated in Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 161.
51. Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 75.
52. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 324.
53. Quoted by Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ 277.
54. Ibid. 278.
55. The continuator of William of Tyre relates this story: Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 47.
56. Quoted by Abu Shama, ‘The Book of the Two Gardens’ 333.
57. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 64–5.
PART III: Bankers
1. Gabrieli and Costello, Arab Historians of the Crusades 288.
12: ‘The Pursuit of Fortune’
2. Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 81. Ailes (trans.), The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la guerre sainte (Woodbridge: 2003) 73.
3. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 169.
4. Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr 318. Ibn Jubayr is citing Qur’an Ar-Rahman 55:24.
5. Theoderic in Wilkinson et al, Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185 310; see also a sketch of the ruined Templar house made in 1752 by Ladislaus Mayr, which is reproduced in Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders 30.
6. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 49.
7. Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr 317.
8. Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders 29.
9. Imad al-Din 296.
10. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem 80.
11. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 78.
12. According to a contemporary poem transcribed in Prutz, H., ‘Ein Zeitgenössisches Gedicht über die Belagerung Accons’ in Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte 21 (1881) 478.
13. For Geoffrey Morin’s biographical summary, see Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars 534–5.
14. Upton-Ward, The Rule of The Templars 59–60.
15. Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 367; Richards, Rare and Excellent History of Saladin 102.
16. This interpretation would seem to reconcile Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade 79, and Richards, Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir II, 367.