Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations (Outward Odyssey: A People's History of Spaceflight)

by Jay Chladek

  Kitmacher, Gary, ed. Reference Guide to the International Space Station. NASA SP-2006-557. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006.

  Launius, Roger D. Space Stations: Base Camps to the Stars. Old Saybrook CT: Konecky and Konecky, 2003.

  Linenger, Jerry M. Letters from Mir. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

  —. Off the Planet. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

  Lord, Douglas R. Spacelab: An International Success Story. NASA SP-487. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

  Mullane, Mike. Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut. New York: Scribner, 2006.

  Peebles, Curtis. Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites. Presidio, 1987.

  Scott, David, and Alexei Leonov. Two Sides of the Moon. With Christine Toomey. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2004.

  Stafford, Thomas P. We Have Capture: Tom Stafford and the Space Race. With Michael Cassutt. Washington DC: Smithsonian Books, 2002.

  Interviews and Personal Communications

  Anderson, Clayton C. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  —. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Anderson, Susan H. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Ashby, Jeffery S. Interview by Jay Chladek. 8 October 2008. Omaha NE.

  Cassidy, Christopher J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Creamer, Timothy J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  —. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Dake, Jason R. Interview by Jay Chladek. 21 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Kloeris, Vickie L. Interview by Jay Chladek. 21 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Melroy, Pamela A. Interview by Jay Chladek. 15 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Parazynski, Scott E. Interview by Jay Chladek. 15 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Petit, Donald R. Interview by Jay Chladek. 6 April 2011. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Tani, Daniel M. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Thomas, Andy S. W. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Walheim, Rex J. Interview by Jay Chladek. 22 October 2009. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Whitson, Peggy A. Interview by Jay Chladek. 16 July 2008. Johnson Space Center, Houston TX.

  Other Sources

  Bamford, James. “Astrospies.” Nova, directed by Andreas Dirr and Scott Willis, aired 12 February 2008. Boston: WGBH Boston for PBS, 2008. DVD, 56 min.

  Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report. Vol. 1. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003.

  Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report. NASA SP-2008-565. Houston TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2008.

  Congressional Staff Briefing on the Soyuz Launch Abort of April 5 1975. 29 May 1975. Box 1231, no. 132469. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.

  Exchange of Remarks between the President and ASTP Astronauts. 18 July 1975. Box 1232, no. 133075. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.

  Fullerton-Smith, Jill. “Terror in Space.” Nova, aired 27 October 1998. Boston: WGBH Boston for PBS, 2000. Videocassette (VHS), 60 min.

  Kalina, Jon, and Gary Lang. “The Human Factor.” Mars Rising, directed by Michael Jorgensen, aired 21 October 2007. Montréal: Galafilm Productions, in association with Discovery Channel Canada, 2010. DVD.

  Oral History Interview with Thomas P. Stafford about ASTP/Skylab. 12 April 1976. Box CD-S, no. 480974. ASTP Program Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.

  Skylab Experiments. Vol. 3, Materials Science. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.

  Skylab Experiments. Vol. 4, Life Sciences. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.

  Skylab Experiments. Vol. 5, Astronomy and Space Physics. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.

  Skylab Experiments. Vol. 6, Mechanics. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.

  Skylab Experiments. Vol. 7, Living and Working in Space. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.

  SL 1/2 Final EVA Checklist and Change “A.” Box 626. Skylab Series. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.

  Spacelab Data Handbook. ESA BR-14. Paris: ESA Scientific and Technical Publications Branch, 1983.

  Technical Letter Report, Quick Look Evaluation Space Shuttle Orbiter Ninth Orbital Flight, Descent Phase, AFFTC. January 1984. Box 8. Shuttle Series, STS-9 Documents. Johnson Space Center History Collection, University of Houston–Clear Lake.

  von Braun, Wernher. Space Superiority as a Means for Achieving World Peace. Washington DC: Business Advisory Council, 1952. Published form of presentation given in Washington DC, 17 September 1952.

  Index

  Page numbers refer to the print edition.

  Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

  AAP. See Apollo Applications Program (AAP)

  Aaron, John, 135

  Abbey, George, 307, 376

  Abrahamson, James, 21, 22, 36

  Acaba, Joe, 437

  Acton, Loren, 265

  Adams, Michael J., 21, 23–24

  Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS), 450–51

  AEG Telekfunken, 250

  Aeritalia, 250

  Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), 20–22, 36, 323

  Afanasyev, Sergey, 60, 61, 74, 75, 77

  Afanasyev, Viktor, 295–96, 297, 353, 365

  Afghanistan, 282, 283, 298

  Agat camera systems, 56–57, 62, 155, 172

  Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation (ASSESS), 253–54

  airlock modules and systems: ASTP and, 183–84, 190; for Mir, 290, 294, 295; Pirs, 362, 364–65, 390, 459; Quest, 362, 365, 382–83, 401, 402; for Skylab, 119, 119, 123, 125–26, 136, 139; for Spacelab, 250, 254

  Akiyama, Toyohiro, 295

  Aksyonov, Vladimir, 207, 226

  al-Assad, Bashar, 278

  Alcatel Alenia Space, 423

  Aldrin, Buzz, 66

  Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 233, 234–35, 278, 279, 281

  The All-American Boys (Cunningham), 122

  “all-up” testing, 110

  Almaz space stations, 2; cancellation of, 271; design and early development of, 53–59, 57, 61–62, 63, 65, 71; legacy of, 172–73; Salyut and, 72–74, 75–77, 79, 80, 81, 148; Salyut 3 and, 154–57, 155; Salyut 4 and, 157–67, 159; Salyut 5 and, 155, 167–70, 171–73

  Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 457–58, 463–64

  Ames Research Center, 253

  ammonia coolant systems, 342, 399, 410, 412, 441, 455

  AMSU. See Astronaut Maneuvering Stability Unit (AMSU)

  Amundsen, Roald, 467

  Anderson, Alice, 420–21

  Anderson, Clay: about, 408, 409, 410; Dan Tani and, 422; Expedition 23 and, 452–53; as NASA escort, 373–75; NEEMO and, 415; STS-117 and 118 and, 407, 410–11, 412–13; STS-120 and, 414, 416, 420–21

  Anderson, Mike, 370, 371, 374

  Anderson, Susan, 408, 410

  André-Deshays, Claudie, 322, 365

  androgynous docking, 182, 185, 187

  Andropov, Yuri, 298

  animals in space, 129, 168, 207, 222, 263, 264, 372

  Ansari, Anousheh, 398

  Antarctica, 158, 467

  antisatellite weapons system (ASAT), 47, 462

  APAS docking systems, 207, 293, 308, 317, 318, 344

  Apollo 1, 116–17

  Apollo 8, 32, 65,
66

  Apollo 9, 24, 135

  Apollo 11, 66, 120–21, 178

  Apollo 13, 418

  Apollo 15, 24

  Apollo 17, 123, 132

  Apollo 18, 123

  Apollo 19, 123

  Apollo 20, 123

  Apollo Applications Program (AAP): Apollo telescope mount and, 115–16; background and overview of, 109–12; change to Skylab program from, 121–23; funding and official status of, 117–18; wet lab origins of, 112–15; wet to dry lab change of, 118–21, 119. See also Skylab program

  Apollo CSMs: AAP and, 113, 116, 119, 124, 132; ASTP and, 186, 189–90; Skylab and, 175

  Apollo program: air pressure and, 183; background and overview of, 12–13, 32; crew selection for, 132; funding and development for, 34, 109, 113, 115. See also Apollo Applications Program (AAP); Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)

  Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), 201; background of, 175–81; crew of, 188, 190–92, 192, 194; docking plan of, 185–87; experiments of, 195–97; initial discussions of, 181–85; language barrier and, 192–93; launch, mission, reentry, and recovery of, 199–204; legacy of, 204–5; official agreement and plan for, 188–89; orbital altitude for, 189; public affairs and, 188, 199, 200; relationships and, 193–95, 194; safety concerns and measures for, 197–99

  Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM): AAP and, 115–16, 119, 119, 120; Skylab and, 123, 124, 125, 129–30, 135, 136, 141

  Applications Technology Satellite 6 (ATS-6), 200

  Aquarius, 414–15

  Ares rockets, 442–43

  Argon computers, 225, 226, 228, 289, 387

  Ariane space launchers, 246, 251, 269, 390, 425

  Armstrong, Neil, 24, 66, 179

  Arnold, Richard, 437

  ARPS. See Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS)

  artificial gravity, 6, 8, 207–8, 267

  Artsebarsky, Anatoly, 296, 297, 302

  Artyukin, Yuri, 155

  ASAT. See antisatellite weapons system (ASAT)

  Ashby, Jeff, 345–46

  ASSESS. See Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation (ASSESS)

  Association for Space Explorers, 166

  ASTP. See Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)

  ASTRO-1, 268–69

  astronaut class names, 409–10

  Astronaut Maneuvering Stability Unit (AMSU), 145

  astronauts: European, 252–53; of MOL, 20–24, 22, 34–36; organization of NASA corps of, 252; selection of, 111–12. See also specific astronauts

  “Astrospies,” 23, 27, 28, 56, 57, 168, 169, 171–72

  Atkov, Oleg, 235, 237

  Atlantis: hail damage to, 407; ISS construction and, 347; STS-66 and, 314; STS-71 and, 317–19, 319; STS-76 and, 320; STS-79 and, 322; STS-81 and, 324; STS-84 and, 331; STS-98 and, 359; STS-101 and, 349–50; STS-104 and, 362; STS-106 and, 351; STS-110 and, 365–66; STS-112 and, 367; STS-115 and, 397; STS-117 and, 411; STS-122 and, 423; STS-129 and, 444–45; STS-132 and, 454; STS-135 and, 458–61

  Atlas missiles, 7, 10, 12

  Atlet suits, 161

  ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)

  atmosphere, Earth’s, 116–17, 158, 163–64, 176, 196, 321–22, 462

  atomic bombs, 9

  ATS-6, 200

  attitude control: for ISS, 348; for Mir, 318, 336; for MOL, 19; for Salyut 7, 232, 238; for Skylab, 123–24, 146

  Aubakirov, Toktar, 302

  Australia, 146, 244, 354

  Automated Transfer Vehicles (ATVs), 390, 425, 459

  Avdeyev, Sergei, 352–53, 393

  Baikonur Cosmodrome, 155, 302–3, 346, 445, 462

  Balandin, Aleksandr, 292, 293–95

  ballistic missiles, 10. See also intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

  ballistic reentries, 48, 102, 414, 426

  ballpoint pens, 389–90

  bar codes, 434, 436

  Barratt, Michael, 436, 437, 441–42, 443–44

  Bartoe, John-David, 265

  bathrooms in space, 77, 126, 154, 427–29

  Baturin, Yuri, 361

  Baudry, Patrick, 231, 284

  Bean, Alan, 132, 141, 142, 143, 191

  Beggs, James, 303

  Belgium, 244, 281

  Bella, Ivan, 353

  Bell Telephone of Belgium, 250

  Beregovoy, Georgi, 69, 181

  Berezovoy, Anatoly, 231, 232

  Beria, Lavrentiy, 42–43, 44

  Beria, Sergei, 43–44

  Berlin Wall, 299

  beverages, 266–67, 433

  bicycle ergometers, 127–28, 131, 160, 230, 441

  Bignier, Michel, 251

  Biostack III, 196

  Birykova, Lyudmila, 92

  Black Arrow, 243

  Blagonravov, Anatoly, 175, 177, 178, 179

  Blaha, John, 309, 322–24

  blood samples, 98, 129, 196, 315

  Bluford, Guion, 267

  Bobko, Karol “Bo,” 21, 22, 34, 35, 131

  bodily waste, 17, 77, 123, 131, 143, 401, 427–28

  Boeing, 37, 343

  Bonestell, Chesley, 8, 9

  Bowen, Stephen, 431, 432, 455

  Bowersox, Ken, 367, 375, 383–84, 388

  Brand, Vance, 190, 192, 200, 201, 202–5, 268–69

  Brazil, 393, 444

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 59, 60, 75, 298

  Bridges, Roy, Jr., 265

  Brown, Dave, 370, 371

  “Bubble War,” 385

  Buchli, James, 267

  Buck Island, 27

  Budarin, Nikolai, 317, 318, 319, 339, 367, 375, 383, 388

  Bulgaria, 281

  Buran shuttle program, 165, 236, 279, 280, 293, 303, 308

  Burbank, Dan, 463

  Burlingame, Charles “Chic,” 364

  Burroughs, Bryan, 306, 323, 324, 331

  Bursch, Dan, 365

  Bush, George H. W., 304–5

  Bush, George W., 381

  Bushuyev, Konstantin, 72, 74, 184

  Bykovsky, Valery, 64, 207, 220

  Byrd, Richard, 467

  Cabana, Bob, 345–46, 375

  Caidin, Martin, 179

  Caldwell-Dyson, Tracy, 452

  Camarda, Charlie, 392

  camera systems: of Almaz/Salyut, 55–57, 62, 97, 99, 155, 158, 207–8, 209, 212; of ASTP, 200; of Don Pettit, 384–85; of MOL, 29–30, 29, 33; of Skylab, 130, 131; in space helmets, 402, 404; space shuttles and, 372–73, 391. See also specific camera systems

  Canada, 360, 424

  Canadarm 2 RMS, 360

  Canadian Space Agency, 319, 341, 397, 438

  cannon systems, onboard, 57, 157

  carbon monoxide, 100, 340

  Carl Zeiss Jena, 207

  Carr, Gerald P., 132, 144

  Carter, Sonny, 406

  Cassidy, Christopher, 430, 440, 466

  caulking guns, 405

  CBMs. See Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs)

  center of mass, 287, 293, 411

  Central Committee, Soviet, 44, 59, 61

  Central Design Bureau of General Machine Building (TSKBEM): about, 61, 62, 152; leadership of, 71, 74, 150–51, 152; Salyut and, 71–72, 74, 75–76, 149–51

  Central Design Bureau of Machine Building (TSKBM), 61–62, 71, 76, 154, 342

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 14

  Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES), 231, 251, 262, 284, 302, 332, 365, 366

  Chaffee, Roger, 116–17

  Challenger: disaster of, 268, 356, 373, 413; STS-6 and, 257; STS-51B and, 263–64; STS-51F and, 264–66; STS-61F and, 267–68

  Chamitoff, Greg, 430, 431, 432

  Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 349

  charcoal beds, 340

  Chawla, Kalpana, 370, 371

  Chelomei, Vladimir Nikoleyevich, 40; Almaz and, 53–55, 71, 148; ballistic missiles and, 45, 46–47; childhood and education of, 39–41; Dmitry Ustinov and, 50, 150–51, 173; final projects and death of, 271–72; other designs of, 47–48; post–Nikita Khrushchev, 59–60, 61, 63, 67; Proton and, 50–53, 54; pulse-je
t technology and, 41–43, 44; Salyut and, 74, 75–77; submarine-based cruise missiles and, 44–45

  Chelyuskin, 83

  Chernenko, Konstantin, 298

  Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 275

  Chertok, Boris, 72–74, 84, 86, 88

  Chiao, Leroy, 390, 391

  China, 63, 162, 298, 388, 461–62

  Chrétien, Jean-Loup, 231, 284–85

  CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

  circadian rhythm cycle, 99

  Citron, Bob, 370

  Clark, Jonathan, 370

  Clark, Laurel, 370, 371, 378–79

  Clifford, Michael, 320

  Clinton, Bill, 306–7

  closed-loop system, 427

  CNES. See Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES)

  Coca-Cola, 266–67

  cola wars, 266–67

  COLBERT. See Combined Operation Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT)

  Colbert, Stephen, 441

  Cold War, 2, 8–9, 243

  Collier’s, 8

  Collins, Eileen, 314, 392

  color video, 209, 226

  Columbia, 258–61, 268–69, 349. See also Columbia disaster

  Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, 381

  Columbia disaster: astronauts’ families and, 373–75; crew and mission of, 369–73, 371; debris from, 376–77; Hemphill TX and, 369; investigation and aftermath of, 376–81; ISS Expedition 6 and, 375–76, 382

  Columbus laboratory, 415, 423

  Combined Operation Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT), 440–41

  Comet Kohoutek, 145, 152

  Comet Lovejoy, 463

  command and control computers, 37, 249–50, 347–49

  command and service module (CSM), Apollo, 116, 119, 124–25, 138–39, 142, 186, 195

  commercialization: of ISS, 361–62; launch boosters and, 53, 246, 269; of Mir, 301–3, 322, 353–54; NanoRacks and, 453; Soyuz and, 465; SpaceX and, 439, 443

  common attach system, 444

  Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs), 344–45, 451

  communications: ASTP and, 198, 200; Echo II satellite and, 177; intelligence and surveillance and, 31; ISS and, 345, 357, 363; Salyut and, 80, 149–50; Shuttle-Mir Program and, 303, 313, 324–25; Spacelab and, 256–57, 267

  Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 39, 282, 299

  Concept Verification Test (CVT), 253

  Congress, U.S.: AAP and, 117–18; ASTP and, 195, 198–99; Dennis Tito and, 361; MOL and, 32; NASA and, 109, 176, 307; space shuttle program and, 241, 245–46, 337, 381, 458