Family Britain, 1951-1957
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9 Family Favourites
1. Guardian, 13 Nov 1999; The Times, 9 Sep 2000; Guardian, 30 Oct 2004; Daily Mail, 29 Apr 1988; Independent on Sunday, 28 Feb 1993; BBC News Magazine (online), May 2007, ‘Was Britain Better in the 50s?’; Martin, 22 Feb 1954; Shirley Collins, America Over the Water (2005), p 176.
2. Fowles, EUL MS 102/1/8, fol 212, 8 Apr 1955; Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain (2001), p 7; Ferdynand Zweig, The British Worker (1952), pp 235–9; B. Seebohm Rowntree and G. R. Lavers, English Life and Leisure (1951), pp 326–7; Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Pelican edn, 1958), p 279.
3. Geoffrey Gorer, Exploring English Character (1955), pp 241–2; T. Cauter and J. S. Downham, The Communication of Ideas (1954), p 52; BBC WA, R9/9/19–LR/55/192, Feb 1955, ‘Religious Broadcasts and the Public’; A. M. Carr-Saunders et al, A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales (Oxford, 1958), p 260; George H. Gallup (ed), The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), pp 403–4.
4. Brown, Death, p 6; Grace Davie, Religion in Britain since 1945 (Oxford, 1994), p 82; Hoggart, Uses, pp 114–15.
5. Rowntree and Lavers, English Life, pp 14, 33, 38, 50–51, 55, 67, 355; Gorer, Exploring, pp 243–4, 253, 257; Tablet, 18 Dec 1999; Gallup (ed), Gallup, p 405; Zweig, British Worker, pp 236–7; Hoggart, Uses, pp 117–19.
6. Gorer, Exploring, pp 237–8, 246–7; Cater and Downham, Communication, pp 54–5; Hoggart, Uses, p 118; Times Literary Supplement, 8 Aug 2008 (Bill Knox); Carr-Saunders, Survey, p 261; Spencer Leigh, ‘Don Cornell’, Independent, 1 Mar 2004.
7. Hunter Davies, ‘The Church Has Scored an Own Goal’, Independent, 6 Jul 1998; Lady Henrietta Rous (ed), The Ossie Clark Diaries (1998), p xlviii; Anton Rippon, A Derby Boy (Stroud, 2007), p 76; Ian Jack, ‘Things That Have Interested Me’, Guardian, 11 Mar 2006; John Parker, Father of the House (1982), pp 119–20; Clive D. Field, ‘“The Secularized Sabbath” Revisited: Opinion Polls as Sources for Sunday Observance in Contemporary Britain’, Contemporary British History (Spring 2001), p 6.
8. Daily Mirror, 5 Sep 1955; Andrew Holden, Makers and Manners (2004), p 64; Picture Post, 3 Dec 1955.
9. David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume IV (2001), p 140; Sunday Pictorial, 29 Aug 1954; Crossman, MS 154/8/16, 1 Nov 1954.
10. Amis, p 422; Joseph McAleer, Passion’s Fortune (Oxford, 1999), pp 241–3; Robert Hewison, In Anger (Methuen edn, 1988), p 177; Robin Day, Grand Inquisitor (1989), p 64; David Hendy, ‘BBC Radio Four and Conflicts over Spoken English in the 1970s’, Media History (Dec 2006), p 275; Peter O’Sullevan, Calling the Horses (1989), p 144; Fowles, p 369.
11. Alan Titchmarsh, Nobbut a Lad (2006), p 4; Barry Unsworth, ‘Stockton and Naples’, Northern Review (Autumn 1999), p 113; David Lascelles, Other People’s Money (2005), p 9; Kynaston, City, p 140; Derek Robinson, ‘It Was Different Then!’, in James Belsey et al, Muddling Through (Bristol, 1988), p 13; Frank Mort, Cultures of Consumption (1996), p 138; Brian Thompson, Clever Girl (2007), p 30; Mort, Cultures, p 140; Steve Humphries and John Taylor, The Making of Modern London, 1945–1985 (1986), pp 32–3.
12. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, A Passage to England (Hogarth Press edn, 1989), pp 82–6; Anthony Thwaite (ed), Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1955 (1992), p 207; Daily Mirror, 20 Aug 1955; Helen Carey, ‘Elizabeth Brunner’, Independent, 15 Jan 2003; The Times, 3 Sep 1954; Sunday Express, 18 Sep 1955.
13. Jacqueline Wilson, Jacky Daydream (Corgi Yearling edn, 2008), p 120; Ken Blakemore, Sunnyside Down (Stroud, 2005), pp 159–60; Independent, 29 Oct 1996; Rowntree and Lavers, English Life, chap 6; Christie Davies, The Strange Death of Moral Britain (New Brunswick, NJ, 2004), pp 27–8; Laurie Dennett, A Sense of Security (Cambridge, 1988), pp 322–3.
14. George Tremlett, The David Bowie Story (1974), pp 15–16; Wilson, Jacky, p 95; Anthony Seldon, Major (1997), pp 12–13; Harry Thompson, Peter Cook (1997), pp 18–19; BBC News Magazine (online), May 2007, ‘Your 1950s: School life’; Rosalind Delmar, ‘Recording a Landscape: Growing Up in Dormanstown’, in Jim Fyrth (ed), Labour’s Promised Land? (1995), pp 311–12; Oldie (May 2000), pp 32–3 (Barber); Robinson, ‘Different’, p 9; Steve Humphries et al, A Century of Childhood (1988), p 113; Hunter Davies, Strong Lad Wanted for Strong Lass (Carlisle, 2004), p 34; The Times, 28 Mar 2000; BBC News Magazine, ‘Your 1950s’ (Ferguson).
15. Donald Simpson, ‘Progressivism and the Development of Primary Education: An Historical Review’, History of Education Society Bulletin (Autumn 1996), p 58; Ian Grosvenor and Martin Lawn, ‘Days out of School: Secondary Education, Citizenship and Public Space in 1950s England’, History of Education (July 2004), pp 385–8; Haines, 9 Sep 1954; John Wroughton, Mr Colston’s Hospital (Bristol, 2002), p 298; Guardian, 23 Jan 2003 (Libby Brooks); Eastern Daily Press, 25 Sep 1954; Rev. Oliver Willmott, The Parish Notes of Loders, Dottery & Askerswell, Dorset: Volume I (Shrewsbury, 1996), Feb 1955.
16. Elizabeth Nelson, The British Counter-Culture, 1966–73 (Basingstoke, 1989), pp 14–15; Gerald Fairlie, The Return of the Black Gang (1954), p 21; John Springhall et al, Sure & Stedfast (1983), p 185; John Barron Mays, Growing Up in the City (Liverpool, 1954), p 183.
17. The Boy Scouts Association, The Scout Song Book (1952); Basil Henriques, The Home-Menders (1955), pp 147–8; Observer, 23 Oct 1955; Picture Post, 19 Nov 1955.
18. Mays, Growing Up, p 69; Pearl Jephcott, Some Young People (1954), pp 69–71; Raphael Samuel, The Lost World of British Communism (2006), p 12; Helen Reid, ‘Salad Days’, in James Belsey et al, Muddling Through (Bristol, 1988), pp 35–42.
19. Liz Stanley, Sex Surveyed, 1949–1994 (1995), pp 155, 164; Sheridan Morley, Dirk Bogarde (1996), pp 65–6; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, ‘Cinema Audience Tastes in 1950s Britain’, Journal of Popular British Cinema (1999), p 72; Mark Lewisohn, Funny, Peculiar (2002), p 236; Langford, 4 Apr 1954; Martin P. M. Richards and B. Jane Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage in the 1960s and 1970s’ in David Clark (ed), Marriage, Domestic Life and Social Change (1991), pp 37–8; M-O A, Mass-Observation Bulletin, no 50: March 1954, pp 2–6; Paul Ferris, Sir Huge (1990), p 97.
20. Penelope Lively, ‘Sex Was a Dangerous Game in the Swinging Fifties’, Sunday Times, 3 Dec 2000; Richards and Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage’, p 38; McAleer, Passion’s Fortune, p 209; Cate Haste, Rules of Desire (1992), pp 175–7; Guardian, 22 May 2004; Lively, ‘Sex’; Joan Bakewell, The Centre of the Bed (2003), p 109; Liz Hodgkinson, ‘The Decade of Discontent’, The Times, 12 Sep 1990; Philip Norman, John Lennon (2008), p 72; Robinson, ‘Different’, p 10.
21. Andy Medhurst, A National Joke (Abingdon, 2007), pp 87–9; Holden, Makers, pp 60–62; Medhurst, National, p 96; Henriques, Home-Makers, pp 128, 130; British Medical Association, Homosexuality and Prostitution (1955), p 31; The Times, 28 Nov 1997 (Valerie Elliott); Patrick Higgins, Heterosexual Dictatorship (1996), pp 40–45; Matt Houlbrook, Queer London (2005), pp 255–61. See also Frank Mort, ‘Mapping Sexual London: The Wolfenden Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, 1954–57’, New Formations (Spring 1999), pp 108–11.
22. Andy Medhurst, ‘Every Wart and Pustule: Gilbert Harding and Television Stardom’, in John Corner (ed), Popular Television in Britain (1991), pp 67–8; Times Literary Supplement, 19 Nov 2004 (Frederic Raphael); Evening Standard, 24 Apr 2007; Angela Pleasence, ‘Hallam Tennyson’, Guardian, 6 Jan 2006; Stephen Moss, ‘Sounds and Silence’, Guardian, 19 Jun 2004 (Maxwell Davies); Alan Bennett, Untold Stories (2005), p 143; The Times, 12 Dec 2005 (Paul McCann).
23. Paula Bartley and Barbara Gwinnett, ‘Prostitution’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow, 2001), p 219; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (Vintage edn, 2008), p 322; Holden, Makers, p 66; Paul Ferris, Sex and the British (1993), p 157; Stanley, Sex, pp 148, 150; C. H. Rolph (ed), Women of the Streets (1955), pp 87–91.
24. http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/radio/twff.htm; Denis Gifford, ‘Jean Metcalfe’, Independent, 31 Jan 2000; Blakemore, Sunnyside, p 133.
26. Rachel M. Pierce, ‘Marriage in the Fifties’, Sociological Review (July 1963), p 219; Robin Eggar, Tom Jones (2000), pp 34–6; Elizabeth Roberts, Women and Families (Oxford, 1995), p 74; Penny Somerfield, ‘Women in Britain since 1945: Companionate Marriage and the Double Burden’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds), Understanding Post-war British Society (1994), p 66; Claire Langhamer, ‘Adultery in Post-War England’, History Workshop Journal (Autumn 2006), p 94; Lewis Baston, Reggie (Stroud, 2004), pp 80–81; Noel Annan, Our Age (1990), p 175; Gorer, Exploring, p 147; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs (2003), p 111; Max Wall, The Fool on the Hill (1975), pp 168–9, 173; David Clark, ‘Guidance Counselling, Therapy: Responses to “Marital Problems”, 1950–90’, Sociological Review (Nov 1991), pp 772–3; Humphries, Century, p 58.
27. Stanley, Sex, p 134; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 99; Stanley, Sex, p 132; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 102; Gorer, Exploring, pp 154, 149; Raynham, 10 Dec 1954; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 104.
28. Eustace Chesser, The Sexual, Marital and Family Relationships of the English Woman (1956), pp 311–16; Gorer, Exploring, pp 96–7; Chesser, Sexual, p 377; Gorer, Exploring, pp 98–9; Richards and Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage’, p 40; Natalie Higgins, ‘The Changing Expectations and Realities of Marriage in the English Working Class, 1920–1960’, University of Cambridge PhD, 2002, p 110.
29. Holden, Makers, p 43; Lulie A. Shaw, ‘Impressions of Family Life in a London Suburb’, Sociological Review (Dec 1954), p 181; Chesser, Sexual, p 455; Gallup (ed.), Gallup, p 409; Elizabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise (1980), p 96; Holden, Makers, p 44; Kate Fisher, Birth Control, Sex and Marriage in Britain, 1918–1960 (Oxford, 2006), chap 1; Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 223; Phyllis Willmott, Joys and Sorrows (1995), p 138.
30. Lively, ‘Sex’; Joanna Bourke, Working-Class Cultures in Britain, 1890–1960 (1994), p 57; Barbara Brookes, Abortion in England, 1900–1967 (Beckenham, 1988), pp 133, 148, 144; Jennifer Worth, ‘A Deadly Trade’, Guardian, 6 Jan 2005.
31. Bourke, Working-Class Cultures, p 31; Picture Post, 25 Sep 1954; Gillian Clark, ‘The Role of Mother and Baby Homes in the Adoption of Children Born Outside Marriage in Twentieth-Century England and Wales’, Family & Community History (May 2008), p 55; Quarterly Review of the Church of England Moral Welfare Council (Oct 1950), p 27; Clark, ‘Role’, pp 46–7; Tanya Evans, ‘The Other Woman and Her Child: Extra-marital Affairs and Illegitimacy in 20th Century England’, Institute of Historical Research, 20 Feb 2008; Clark, ‘Role’, pp 57, 45; Daily Mirror, 26 Oct 1953, 29–31 Oct 1953.
32. Woman’s Own, 20 Oct 1955; White, Women’s Magazines, p 147; Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine (1983), p 60; ‘Barbara Goalen’, Daily Telegraph, 19 Jun 2002; Veronica Horwell, ‘Margot Smyly’, Guardian, 11 Jun 2005; Barbara Pym Papers (Bodleian Library, Oxford), MS Pym 47, fol 10, c. Dec 1955.
33. Summerfield, ‘Women’, pp 58–9; Christine Geraghty, British Cinema in the Fifties (2000), pp 160–67; Woman’s Own, 6 Oct 1955; Wilson, Only Halfway, p 93; Woman’s Own, 1 Sep 1955; Christina Hardyment, Slice of Life (1995), p 37; Maggie Andrews, The Acceptable Face of Feminism (1997), chap 8; Bolton Evening News, 30 Apr 1953.
34. Maggie Andrews, ‘Butterflies and Caustic Asides’, in Stephen Wagg (ed), Because I Tell a Joke or Two (1998), p 54; Good Housekeeping Institute, The Happy Home (1955), chaps 2–3, 5, 7, 9; White, Women’s Magazines, pp 146–7; Sunday Express, 16 Jan 1955; Ferguson, Forever, p 50.
35. Willmott, Parish Notes, Mar 1954; Sue Aspinall, ‘Women, Realism and Reality in British Films, 1943–53’, in James Curran and Vincent Porter (eds), British Cinema History (1953), p 290; Alan Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture in Postwar Britain (Oxford, 1989), pp 207–8; News Chronicle, 23 Apr 1952; Housewife, Sep 1953, p 30; BBC WA, Woman’s Hour, 9 Feb 1955.
36. Rivers Fletcher, ‘Sheila van Damm’, Independent, 26 Aug 1987; Jenny Uglow, A Little History of British Gardening (2004), p 286; James Morton, ‘Dame Rose Heilbron’, Guardian, 13 Dec 2005; Deborah Ross, ‘Three’s Company’, Independent, 15 Jul 2002; Daily Telegraph/Guardian, 15 Nov 2003.
37. White, Women’s Magazines, p 142; Stephanie Spencer, Gender, Work and Education in Britain in the 1950s (Basingstoke, 2005), p 150; Roberts, Women, pp 119, 129–31; Viola Klein, Britain’s Married Women Workers (1965), pp 65–9; John Boyd Carpenter, Way of Life (1980), p 108.
38. Independent on Sunday, 31 Dec 2000 (Louise Jury); Independent, 3 Dec 2003 (Brian Viner); Wilson, Only Halfway, p 33; Mary Evans, A Good School (1991), p 29; Carol Dyhouse, ‘Education’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow, 2001), p 124; Sarah Aiston, ‘A Maternal Identity? The Family Lives of British Women Graduates Pre- and Post-1945’, History of Education (Jul 2005), p 411; Judith Hubback, Wives Who Went to College (1957), p 159; Klein, Britain’s Married, p 26; Chris Wrigley, ‘Women in the Labour Market and in the Unions’, in John McIlroy et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Policies: Volume Two (Aldershot, 1999), p 45; Jane Lewis, Women in Britain since 1945 (Oxford, 1992), p 74.
39. Shaw, ‘Impressions’, pp 182–3; Ken Grainger, ‘Money Control and Labour Quiescence: Shopfloor Politics at Alfred Herbert’s, 1945–1980’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds), Shopfloor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), p 98; Humphries and Taylor, Making, p 66; Denise Riley, ‘“The Free Mothers”: Pronatalism and Working Women in Industry at the End of the Last War in Britain’, History Workshop (Spring 1981), p 78; Picture Post, 7 Jan 1956.
40. Roberts, Women, p 235; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, p 183; J. H. Smith, ‘Managers and Married Women Workers’, British Journal of Sociology (Mar 1961), pp 20–21; Klein, Britain’s Married, pp 36–48.
41. Sunday Pictorial, 21 Feb 1954, 28 Feb 1954; Woman’s Own, 1 Sep 1955; Ann Dally, ‘John Bowlby’, Independent, 13 Sep 1990; Victoria Winckler, ‘Women in Post World War Wales’, Llafor (1987), p 70; Simon Phillips, ‘The Changing Social & Economic Role of Women within the Valley Community of Merthyr Tydfil during the Twentieth Century’, Keele University thesis, June 1992; Chesser, Sexual, p 375; April Carter, The Politics of Women’s Rights (Harlow, 1988), p 19; Joyce Joseph, ‘A Research Note on Attitudes to Work and Marriage of Six Hundred Adolescent Girls’, British Journal of Sociology (Jun 1961), pp 176–83.
42. Humphries and Taylor, Making, p 29; Chris Harris, ‘The Family in Post-war Britain’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds), Understanding Post-war British Society (1994), p 50; Mays, Growing Up, p 89; Norman Dennis et al, Coal is Our Life (Tavistock Publications edn, 1969), pp 204, 242; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, pp 184–6; Dartington Hall Trust Archive, DWE/G/11/D, Michael Young, ‘The Extended Family Welfare Association’ (Nov 1955); Roberts, Women, pp 180–98, 176; Gorer, Exploring, p 46.
43. Picture Post, 15 Mar 1952; Higgins, ‘Changing’, pp 91–100; Chesser, Sexual, pp 363–7; Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 102; Gorer, Exploring, pp 125–6; Dennis, Coal, pp 181–2; Higgins, ‘Changing’, pp 180–5.
44. M-O A, Mass-Observation Bulletin, no 42, May/June 1951: ‘The Housewife’s Day’; Eastern Daily Press, 25 Sep 1954; M-O A, Mass-Observation Bulletin, no 54, June 1957: ‘The Housewife’s Day (2)’; Claire Langhamer, ‘The Meanings of Home in Postwar Britain’, Journal of Contemporary History (Apr 2005), p 358; Picture Post, 10 Mar 1956.
45. Dennis, Coal, p 203; Miriam Akhtar and Steve Humphries, The Fifties and Sixties (2001), pp 91, 93; Langhamer, ‘Meanings’, p 358; M-O A, D5353, 18 Jun 1954.
46. Dennis, Coal, pp 180–81; Mays, Growing Up, p 93; Gorer, Exploring, p 138; Roberts, Women, pp 105, 234; Gorer, Exploring, p 129; Margot Jefferys, ‘Married Women in the Higher Gr
ades of the Civil Service and Government Sponsored Research Organizations’, British Journal of Sociology (Dec 1952), p 363; Eastern Daily Press, 25 Sep 1954; Woman’s Own, 14 Jul 1955; Hoggart, Uses, p 57.
47. Hoggart, Uses, p 57; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, p 187; Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (Pelican edn, 1962), p 24; Bourke, Working-Class Cultures, p 85; Young and Willmott, p 145; Janet Finch and Penny Summerfield, ‘Social Reconstruction and the Emergence of Companionate Marriage, 1945–59’, in David Clark (ed), Marriage, Domestic Life and Social Change (1991), p 22.
48. Adam Faith, Acts of Faith (1996), pp 37–8, 31; News Chronicle, 11 Oct 1955; Roberts, Women, p 88; Mays, Growing Up, p 89; Janet Street-Porter, Baggage (2004), p 43; Melanie McGrath, Silvertown (2002); Billie Whitelaw, . . .Who He? (1995), pp 64–9; Peter Paterson, Tired and Emotional (1993), pp 31–7; Independent, 1 Jan 2000 (Hunter Davies); Gary Imlach, My Father and Other Working-Class Football Heroes (2005), pp 63–4.
49. Michael Young, ‘Distribution of Income within the Family’, British Journal of Sociology (Dec 1952), pp 314–15; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, p 181; C. Slaughter, ‘Modern Marriage and the Roles of the Sexes’, Sociological Review (Dec 1956), p 214; Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 194.
50. Daly, Ms 302/5/8, p 7; Claire Langhamer, Women’s Leisure in England, 1920–60 (Manchester, 2000), p 164; Wilson, Only Halfway, p 32; Young, ‘Distribution’, p 313; Dennis, Coal, pp 210–12; Gorer, Exploring, p 132; Fisher, Birth Control, pp 188, 194–5.
51. Chesser, Sexual, pp 423, 432, 448, 451; Stanley, Sex, pp 40–44; Lesley A. Hall, Sex, Gender and Social Change in Britain since 1880 (Basingstoke, 2000), pp 154–5; Shaw, ‘Impressions’, p 187; Dennis, Coal, p 231; Peter Townsend, The Family Life of Old People (Pelican edn, 1963), p 90; Akhtar and Humphries, Fifties, pp 175–6.
52. Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 211; Gorer, Exploring, p 133; A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914–45 (Pelican edn, 1970), p 219; Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 219; Gorer, Exploring, p 161.