Himalaya
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International Dunhuang Project, 44
International Olympic Committee, 409, 426
International Space Station, 24
Inuit, 40
Iran, 63
Iraq, 74, 156, 160, 388
Irvine, Andrew, 403, 423
Isfahan, Persia, 159, 160, 207
Islam, 3, 43, 63, 74, 86, 89, 156
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576), 119
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), 86, 113
Dungan Revolt (1895–1896), 312
Karakhanid Khanate (840–1212), 43, 71
Mongol Empire (1206–1368), 75
Mughal Empire (1526–1857), 161, 162, 177, 263
Partition of India (1947), 442–3
Safavid Empire (1501–1736), 159
Tibetan Empire (618–842) and, 54
Isle of Skye, Scotland, 444
Italy, 365, 428, 451–4
Itihasa, 8
Itinerarium (William of Rubruck), 75
Jacobite Rebellion (1745–1746), 219
Jacquemont, Victor, 228, 272
Jadh Ganga, 221
jagir, 189
Jaithak, Himachal Pradesh, 194
Jamaica, 326
James Veitch & Sons, 343, 346
James VI and I, King of Scotland, England and Ireland, 92
James, Eliza, 229, 256–7
Jammu and Kashmir, 63, 161, 280, 503
Jampa Choezom, 473, 474
Jampal Yeshe Gyaltsen, 436
Jampel Chokyi Tenzin, 4th Tseten Nomonhan, 299–303, 305, 385
Jamphel Gyatso, 8th Dalai Lama, 98, 129, 145, 167, 169, 201
Jamyang Norbu, 317
Jang Bahadur, 229, 238–9, 249–60, 279, 337, 377, 380
Japan
Bai Lang, training of, 347
Chang’an, pilgrimage to, 49
Chinese War, First (1894–1895), 386
Chinese War, Second (1937–1945), 428, 439, 456, 487
Hotan map (1710), 210
Kawaguchi’s voyage (1897–1902), 394–5
Littledales in, 313, 314
Kailas, travel to, 60
Mogao Caves, travel to, 44
Nanjing Massacre (1938), 456
Nepal, relations with, 445–6, 448
Pacific War (1941–1945), 454, 492
plant hunting in, 343
Tibet, relations with, 394, 395
World War II (1939–1945), 454
Jartoux, Pierre, 203, 204
jasmine, 340
Java, 191
Jaya Prakash Malla, King of Kantipur, 120, 123–5, 137, 214
Jayabhima Deva Malla, King of Nepal, 89
Jayant Rana, 115, 117, 118–19
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, 393
Jelep La, 166, 169, 384, 385, 397
Jenner, Edward, 298–9
Jerusalem, 75
Jesuits, 76, 135, 141, 143, 160, 202, 203
Andrade’s voyages (1624–1625), 76–7, 304
in Beijing, 202, 296, 304
Cacella’s voyage (1627), 77–8, 94, 144
cartography, 202, 203, 204, 205, 213–14, 218
Desideri’s voyages (1712–1721), see Desideri, Ippolito
Grueber’s voyage (1661–1662), 93–5, 158–9
Prester John, search for, 76
St Joseph’s college, Darjeeling, 342
Jesus Sutras, 45, 74
Jewel in the Crown, The, 342
Jewish people
Chang’an traders, 49
musk trade, 157
Nazi persecution of, 104, 409, 423, 425, 426, 433, 434
jhator, 75
Jiang Xiaowan, 44
Jiaqing, Qing Emperor, 171, 196, 300
Jincheng, 53
Jing Anning, 92
Jinsha river, 488
Jitamitra Malla, King of Bhaktapur, 161
Jitarimalla, 112
Jitgadhi, Nepal, 193
jizya, 162
Johar valley, 261–7, 271, 276, 277, 283, 286, 412
Johnson, Amy, 421
Johnson, Samuel, 139
Johnson, William Henry, 357
Johnston, John Lawson, 317
Jokhang, Lhasa, 52, 54, 56, 89, 307, 475, 496–7
Jomolhari, 215, 216, 219, 414
Jones, Mary Nix, 215
Jones, William, 176, 214–16, 219, 414
Joshimath, Uttarakhand, 137, 442
Joughayetsi, Hovhannes, 158–63, 165
Journal of the Asiatic Society, 330
Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, A (Johnson), 139
Jowo Je, 72
Juan y Santacilia, Jorge, 216
Jugal massif, 461
Jumla, Nepal, 112, 169, 233
Jung, Carl, 430
Junga, Keonthal State, 232
juniper, 28, 52
Jurchen people, 135
jute, 449
Jutogh, Himachal Pradesh, 228, 231
Jyekundu, Kham, 438, 492
K2, 365, 366
Kabru, 356, 357, 368
Kabul, Afghanistan, 247, 276
kada, 126, 128, 480
Kadam school, 73, 131
Kagyu school, 73, 87, 130, 133
in Bhutan, 78, 143
Chomolungma and, 215
Druk branch, 143, 161
Karma branch, 133, 134–5, 168
Karmapa, 134–5
Milarepa, 60–61, 66, 73, 87, 142
Mongols and, 88, 130
Naropa, 45, 60, 87
Shamarpa, 168, 170
Tsuglakhang, 73
Kahn, Zadoc, 103
Kailas region, 59–61, 63, 68, 73
cartography of, 204
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), 60
Darchen, 60
Desideri and Freyre’s visit (1715), 59
Dogra-Tibetan War (1841–1842), 279–80
Gansser’s visit (1936), 25
gosain and, 138
Kagyu school and, 60–61, 73
Lake Manasarovar, 15, 59, 76
in Manasakhanda, 15
Meru and, 14
Moorcroft expedition (1812), 274, 295
Rawats and, 264, 265
Shangri-La and, 78
Tichy expedition (1935), 414
Kalachakra, 63, 210, 297, 301
Kali, 14
Kali Gandaki, 193, 463
Kalimpong, Bengal, 398, 482, 484, 486, 487–8, 506
Kalindi glacier, 440
Kalindi pass, 442
Kalka, Haryana, 188
Kalmuks, 201
Kamashila, 57
Kamet, 76, 352, 354, 418, 440
Kanam, Himachal Pradesh, 378
Kandinsky, Wassily, 430
Kangchenjunga, 226, 238, 337, 338, 353, 355, 375, 448
Bauer expedition (1931), 425–6
Crowley expedition (1905), 333, 365
Dyhrenfurth expedition (1930), 410, 425
Freshfield expedition (1899), 366
Kangding, Sichuan, 204, 313, 382
Kangra State (c. 1000–1948), 177–81, 187, 239, 332
Kangxi, Qing Emperor, 135–6, 162, 202–3
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 218, 239
kapala, 60
Kapilavastu, Nepal, 398
Kara-Khitan tribe, 75
Karakhanid Khanate (840–1212), 43, 71
Karakoram range, 2, 3, 226, 314, 462
Abruzzi expedition (1909), 365–6
Buhl expedition (1957), 469
climate change and, 3
Conway expedition (1892), 358, 359–60, 363
Crowley expedition (1902), 365
Dyhrenfurth expedition (1934), 409, 410, 441
erosion in, 24, 26
granite in, 21
Guge rule, 68
Littledale’s visit (1895), 314
Longstaff expedition (1909), 366–7
Mongol rule, 75
Survey of India, 226, 355
Workman expedition (1903), 358
Karim Khan, 30
Karma Kagyu school,
133, 134–5
Karma Phuntsog Namgyal, King of Tsang, 134
Karma Tenkyong, King of Tsang, 144
karma, 133
Karmapa, 134–5
Karnali river, 59, 111, 112, 167, 210
Karou, Tibet, 40, 41
Kartik Naach, 81–4, 85, 94, 100
Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, 234
kashag, 136, 437, 483, 489, 490, 495
Kashgar, Turkestan, 314, 354, 503
al-Kashgari, Mahmud, 43
Kashi, 15
Kashmir, 18, 63, 201
Bailey in (1932–1933), 408
Buddhism in, 41, 55, 63, 70, 86
Dyhrenfurth expedition (1934), 410
Guge, influence on, 70, 73, 87
Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1947), 161, 280, 352
Indian rule (1947–), 505, 519
K2, 365, 366
musk trade, 157
Nanga Parbat, see Nanga Parbat
Pakistani rule (1947–), 505, 519
Pala Empire (750–1174), 41
Sikh rule (1819–1846), 278
Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War (1679–84), 161
Tibet, migration to, 296, 306, 307
wool trade, 77, 154, 161, 181, 276
Kathmandu, Nepal, 21, 80–105
anti-Nepali riots (1866), 381
architecture, 99–101
Aufschnaiter’s visit (1952), 458
Bailey in (1935–1938), 408
Bengal Sultanate attack (1349), 119
British residents in, see British residents in Nepal
Burkill’s visit (1907), 344
Crawford’s map (1802–3), 217
Desideri’s visit (1721), 95–8
clay, 100
earthquakes, 30, 89, 100, 151
Grueber’s visit (1662), 94–5
Hawley in (1959–2018), 500–502, 514, 516, 521
Khasa conquest, 112, 119
Kirkpatrick’s visit (1793), 98–100, 166, 171, 172, 181, 327
Knox’s mission (1802–1804), 173, 174, 177, 181, 185, 217
Le Bon’s visit (1885), 102
Lévi’s visit (1898), 103
Lissanevitch in (1951–1985), 469–71, 514, 517
National History Museum, 110
Prithvi’s attacks (1757; 1768), 121–5, 137, 163
Rennell’s map (1782), 214
Royal Hotel, 469–71, 514, 517
Singha Darbar, 110
tantrism in, 85–6
Tucci’s visit (1929), 81, 451
Tundhikel, 258
Kaufmann, Ulrich, 356
Kawaguchi, Ekai, 394–5
Keay, John, 218, 268
Kedarnath, 10, 440–42
Kellas, Alexander, 368–70, 396, 421
Kelzang Gyatso, 7th Dalai Lama, 203, 305, 306, 376
Kempson, Edwin, 420
Kennedy, Charles, 228
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 504, 515
Keonthal State (765–1948), 232
Kerala, India, 11, 12, 413
Keshav Narayan Chowk, Patan, 105
Kettle, Tilly, 126, 129, 136, 139, 145
Kewtsang Rinpoche, 438
Keynes, John Maynard, 362
Khalanga, Nepal, 192
Khalji, Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad, 86
Kham
Chushi Gangdruk in, 495, 506
communists in, 487–8
Dalai Lama in, 203
Derge Kingdom (c. 1400s–1956), 397
Liu Wenhui conflict (1930–1949), 487
Pandatsang clan, 437, 483
Pandatsang rebellion (1933), 437
Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618), 130
radio links, 491
Rebellion (1905), 346, 396–7
Renou in (1846), 309
smallpox outbreak (1882), 288
Tseten Nomonkhan on, 305
Van de Putte in (1736), 208
wool trade, 483
Khamba Dzong, 384, 390
khandroma, 473–4
Khardong, Tibet, 65
Khartse valley, Tibet, 71
Kharub, Tibet, 40, 41
Khas language, 108, 111, 114, 119
Khas people, 108, 111, 112, 117, 119, 180
Chhetris, 113–14, 155, 186
in Darjeeling, 342
language, 108, 111, 114, 119, 243
Malla dynasty and, 121
parbatiya, 111, 113, 117
religion, 112, 113
Thapa clan, 184, 192, 195
Khasa Kingdom (c. 700–1400), 111–13, 119, 167
Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama, 297–8
Khedrup Je, 1st Panchen Lama, 134
khoja, 159
Khon family, 87
Khorchag, Guge Kingdom, 70
Khorre, see Yeshe O
Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717), 134–6, 202, 304
Khotan Kingdom (56–1006), 43, 44, 52, 56
khrancha, 262
Khrushchev, Nikita, 261, 507, 509
khukuri, 99, 109, 118
Khumbu, Nepal, 368, 467, 507, 518, 521, 522
Khumbu glacier, 464, 521
Khumjung, Nepal, 518
Khurja, Uttar Pradesh, 160
khyang, 36, 58, 274
Khyenrab Kunzang Mondo, 402
khyung, 65, 66
Khyunglung, Zhang Zhung Kingdom, 62, 65
Kim (Kipling), 149, 289, 302, 376
King James Bible, 15
Kingdon-Ward, Frank, 321–2, 323, 347, 348, 403, 408
Kinloch, George, 123–5, 189, 214
Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, 40, 224, 378
Kipling, Lockwood, 317
Kipling, Rudyard, 9, 149, 200, 289, 302, 354, 376, 432
Kirata, 84
Kircher, Athanasius, 94, 97, 98
Kirkpatrick, William, 98–100, 166, 171, 172, 181
Kirtipur, Nepal, 121–2
Kissinger, Henry, 502
Kitab al-Buldan (al-Ya‘qubi), 158
Knox, William, 173–4, 177, 181, 185, 217
Kodari, Nepal, 515
Koirala, Bishweshwar Prasad, 443–4, 446, 457, 459, 506–7, 510–15
anti-Indian protests (1954), 459
Beijing visit (1960), 510–11, 524
Biratnagar jute mill strike (1947), 449
China, relations with, 506–7, 510–11
civil disobedience campaign (1929–31), 444
death (1982), 500–501, 516
general election (1959), 501
imprisonment (1960–1968), 500, 512, 514, 515
Mahendra’s wedding (1952), 512
Nehru, relationship with, 459
Swiss Everest expeditions (1952), 465
Tibet, relations with, 506
Varanasi, exile in (1968–1977), 515, 516
Koirala, Girija Prasad, 500, 517
Koirala, Matrika Prasad, 457
Koirala, Prasad Koirala, 443–4, 446
Kokonor, 94, 203, 345
Kolkata, Bengal, 106
Komer, Robert, 504
Konchok Gyalpo, 87
Kongka La, 503
Kongur Tiube, 508
Kovyrkov, Anatoly, 508
Krishna, 10
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 430
kshatriya, 113–14
Kublai Khan, 75, 88–93
Kullu valley, 432
Kumaon, 16–17
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 187, 189, 195
British rule (1816–1947), see British Kumaon
Chand dynasty (c. 600–1791), 16, 265
Colbrooke’s voyage (1807), 219
earthquake (1505), 30
folk tales, 264
gold smelting in, 264
Gorkha rule (1791–1816), 16, 172, 177, 187, 189, 195, 233, 242, 266–7
Indian rule (1947–), 262
Khasa rule (c. 850s–1400), 111, 112
taxation in, 17
Rohilla invasions (1744–8), 16, 242
Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195
Webb’s visit (1808), 266–7
Kuma
ri of Patan, 83
Kumbh Mela, 220
Kumbum monastery, Amdo, 131, 148, 297, 308, 312, 437, 438–9, 495
kumquats, 340
Kun Lun mountains, 14
Kun, 366
Kunga Choeleg, 378
Kunga Rinchen, 144
Kunming, Yunnan, 492
Kunphela, 436–7, 483
Kunwar, Bal Narsingh, 249
Kunwar, Bal Singh, 183
Kunwar, Balbhadra, 192–3
Kunwar, Jang Bahadur, see Rana, Jang Bahadur
Kuomintang, see Republic of China
Kushan Empire (30–375), 63
Kushinagar, 209
Kuti, Tibet, 161, 168, 169, 214
Kuzmin, Kirill, 509
Kye monastery, Spiti, 443
Kyi Chu, 40, 287
Kyirong region, 114–15, 151
Aufschnaiter’s exploration (1951), 457
railway in, 152
Shah conquest (1743–1744), 116–19
Singh pundits’ exploration (1863), 287
trade routes, 166, 168, 377, 515
Kyirong Town, Tibet, 168, 515
Kyirong Treaty (1789), 169
Kyrgyzstan, 2, 156
La Trobe, Benjamin, 310
Labja Gongmo, 478
Labrang monastery, Amdo, 297, 430
Lachenal, Louis, 462, 463
Ladakh, 24, 40, 77, 154
Bird’s visit (1889), 310
boundary commissions (1846–1847), 280–81
Chinese claims to, 502–5
climate, 3
Csoma de Kőrös in (1823–1827), 378
Desideri’s visit (1715), 59, 161
Dyhrenfurth expedition (1934), 410
Guge Kingdom rule, 68, 69, 70
Jammu and Kashmir rule (1846–1947), 161, 280
Lamayuru monastery, 24
Moorcroft’s visit (1820), 278–9
Namgyal dynasty (1460–1842), 77
Pallis’ visit (1936), 453
Phunwang and, 487
Sikh rule (1834–1846), 279, 280
Sino-Indian War (1962), 504–5
Tibet War (1679–1684), 161
Tibet War (1841–1842), 279–80, 391
Treaty of Amritsar (1846), 280–81, 331
Tucci’s visit (1928), 453
wool trade, 77, 161, 276, 278–9
Laden La, Sonam Wangfel, 406–7, 437
Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh, 62, 154
Lahore, Punjab, 251
Lajang Khan, 135–6, 203, 304, 305
Lake Anavatapta, 210
Lake Manasarovar, 15, 59, 267
Desideri’s visit (1715), 59
Drummond’s visit (1860), 284
Longstaff expedition (1905), 367
Monserrate and, 76
Moorcroft’s visit (1812), 272–3, 275, 277
Strachey’s visit (1846), 281
Strachey’s visit (1848), 353
Xuanzang and, 210
Lake, Gerard, 218
Laksmi, 83, 255
Lal, C K, 513
Lalitpur, see Patan
Lama Survey, 204
Lamayuru monastery, Ladakh, 24, 410
Lamb, Charles, 290, 291
Lambert, Raymond, 441, 464
Lambton, William, 225
Lamjung, Nepal, 114, 118
Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment, A (Atisa), 72