by Ed Douglas
Nanjing Massacre (1938), 456
Nanjing Treaty (1842), 282, 331, 340
Napier, Charles, 236, 237, 238
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 291, 293, 331
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 308
Napoleonic Code (1804), 258
Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), 240, 277, 331
Nara Bhupal Shah, King of Gorkha, 115
Narasimha, 81–3, 97
Narayan, 85
Narendradeva, King of Licchavi, 51
Naro Bonchung, 60–61
Naropa, 45, 60, 87
Nasiri battalion, 231, 233, 234–5, 236
National Geographic, 429–30, 450, 521
National History Museum, Kathmandu, 110
National Palace Museum, Taipei, 92
National Unity Day, 107, 110
Natural History Museum, London, 314, 348
Nazi Germany (1933–45), 409–10, 424–8, 432–4
Ahnenerbe, 433
Berlin Olympics (1936), 409, 410, 423, 427
Deutsche Himalaja-Stiftung, 428
Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein, 424–5, 426
Dyhrenfurth expedition (1930), 409–10, 425, 427
Geluk monks in, 432
Gleichschaltung, 424, 425
Holocaust (1941–1945), 433, 434
Jews, persecution of, 104, 409, 425, 426, 433, 434
Kangchenjunga expedition (1931), 425–6
Nanga Parbat expeditions, 426–7, 428, 455
Schäfer expedition (1938–1939), 433–4, 436
Siniolchu expedition (1936), 428
swastikas in, 104, 427, 432
World War II (1939–1945), 318, 447, 469
Neame, Philip, 491
Neanderthals, 37, 38
Nechung Oracle, 56, 385, 389
Nedong, Tibet, 130, 134
Nehru, Brijlal, 8
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Bhutan Treaty (1949), 458
border skirmishes (1959), 503–4
China, relations with, 502–5
Chinese War (1962), 261, 504–5
Chushi Gangdruk and, 505
Everest expedition (1953), 441, 468
Himalayan frontier and, 458–9
Nepal, relations with, 449, 450, 459
Theosophy, interest in, 430
Tibet, relations with, 495, 502, 505
‘tryst with destiny’ speech (1947), 440
Neolithic period, 38, 40, 62
Nepal, 16, 46, 80–105, 106–25
architecture, 99–101, 147
biodiversity in, 29
Buddhism in, 46, 55, 85–92, 102, 112
Bunga Dyah chariot procession, 83
Chhetris, 113–14, 155, 186, 233, 449, 525
clay, 100
Dasain, 83
earthquakes, 30, 89, 100, 151
Federal Democratic Republic (2008–), 107–9, 151–2, 520–25
Gorkha Kingdom (1559–2008), see Gorkha Kingdom
Gurung people, 108, 113, 186, 187, 233
Hinduism in, 46, 81–4, 113, 137, 155, 184
Indra Jatra, 118
Kartik Naach, 81–4, 85, 94, 100
Khas language, 108, 111, 114, 119, 243
Khas people, see Khas people
Khasa Kingdom (c. 1000–1350s), 111–13, 119, 167
khukuri, 99, 109, 118
Licchavi dynasty (c. 400–750), 48, 51, 84–5, 103
Magar people, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 186, 187, 233
Malla dynasty (c. 1201–1769), see Malla dynasty
Maoists, see Maoists
National Unity Day, 107, 110
Newar people, see Newar people
parbatiya, 111, 113, 117
Rai people, 108, 525
railways, 151–2
Rana dynasty (1846–1951), see Rana dynasty
Shah dynasty (1769–2008), see Shah dynasty
shamanism, 112, 113
Silk Roads, 112
Tamang people, 108, 342, 525
tantrism in, 85–6
Tibet, relations with, 48, 51, 55, 84, 98, 115, 121, 164–72
World War I (1914–18), 152
World War II (1939–1945), 447–8
Nepalese-Tibetan War
First (1788–1792), 98, 164–5, 168–72, 177, 185, 186
Second (1855–1856), 258–9, 377, 380
Nepali language, 7, 112, 108
Nepali National Congress, 448–50, 457
Nestorian Christianity, 49, 64, 74, 75
Neue Deutsche Alpenzeitung, 425
New York Times, 35, 501, 515
New York, United States, 501, 522
New Zealand, 356, 419, 518
Newar people, 46, 63, 83, 84, 85
architecture, 99–101, 147
artisans, 89–92, 147, 307
Darjeeling, migration to, 342
language, 243
Lhasa merchants, 167, 170
Ram, reign of (1609–1633), 119
reincarnation, belief in, 97
renaissance, 447
theatre, 96, 121, 125
Tibet, migration to, 296, 306
warfare, 94–7
Newton, Isaac, 216
Ngabo Ngawang Jigme, 488
Ngari, Tibet, 23, 70, 135, 453
Ngari Khorsum, 68, 154, 265
Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama, 83, 94, 134–5, 161, 210
Ngawang Namgyal, King of Bhutan, 78, 143
Ngawang Sangdrol, 472–8, 479
Ngoloks, 438
Nilgiri hills, 413
Nirupa, 156, 158
Niti La, 274, 276
Niti, Uttarakhand, 272, 274, 278
noble gases, 361
Noel, John, 370, 396, 407–8, 411
Nor Jougha, Isfahan, 159
Norbu Dhondup, 435
Norbulingka, Lhasa, 348, 402, 474
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 295
North Pole, 301
North-West Frontier, 285, 331
Norton, Edward, 465
Norway, 361, 367
de Noyelle, Francis, 463
nuclear weapons, 261
Nugent, Maria, 192
Nuvolini, Giulia, 452
Nuwakot, Nepal, 107, 110, 114–19, 120, 171, 458
Nyalam, Tibet, 161
Nyarma, Guge Kingdom, 70
Nyatri Tsenpo, 47
Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9
Nyingma school, 56, 130, 135, 437
nyon-pa, 60, 142
O’Connor, Frank, 391, 394, 397, 404
O’Conor, Nicholas, 385
Observer, The, 501
Ochterlony, David, 175–7, 180, 182
Gurkha battalion, 187, 232
Nepalese War (1814–1816), 183, 187–96, 200
Siege of Delhi (1804), 176
Odantapuri, Bihar, 56, 85
Odell, Noel, 22, 416
Odoric of Pordenone, 76
Office of Strategic Services, 461, 492
Old Tibetan Chronicle, 47, 54
Oldenburg, Sergei, 44
Oldham, Richard Dixon, 30
Oli, Khadga Prasad, 108, 109
Oliphant, Laurence, 250
Olympia, 410, 424
Olympic Games
1924 Chamonix, 409
1932 Los Angeles, 426
1936 Berlin, 409–10, 423, 424, 427
2008 Beijing, 480, 494
om mani padme hum, 75, 142
Oman, 23
On Guerilla Warfare (Mao), 516
On the Eaves of the World (Farrer), 347
Oom the Magnificent, 443
Operation Mincemeat (1943), 423
opium, 93, 249, 291, 331, 484
Opium War
First (1839–1842), 247, 282, 490
Second (1856–1860), 283, 285, 308, 490
Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 87
Ordovician period, 26
Orientalism, 101, 175, 214, 268, 430, 434
Orissa, India, 399
d’Orville, Albert,
93, 159
Ossendowski, Ferdynand, 393
Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), 159, 207, 404, 444
Oudh State (1732–1859), 181, 183, 186, 220, 233
Oxus valley, 268
oxygen levels, 32–3, 38–9
Padampa Sangye, 157
Padmasambhava, 56, 72, 473
Padua, Venetian Republic, 206
Page, Russell, 321
Pagsam Yeshe, 209
Pahari school, 180
Pakistan, 63, 86, 157
China, relations with, 505
Gandhara Empire (1500–535 BCE), 63
Kashmir conflict, 505, 519
Nanga Parbat, see Nanga Parbat
Pala Empire (750–1174), 41, 45, 72, 85, 86, 87, 90, 147
Palace Museum, Beijing, 50
Palaeolithic period, 36, 38
Palaeozoic period, 20
Palden Choetso, 480–81
Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama, 168
Palladio, Andrea, 96
Pallis, Marco, 453
Palpa, 174, 181, 188, 193, 201, 233, 329
Pamir mountains, 2, 46, 66, 508
Panchayat system, 515, 516
Panchen Lama, 134, 136
1st Khedrup Je, 134
4th Choekyi Gyaltsen, 134
5th Lobsang Yeshe, 162
6th Lobsang Palden Yeshe, see Lobsang Palden Yeshe
7th Palden Tenpai Nyima, 149, 168, 169, 293, 301
9th Thubten Choekyi Nyima, see Thubten Choekyi Nyima
10th Choekyi Gyaltsen, 495–6
Panchsheel Treaty (1954), 502, 503
pandas, 345
Pandatsang family, 437, 483
Pandatsang Rapga, 483, 486
Pandavas, 7, 8, 12
Pande clan, 197, 245
Pande, Dalbhanjan, 180
Pande, Damodar, 169, 173
Pande, Kalu, 118, 121–2
Pande, Ranjang, 246–7
Pangong Lake, 288
Panikkar, Madhava, 495
Pant, Maheshwar, 115, 116
Pant, Rudrapatta, 16
Panzerschokolade, 469
parbatiya, 111, 113, 117
Paris Commune (1871), 102
Paris Match, 464, 518
Paro valley, Bhutan, 473
Paro, Bhutan, 292
Parr, William Randal McDonnell, 311
Parry, Edward, 269
Partition of India (1947), 442–3
Pasang Bhotia, 412
pashmina wool, see wool trade
Pashtuns, 16, 194, 242, 269–70, 314
Pashupatinath, Nepal, 85
Patan, Nepal, 81, 83, 90, 94, 100, 105, 116, 125, 307
Pathans, see Pashtuns
Patiala State (1763–1948), 228
Patna, Bihar, 84, 124, 160, 163, 205, 207, 247, 328
Patterson, George, 519
Pattison, James, 240
Pauhunri, 369
Pauwels, Louis, 432
Paxton, Joseph, 343
von Payer, Julius, 295
Peace Corps, 515
pearls, 138
Pehar, 69
Pekar, Himachal Pradesh, 69
Pelliot, Paul, 44, 47, 431
Pema Butri, 476, 477
Pema Chandra, 407
Pema Phuntsog, 476, 477
Pema, 138
Pemble, John, 152, 191–2
Penny, Nicholas, 231
Penthouse of the Gods (Bernard), 443
peonies, 348
People’s Council, 447
People’s Daily, 502
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 79, 459
Battle of Chamdo (1950), 488
border skirmishes (1959), 503–4
Civil War (1927–1949), 437, 455–6, 487, 488
Indian War (1962), 2, 13, 261–2, 263, 399, 415, 504–5, 515
Lhasa Uprising (1959), 472, 475, 501, 502, 503, 509, 518, 519
Long March (1934–1935), 437, 487
Nyemo revolt (1969), 478–9
Tibet annexation (1950–51), see Annexation of Tibet
People’s Republic of China (1949–), 455
Belt and Road Initiative (2013–), 43, 64, 151
border skirmishes (1959), 503–4
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), see Cultural Revolution
Everest, claims to, 507, 510–11
Everest expedition (1960), 509–10, 511
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954), 502, 503
G219 highway, 58, 59, 63, 506
genetics research, 32–9
Great Famine (1958–1961), 499, 505
Great Leap Forward (1958–1962), 502
India, relations with, 502–5
Indian War (1962), 2, 13, 261–2, 263, 399, 415, 504–5, 515
Koirala’s visit (1960), 510–11, 524
Labour Day, 477
Ladakh, claims to, 502–5
Mahendra’s visit (1961), 514
Mustang shooting (1960), 511
Nepal, relations with, 506–7, 510–11, 514, 519
Nixon’s visit (1972), 516
Olympic Games (2008), 480
Pakistan, relations with, 505
Soviet Union, relations with, 506, 507–9, 510
Tibet, rule of (1950–), see Chinese Tibet
United States, relations with, 504–5, 516
Wencheng, story of, 50
Pereira, George, 405
Perenyi, Eleanor, 320
Persia
Afsharid period (1736–1796), 122–3
Nestorians in, 74
Safavid period (1501–1736), 159, 207
Samanid period (819–999), 156
Sasanian period (224–651), 74
Silk Roads, 64, 74
zi beads, 67
Zoroastrianism, 49, 54, 75
Persian Gulf, 23
Persian language, 99, 124, 138, 139
Peru, 351
Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, 359
Pfannl, Heinrich, 365
Phagmodru monastery, Tibet, 130
Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618), 130, 132, 134
Phagpa, Drogon Chogyal, 88–91, 130
Phari, Tibet, 292, 384
Pheiffer, Inger, 469
Philby, Harold ‘Kim’, 501
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 514
phrenology, 102
Phuntsok Wangyal ‘Phunwang’, 487–9, 496, 499
Physiology of Industry, The (Hobson), 362
Piacenza, Mario, 366
Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, 219
Pindari glacier, 353
Pioneer, 357
Pir Panjal mountains, 351
Pistoia, Tuscany, 97
plate tectonics, 21–5
Pleistocene epoch, 27
Pokhara valley, 29
Pokhara, Nepal, 523
Poland, 334, 519–20
Polhane Sonam Topgay, 305, 306
Polo, Marco, 43, 75, 92, 93, 156
Polunin, Oleg, 461
Pondicherry, 205, 207
Pooh, Himachal Pradesh, 68, 69
Portuguese Goa (1510–1961), 76, 77, 93, 96
Potala Palace, Lhasa, 94, 134, 148, 293
potatoes, 141, 244, 309, 327–9
Powell, Edward Alexander, 450
Prahlada, 81
Prain, David, 325
Praja Parishad, 447
Prajnaparamita, 45
Pratap Malla, King of Kathmandu, 95, 96
Pratap Singh Shah, King of Nepal, 164, 167
prayer flags, 58, 142, 265
pre-Scythian tribes, 40
precipitation, 3, 23, 27
Presbyterianism, 143
Prester John, 74–5, 76
Prinsep, Henry Thoby, 120
Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Nepal, 106–25, 137, 138, 163–6
pronunciation, 7–8
Przhevalsky, Nikolay, 309
Psychologie des Foules (Le Bon), 102
psychonauts, 45
Pugh, Griffith, 465,
466, 518
pukka housing, 228
Punakha Treaty (1910), 458
Punch, 256, 315, 360
pundits, 278, 289
Punjab, 30, 442
Punsum, Tibet, 58
Puranas, 14, 15, 81, 100, 137, 210
Purang, Tibet, 69, 70, 73, 112, 279, 280, 461
Purangir, 136–9, 142–3, 145, 147, 148, 150, 201
Purchas, Samuel, 92, 93
Purdom, William, 346–7
Purnia, Bihar, 216
Putuo Zhongcheng, Chengde, 148
Pyrenees, 426
Pythagoras, 97
Qatar, 524
Qianlong, Qing Emperor, 98, 145, 147–8, 167, 170, 171, 172, 292
Qincheng prison, Beijing, 489, 496
Qing Empire (1644–1912), 123, 135, 163
Amherst Mission (1816), 293, 300
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 196, 197–8
Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846), 280
Bhutan, relations with, 138
Bogle mission (1774), see Bogle, George
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), 386
Britain, trade with, 127–8
cartography, 202–4
Dalai Lama, reincarnation of, 293
David in (1866–1869), 344–5
Delavay in (1867–1895), 345
Dubernard in (1864–1905), 346
Dungan Revolt (1895–1896), 312
Forrest expeditions (1904–1905), 346
Fortune in (1843–1861), 341
Gorkha tribute missions, 381
Grueber in, 93–4, 95
hierarchical structure, 304
Japanese War (1894–1895), 386
Jesuits in, 202, 296, 304
Ladakh border dispute, 280–82
Lifanyuan, 203
Macartney Mission (1793), 170, 172
Meyer expedition (1905–1908), 346
Nepalese War (1788–1792), 98, 164–5, 168–72, 177, 185, 186, 292, 381
Nepalese War (1855–1856), 258–9
Opium War, First (1839–1842), 247, 282, 308, 331, 490
Opium War, Second (1856–1860), 283, 285, 490
Purdom in (1909–1911), 346
Putuo Zhongcheng, commission of (1771), 147–8
Qianlong’s birthday celebrations, 147–8
rhubarb trade, 136
Rockhill’s ambassadorship (1905–1909), 393–4, 492
Sikh War (1841–1842), 279–80, 391
Sikkim campaign (1793), 334
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), 309, 377, 382
tea trade, 311, 329, 330, 332, 335, 340–41
Treaty of Amritsar (1846), 280–81, 331
Treaty of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386
Treaty of Calcutta (1908), 397
Treaty of Chefoo (1876), 384
Treaty of Kyirong (1789), 169
Treaty of Nanking (1842), 282, 331, 340
Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 283, 309
White Lotus Rebellion (1794–1804), 187
Wilson expedition (1899–1902), 346
xenophobia, 304
Xinhai Revolution (1911–12), 398, 411
Qing Tibet (1720–1912), 98, 123, 135–50, 163, 201, 379
ambans, 136, 146, 167, 196, 201, 292, 376
Bogle mission (1774), see Bogle, George
Bower’s voyage (1891–1892), 380