The War of Wars

by Robert Harvey

  Alexander I, Tsar 368, 393, 432, 488, 512, 537, 538, 622, 794–5, 818, 825, 837, 866, 907, 921

  and burning of Moscow 787, 789, 791–2

  character and appearance 3, 485, 657

  Congress of Erfurt 623

  Congress of Vienna 871

  death 911

  enters Paris 853–4

  expansionism 430–1

  and invasion of Russia 763–5, 780

  Napoleon on 528

  and Napoleon’s marriage 687

  and restoration of French monarchy 862–3

  Treaty of Tilsit 526–30, 533, 922, 923

  Alexandria 255, 274, 275, 277, 281, 286, 294, 298, 324, 326, 328, 408, 532

  Algeciras 556

  Algeria 405

  Algiers 551–2

  Allemand, Vice-Admiral 641

  Almeida 708, 715, 716

  Almonacid de Toledo, Battle of 702

  Alsace 32

  Alvarez de Castro, Mariano 707

  Alvinzi, General 176

  American Revolution 9, 16, 17, 54

  American War of Independence 2, 3, 94, 95, 96, 108, 109, 121, 128, 131, 195, 212, 260, 261, 482, 589

  Amiens, Treaty of 375–6, 402, 406, 408, 409, 433, 471, 497, 558

  Amsterdam 847

  Ancona 168, 177

  Angoulême, Duc de 392

  Anna Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 688

  Antigua 438

  Antwerp 115, 116, 138, 673, 674, 675, 876, 888

  Arakchev, Alexei 770

  Aranjuez, Tumult of 585

  Arcis-sur-Aube, Battle of 853

  Arcola 173

  Argaum, Battle of 610

  armies

  Austrian 180, 432, 461, 479, 481, 659–61, 676, 833, 872

  militia 661

  British 128, 133, 379, 620, 631–2, 696, 758, 872

  command 591–5

  discipline 589–91, 592–3, 702, 732

  on eve of Peninsular War 589–95

  tactics 591

  volunteers 419–20

  Dutch 140, 876, 878, 881

  French 180–2, 251–4, 255, 276–7, 281–2, 311, 323, 696, 712, 714, 720, 918–19

  artillery 180–1

  command of 471–2

  conscripts 661, 822, 823, 833, 844, 918

  cost of 338, 844

  Grand Armée 471–8, 480, 482, 511, 517, 522, 537, 622, 631, 765–7, 779, 782, 797, 802–4, 808, 809–10, 813, 815, 817–18

  hygiene 303

  for invasion of England 415, 416

  for invasion of Russia 765–7, 770–1

  Napoleon rebuilds 821–2, 823, 833, 844

  Napoleon’s reorganization of 346–7

  post restoration 865

  tactics 661–2

  mass mobilization xi, 4, 54, 180, 918–19

  Prussian 31, 133, 432, 479, 512, 823–5, 833, 836, 872, 880

  Russian 113, 432, 479, 503, 517, 771, 777, 782, 785–6, 793, 816, 833, 872

  Spanish 624, 625, 697, 699, 700, 720

  Swedish 825, 833

  Artois, Charles, Comte d’ (later Charles X, King of France) 32, 153, 391, 392, 393, 858, 859, 870

  Aspern-Essling, Battle of 660, 666–8, 677, 902

  Assaye, Battle of 433, 609–10

  Asturias 587

  Aswan 306

  Asyut 306, 307

  Auchmuty, General Samuel 499, 500

  Auckland, Lord 116, 409

  Auerstadt, Battle of see Jena-Auerstadt

  Augereau, Marshal Pierre-François-Charles 161, 162, 169, 191, 337, 342, 401, 513, 519–20, 708, 838, 839, 912

  Augusta, Princess of Bavaria 490

  Aunitz, Wenzel von 350

  Austen, Jane 101

  Austerlitz, Battle of 179, 463, 486–9, 659, 902

  Austria

  Armistice of Leoben 178–9

  Battle of Aspern-Essling 666–8

  Battle of Austerlitz 463, 486–9, 659

  Battle of Fleurus 138

  Battle of Leipzig 838–41

  Battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden by 348–51

  Battle of Raab 669

  Battle of Wagram 670–2

  Battle of Zurich 333

  empire 479–80

  Napoleon seen as liberator by subject territories 481

  and Napoleon’s defeat 926

  Napoleon’s impact on 917

  Napoleon’s marriage to Princess Marie Louise 688–91

  and Netherlands 34, 109, 115–16, 126, 129–30, 137–8

  relations with Britain 109, 115, 120, 133, 160, 170, 431

  relations with France 2, 31–3, 109, 145–6, 159–60, 186, 187, 294, 402, 403, 431–2, 441, 504, 530, 622, 623

  aims from invasion of 847

  declares war on (1809) 657, 662

  declares war on (1813) 831–3

  France declares war on (1792) 32

  new offensive (1809) 622, 628, 654–65

  offensive in Germany and Italy (1800) 346–51

  over conquest of Italy 161–6, 168–9, 170, 172–4, 176–9

  reaction to French Revolution 31, 33

  and restoration of French monarchy 863, 866

  relations with Russia 333, 334

  and Seventh Coalition 871

  and Third Coalition 432

  Treaty of Campo Formio 186

  Treaty of Luneville 350–1

  Treaty of Pressburg 489–90, 659

  Treaty of Schönbrunn 675–6

  Treaty of Tilsit 530

  Ulm manoeuvre 461, 483

  the Avengers 54

  Avignon 33, 124, 333

  Ayen, Duc d’ 17

  Azores 560

  Bacler d’ Albe, Louis-Albert-Ghislain 472

  Badajoz 587, 711, 712, 715, 716, 717, 719, 724, 725

  siege of 730–3

  Baden, Princess Stephanie of see Beauharnais, Stephanie de

  Bagration, General Peter 485, 487, 488, 771, 772, 774, 777, 778, 780, 783

  Bailen 621

  Bailli, Mayor of Paris 22

  Baird, Sir David 591, 619, 625, 626, 627, 632

  Balkans 109

  Ballesteros, General 720, 747

  Balliard, General 328

  Baltic Sea 363, 368, 527

  Barbados 143, 437, 438

  Barcelona 545, 546

  Barclay, Sir Henry 620, 621, 624

  Barclay de Tolly, General Mikhail 770–1, 772, 774, 777, 778, 780, 781, 787, 829, 830, 872, 911

  Barham, Lord see Middleton, Sir Charles

  Barlow, Sir Robert 210

  Barras, Paul 53–4, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 168, 188, 190, 191, 335–6, 337, 339–41, 387–8, 919

  Barthélmy, François 188

  Basle, Treaty of 140

  Bassano 169, 178

  Bastille, storming of the 18, 86

  Batavian Republic 219, 490

  Bautzen, Battle of 829

  Bavaria 481, 490, 663, 838

  Bayonne 756, 757

  Beaston, General 909–10

  Beatty, Dr 454, 455

  Beauharnais, Vicomte Alexandre de 156

  Beauharnais, Viceroy Eugène de 156, 334, 490, 664, 669, 677, 687, 688, 912

  commands remnants of Grand Armée 817, 825

  Egyptian campaign 310, 319, 326

  in Italy 844, 855–6

  Prussian campaign 1813 829

  regent of Italy 510

  Russian campaign 765, 767, 783, 784, 789, 794, 798, 802, 803, 808, 814, 818

  Beauharnais, Hortense de 156, 334, 399, 687, 904

  Beauharnais, Rose de see Josephine, Empress

  Beauharnais, Stephanie de 509, 623, 685

  Beaulieu, General 161, 162, 167

  Beaver, Lieutenant 550

  Bedouins 281, 299

  Beethoven, Ludwig van 397, 431, 484

  Beirut 317

  Belgium 32, 33, 37, 69, 115, 116, 126, 133, 178, 185, 569, 847, 873, 874

  Belliard, General 307, 308

  Benevento 492

  Bennett, Mr (MP) 590–1

&n
bsp; Bennigsen, General Levin 352–3, 479, 517, 519, 520, 524, 525, 533

  German campaign (1813) 833, 838, 839

  invasion of France 847

  Bentinck, Lord William 856

  Beresford, General William Carr 497, 498, 499, 633, 696, 697, 699, 706, 716–19, 727, 739, 757, 864

  Berezina, Battle of the 808–9

  Berlin 514–15, 829, 837

  Berlin decree (1806) 515–16, 535, 537

  Bernadotte, Marshal Jean 138, 177–8, 188, 251, 334–5, 337, 339, 351, 399, 486, 488, 513, 514, 534, 669, 674

  crown prince of Sweden 763, 765, 825

  German campaign (1813) 833, 834, 837, 838, 839

  invasion of France 847

  King of Sweden 912

  Bernard, General 606–7, 608

  Berri, Duc de 392

  Berry, Captain Edward 273

  Berthier, Marshal Louis-Alexandre 161, 251, 304, 326, 343, 347, 348, 401, 472, 504, 663, 854, 860, 874, 912

  and Russian campaign 798, 814, 821

  Bertrand, General 822, 912

  Bessborough, Lady 376, 407, 458, 461–2

  Bessières, Marshal Jean-Baptiste 613, 912

  Biberach, Battle of 476

  Bilbao 745

  Bissel, Lieutenant 643

  Black Legion 224

  Black Sea 113

  Blackwood, Captain 445, 448, 452, 457–8

  Blake, General 613, 624, 724

  Blakeney, Robert 732

  Blücher, General Gebhart von 285, 476, 514, 824, 835–7, 911

  German campaign (1813) 833, 835–7, 838, 839, 841

  invasion of France 842, 847, 849–50, 851–2

  Waterloo campaign 872, 876, 877, 878, 880, 882, 883, 884, 886, 891, 893, 896, 897, 900, 902, 906

  Bohemia 479, 663, 665, 834, 866

  Bolivar, Simon 397, 911

  Bologna 168, 177, 406

  Bompart, Commodore 225–6

  Bonaparte, Carlo 58, 59, 61, 64

  Bonaparte, Caroline 70, 400, 509–10, 690, 822, 844, 912

  Bonaparte, Elisa 61, 71, 73, 179, 400, 509, 912

  Bonaparte, Jérôme 70, 79, 155, 179, 399–400, 766, 767, 771, 853, 889, 893, 912

  as King of Westphalia 508–9, 529, 680

  Bonaparte, Joseph 60, 61, 65, 67, 70, 79, 149, 155, 158, 168, 179, 185, 309, 334, 398, 399, 406, 845–6, 903, 912

  as governor of Paris 846, 853

  as King of Naples 490, 507–8, 521

  as King of Spain 586, 613, 619, 621, 628, 633, 700, 707, 721, 722, 723, 730, 740, 745, 750, 757

  Bonaparte, Letizia 57–9, 60–1, 63, 66, 67, 69, 74, 75, 76, 155, 158, 179, 185, 326, 399, 857, 904, 912

  Bonaparte, Louis 61, 69, 70, 79, 155, 173, 179, 399, 912

  as King of Holland 490, 508, 537

  refuses Spanish throne 586

  Bonaparte, Luciano 59, 70, 191

  Bonaparte, Lucien 61, 70, 74, 79, 155, 179, 334, 336–7, 341–2, 399, 509, 853, 904, 912

  Bonaparte, Maria Anna see Bonaparte, Elisa

  Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon I, Emperor

  Bonaparte, Pauline 70, 79, 179, 400–1, 403–4, 687, 857, 912

  Bonapartists, pogroms against 907

  Bordeaux 124, 143, 860, 861

  Borghese, Prince Camillo 912

  Borisov 808–9

  Borodino, Battle of 781–6, 787, 818, 903

  Boswell, James 59

  Bott (rebel leader) 242

  Boubon, Duc de 392

  Bouchard, Captain 301

  Bouille, Marquis de 23

  Boulogne 369–71, 413, 416, 430, 435, 559, 579

  Bourbon dynasty 480, 515, 657, 760, 851, 858–63, 866, 867, 919

  bourgeoisie

  in conquered territories 916

  French 11, 12–15, 16, 914

  Bourgogne, Sergeant 810

  Bourgoin, Mlle 685

  Bourienne, Fauvelet de la 253, 323–4

  Bourrière (French resident in Hamburg) 536, 537

  Bowen, James 210, 215, 216

  Boxtel 139

  Brazil 582, 583, 653, 911

  Brenner Pass 178, 348

  Brereton, General 437

  Brest 144, 426, 427, 436, 437

  Brett, Oliver 735–7

  Bridport, Lord 172, 209, 219, 223

  Brienne 61–2, 849

  Bright, John 575

  Brisbane, Admiral Sir Charles 210, 539–40

  Brissot, Jacques Pierre 24, 36, 40, 48

  Bristol 224

  Britain

  in 1807 531

  and American War of Independence 94, 95, 97

  art, architecture and literature 101–2

  Battle of Aix Roads 634–53

  Battle of Camperdown 245–6

  Battle of Cape St Vincent 230–5

  Battle of Copenhagen 363–8

  Battle of Trafalgar 447–59

  Battle of Waterloo 889–903

  complacent foreign policy 108–9

  and Corsica 74–6, 169, 171, 268

  defences 274, 421

  empire 102, 108, 141, 403

  and First Coalition 121

  Glorious First of June 211–18

  industrialization and urabanization 102–4

  military standing in 1795 140, 145

  monarchy 2, 9, 56, 104

  and Napoleon’s defeat 926

  Peninsular War 587–8, 695–760

  political climate 97–9

  revolutionary seeds in 106–7, 574–6, 727–30

  propaganda offensive 417–19

  relations with Austria-Hungary 109, 115, 120, 132, 133, 160, 170, 431

  relations with Baltic powers 352, 363

  relations with Denmark 532–4

  relations with France 2–3, 10, 33, 35, 108–9

  aims from invasion of 847–8

  attack on Boulogne 423, 430

  blockade of French ports 425–6, 434

  consistent opposition to Napoeon 5

  declares war on (1793) 117–18, 119

  declares war on (1803) 409–10

  economic war 515–16, 523–4, 527, 532–3, 535–40

  failure to strike decisive early blow 35, 118, 125, 145, 576, 925

  and invasion of 842, 850

  over Ireland 172, 220–7

  over Italy 406

  over Low Countries 115–18, 126–7, 139–40, 333–4, 842, 847

  over Malta 375, 379, 405, 408, 409

  peace initiative 1795 146, 172

  peace initiative 1806 493, 501, 502

  peace initiative 1812 765

  reaction to Revolution 85–8, 105–7, 109, 118, 130–1, 568–9, 925

  and restoration of French monarchy 863, 866–7

  sole opponent of (1801) 351

  threat of invasion by 191, 192, 413–30, 434, 439–40, 442, 457, 569

  trade and colonial rivalry 141–5

  war renewed with (1803) 380, 402

  relations with Portugal 121, 160

  relations with Prussia 109, 111–12, 115, 120, 132, 133, 170

  relations with Russia 109, 111–14, 120, 145, 170, 171, 346, 363, 422, 430, 502, 527, 529, 765

  relations with Spain 36, 109, 111, 120, 131, 145, 169–70, 171

  designs on Latin America 493–501, 588

  Spain declares war on (1804) 430

  relations with Turks 531–2

  social and economic conditions 97, 99–107, 142

  Treaty of Amiens 375

  vitality of parliamentary debate in 98–9

  Walcheren expedition 672–5

  Brittany 124, 138

  Broglie, Comte de 17

  Broke, Sir Philip 210

  Brooke, Frances 103

  Brougham, Lord Henry 501, 705–6, 726

  Browne, Captain Thomas 747

  Bruce, General 334, 912

  Brueys, Admiral 277, 288–9, 290, 291, 293

  Bruix, Admiral 340

  Brunswick, Carl, Duke of 33, 512, 513, 881

  Brussels 116, 138, 876, 888

 
Bryant, Sir Arthur xii, 700, 713

  Buckingham, Duke of 407, 601, 859

  Buenos Aires 171, 497, 498, 499, 500, 535

  Bülow, General von 837, 847, 850, 851, 880, 886, 891, 893, 896, 897

  Buonaparte see Bonaparte

  Burdett, Francis 727–30

  Burgos 626, 628, 739, 750

  siege of 743–4

  Burgoyne, General 591, 607

  Burgundy 261

  Burke, Edmund 105, 106, 117, 573

  Burney, Charles 376

  Burney, Fanny 377

  Burrard, General Sir Henry 614, 616, 617, 618

  Bussaco, Battle of 709–10

  Bute, Lord 94, 98

  Buxhoevden, General Freidrich 479, 487, 517

  Byng, Admiral 647

  Cadiz 171, 270, 273, 435, 444, 445, 446, 448, 587, 588, 703, 711, 712, 740, 747

  Cadoudal, Georges 391, 392, 394, 396, 580

  Caffareli, General Louis 251, 302

  Cairo 282, 283, 284–5, 298, 301–2, 324, 325, 328, 532

  Calabria 633

  Calder, Sir Robert 210, 438, 440, 445

  Caldiero 483

  Calonne, Charles Alexandre de 11, 12, 189

  Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques 344

  Cambrai 127

  Camelford, Lord 578

  Campbell, General Alexander 701

  Campbell, Colonel Sir Neil 855, 857

  Campbell, Thomas 409

  Camperdown, Battle of 245–6

  Campo Formio, Treaty of 186

  Canada 589

  Canning, George 91, 381, 422, 429, 465, 531, 533, 583, 587, 673, 925

  pro war 381, 407, 532, 588, 632

  Canopus, Battle of 328

  Cape Colony 170, 250, 405

  Cape of Good Hope 142, 219

  Cape St Vincent, Battle of 230–5, 295, 496

  Caracciolo, Count 296, 355–6

  Carbon, François 389–90

  Caribbean Sea 142–5, 432

  Carier, the Butcher of Nantes 54

  Carlscrona 368

  Carnot, General Lazare 2, 30, 80, 81, 155, 156, 159, 180, 188, 190, 191, 337, 351, 396, 861, 871, 904, 912, 919

  Caroline, Princess 578

  Cartagena 566, 587

  Carteaux, General 77–8

  Casabianca, Captain 292

  Castaños, General 614, 624, 625, 716, 735

  Castiglione 169

  Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord 105, 429, 673, 727, 925

  at foreign office 856, 863, 866–7, 873, 905, 906, 917

  at war office 531, 583, 595, 613, 614, 618, 632

  death of 911

  pro war 381, 407, 532, 588, 619, 632, 843

  Catalonia 587

  Cathcart, Lord 463, 534

  Catherine the Great 3, 36, 109, 110–14, 120, 170, 171, 172

  Catherine Pavlovna, Grand Duchess 530, 687, 688, 764

  Catherine of Württemberg 508

  Catholic emancipation 375, 382, 502, 503

  Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis de 688, 764, 777, 814, 819–20, 832, 844, 850, 855, 912

  Caulaincourt, General Auguste de 472, 784, 814, 818

  Caulfield, Lieutenant 566

  Cavendish, Lady Harriet 458