by Ed Douglas
Sherring, Charles, 367
Sherwood, Henry, 192, 194
Shigatse, Tibet, 94, 98, 130, 132, 151, 162, 305, 509
Shikohabad, Uttar Pradesh, 160
Shillong plateau, 30
Shingza Acho, 131
Shipki La, 224
Shipton, Eric, 367, 412–15, 416–20, 465
Shiraz, Persia, 156, 160
Shisha Pangma, 151, 457
Shiva, 6–7, 10, 16, 46, 59, 85, 264
Shivapuri, Nepal, 122
Shivling, 6, 10, 12, 17, 19, 223
Sho Dun festival, 474
Shol prison, Lhasa, 486
Shulman, Nicola, 343, 347
Sia Kangri, 409
Siachen glacier, 366
Siberia, 37, 38, 66, 201, 299, 389
Sichuan, China, 40
accent, 293
Chushi Gangdruk in, 495, 506
Cooper in, 382
David in, 344–5
Huc in, 308
Lama Survey, 204
Neolithic period, 38
Qing conquest (1644–1647), 170
self-immolation protests (2009–2017), 480–81
Tea Horse Road, 162
Tibetan invasion (638), 49
Van de Putte in, 208
Sicily, 365, 423
Siddhi Narasimha Malla, King of Patan, 83, 94, 119
Sidon, 332
Sikh Empire (1799–1849), 233, 246
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 188, 190, 195, 196
British War, First (1845–1846), 227, 234, 236, 251, 280, 326, 331, 353
British War, Second (1848–1849), 227, 234, 236, 251, 281, 283, 326, 353
Gardner in, 268
Kangra conflict (1806), 180–82, 187
Kashmir, rule of (1819–1846), 278
Nanga Parbat landslide (1841), 30
Ochterlony and, 176, 180
Tibetan War (1841–1842), 279–80, 391
Treaty of Amritsar (1846), 280, 331
Sikh people
Nepalese War (1814–1816), 194
Partition of India (1947), 442–3
Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 390, 391
Sikkim, 29, 166, 167
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), 189, 194, 335
Bailey in (1921–1928), 404, 408
Bauer expedition (1936), 428
Bhutanese invasion (1700), 334
Boundary Commission, 325
Braham’s visits (1940s), 442
British Association expedition (1870), 344
British invasion (1860), 383
Burkill’s visit (1906), 344
Chushi Gangdruk in, 506
Dalai Lama’s flight to (1910), 398
Darjeeling lease (1835), 335
Darjeeling, migration to, 342
Dayal in (1948–1952), 490, 495
Gorkha invasion (1814), 189, 335
Gorkha rule (1788–1793), 334
Graham’s visit (1883), 355, 357
Hooker in (1849), 326, 332, 334–9
Hopkinson in (1945–1948), 490
Indian invasion (1973), 516
Kellas expedition (1911), 368, 369
Piacenza’s visit (1913), 366
roads in, 391, 506
Roerich’s visit (1924), 431
Rubenson expedition (1907), 367–8
Sino-Nepalese War (1788–1792), 169
Tibetan occupation (1886–1888), 385, 386
Tibetan Pioneer Mission, 311
trade routes, 167, 169, 215
Treaty of Titalia (1817), 335
Treaty of Tumlong (1861), 383
Sikkim Gazetteer, 386
Sikkim-Tibet Boundary Commission, 325
Sikorsky S29A aircraft, 421
Silent Cry, The (Stiller), 199
silk, 32, 51, 64, 137
Silk Roads, 43, 152, 156, 295
Europe and, 75, 156
Karakhanid Khanate and, 71
Khasa Kingdom and, 112
Nestorians and, 74
People’s Republic of China and, 43, 64, 151
Safavid Empire and, 207
Sogdians and, 157
Tang Empire and, 52, 53, 64, 69
Tibetan Empire and, 52, 53, 55
Turkestan, 380
silver, 128, 159, 160, 163
Simla, Himachal Pradesh, 7, 200, 227–35, 241, 328, 399
Simla Convention (1914), 400, 402, 459, 494
Simonov, Evgeny, 507
Simtokha, Bhutan, 144, 145
Simur battalion, 233, 235, 328
Sindhuli, Nepal, 122, 124
Singalila ridge, 353
Singapore, 191
Singh, Abhiman, 252
Singh, Amer, 273, 274–5
Singh, Arjun, 273
Singh, Bhim, 234
Singh, Bir, 284
Singh, Dev, 277, 278, 281, 282, 284, 286
Singh, Gagan, 251
Singh, Ganesh Man, 515
Singh, Goman, 364
Singh, Gulab, 278, 279, 280, 281
Singh, Hiru Dham, 263
Singh, Kalian, 288
Singh, Karam, 503
Singh, Karbir, 367
Singh, Kishen, 288–9
Singh, Kishore, 278
Singh, Kunwar Inderjit, 457, 458
Singh, Mani, 286–7, 353
Singh, Mathabar, 245, 246, 248–51
Singh, Nain, 180, 284, 286–8, 353
Singh, Nathu, 396
Singh, Ranjor, 194
Singh, Ujir, 193
Singh, Zorawar, 279, 391
Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, 110
Singpho people, 329
Siniolchu, 428
Sinja valley, 112
Sino-Indian War (1962), 2, 13, 261–2, 263, 399, 415, 504–5, 515
Sino-Japanese War
First (1894–1895), 386
Second (1937–1945), 428, 439, 456
Sino-Nepalese War
First (1788–1792), 98, 164–5, 168–72, 177, 292, 381
Second (1855–1856), 258–9, 377, 380
Sino-Sikh War (1841–1842), 279–80, 391
Sino-Soviet split (1960–1989), 506
Sino-Tibetan War
First (1930–1932), 411, 438, 487
Second (1950), 164, 261, 457, 481, 487, 488, 491–2
Sivalinga, 12
Siwalik hills, 28, 330
skull cups, 60
sky burial, 75
slavery, 220, 272, 445
Slusser, Mary, 104
smallpox, 138, 254, 297–9, 389
Beijing outbreak (1780), 148, 167, 297, 299
Bengal outbreak (1770), 128
Lobsang Palden Yeshe, 142, 148, 167, 297
Kathmandu outbreak (1816), 198
Lhasa outbreak (739), 53
Litang outbreak (1882), 288
Ranjit Singh and, 53
Thubten Gyatso and, 389
vaccine, 298–9
variolation, 288, 298–9
Smith, James Edward, 217
Smithsonian Institution, 461
Smyth, Christopher, 284
Smyth, Edmund, 265, 283–6
Smyth, James, 284
Smythe, Frank, 410, 417–19, 425, 442
snakes, 29, 101, 271
snow leopards, 12, 29
Société des Missions Étrangères, 309–10
Society of Jesus, 59, 76, 77, 93–8
Society, Horticultural, 340
Solander, Daniel, 322
Somaliland, 284
Sonam Choephel, 134
Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama, 133
Sonam Rabten, 83
Songpan, Sichuan, 49
Songtsen Gampo, Tsenpo of Tibet, 46–52, 62–3, 84, 130, 132, 134, 304
South Africa, 106, 322
South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta, 148
Southampton, Hampshire, 254
Southey, Robert, 93
Soviet Russia/Union (1917–1991), 460, 479, 495
Buddhism in, 434, 483
China, relation
s with, 506, 507–9, 510
Civil War (1917–1923), 431
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 261, 504
Everest expedition (1958–1959), 508–9
Great Purge (1936–1939), 434
mountaineering in, 507–9
Revolution (1917), 44, 400, 431
spies, 404, 431
Tibetan independence and, 495
United Nations Declaration (1942), 492
Sowa Rigpa, 296
Spectator, 429
Speer, Albert, 409
Speke, John, 283, 284
Spender, Michael, 419
spikenard, 157
Spitfires, 422
Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, 62, 69, 270, 281, 443, 453
Spiti river, 68, 70, 443
Spruce, Richard, 339
Sri Lanka, 323, 339
Srinagar, 199, 220
Srinivasa, King of Patan, 95
srungma, 42
St Joseph’s college, Darjeeling, 342, 442
St Paul’s school, Darjeeling, 342
Stalin, Joseph, 434, 507
Stanford University, 430
Stanley, Henry Morton, 295
statues, 106
Stebbins, Henry, 514
Steck, Ueli, 520
Steele, Archibald Trojan, 456
Stein, Aurel, 43–4, 47
Stein, Rolf Alfred, 62, 64
Stephen, Leslie, 351
Stevens, Cat, 517
Stiller, Ludwig, 199
Stilwell, Joseph, 492
Storm over Tibet, 410
Strachey, Henry, 30, 124, 281, 283, 286, 354
Strachey, James, 372
Strachey, John, 16, 286
Strachey, Lytton, 98, 372
Strachey, Richard, 353
Stravinsky, Igor, 431
Strutt, Edward Lisle, 409, 418, 423
Stubbs, George, 148–9
Sudarshan Khan, 17
Sufism, 312
Sugauli Treaty (1816), 195
Sumatra, 72
Sumpa, 65, 66
Sun Yat-sen, 483
Sunapati Shauka, 264
Sunday Times, 149
Sungchou, Sichuan, 49
sunyata, 74
Supermarine Aviation, 422
Surat, Gujarat, 160
Surendra Bikram Shah, King of Nepal, 246, 248, 250, 253
Surkhang Wangchen Gelek, 493
Survey of India, 203, 211, 212, 224, 355, 356–7, 396
suspension bridges, 142, 144, 292, 473
Sutlej region, 7, 59, 65, 154, 210, 224
Gorkha Kingdom, 174, 177, 180, 181, 195, 234
Guge Kingdom, 69, 70, 71, 77
Kamet, 354
Moorcroft expedition (1812), 275
Nasiri battalion in, 233
Sikh Empire, 176, 177, 181, 233
wool trade, 279
suture line, 24
Swarga, 14
Swargarohini, 12
swastikas, 42, 66, 104, 427, 432
Swat valley, 56
Swayambhu Purana, 100
Swayambhu, Kathmandu, 85, 102
Sweden, 284, 295
Switzerland, 441, 463–5
Alps, see Alps
cartography, 357
Dyhrenfurth in, 426
Everest expeditions (1952), 441, 464–5
Everest expedition (1956), 25–6
Kedarnath expedition (1947), 440–42, 464
Schweizerische Stiftung für Alpine Forschung, 464
Syria, 156
Syriac, 74
Tabo, Himachal Pradesh, 70, 453
Tachienlu, see Kangding
Tagore, Rabindranath, 431, 451–3
Tahiti, 322
Taipei, Taiwan, 92
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), 309, 377, 382
Taiwan, 92, 170, 488, 519
Taizong, Tang Emperor, 49–52
Taklakot, see Purang
Taklamakan desert, 36
Taktsang, Bhutan, 473
Taktser, Qinghai, 438
Tamang people, 108, 342, 525
Tamur valley, 337
Tang Empire (618–907), 43, 48–54, 55, 63, 67, 69, 74, 484
Tangtong Gyalpo, 142, 144, 292, 473
Tangut people, 87–8
Tankar, Amdo, 312
Tantric Buddhism, 46
Dunhuang manuscripts, 45
Ganden Phodrang and, 138
Guge Kingdom and, 72, 131, 157–8
Kagyu order and, 61
Kalachakra, 63
Lobsang Palden Yeshe and, 209
mahasiddhis, 45, 60, 157, 207
Marpa Lotsawa, 87
Mongol Empire and, 88, 89, 91
Newari culture and, 85–6
Padmasambhava, 56
Pala Empire and, 85, 86, 97
Tilopa, 61
Vajrayana, 45, 70
Taoism, 43, 54, 55, 74, 451
Tapovan, 10–12, 19, 25
Tapovanam, Sri Swami, 11–12
Tarim basin, 41
Tashi Sherpa, 521, 522
Tashi Tsering, 485
Tashichho Dzong, 142
Tashilhunpo monastery, Shigatse, 130, 132–3, 134, 142, 168, 403
Blavatsky on, 317
Bogle mission (1774), 145–6, 201
commerce at, 150
founding of, 132–3
gosain at, 136
Grueber’s visit (1661), 94
Nepalese sacking of (1791), 98, 169, 170, 171, 172
tourism, 151
Zhidar at, 138
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 404, 405
Tatars, 59
Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, 399, 402, 504
Tawu, Sichuan, 480
Taylor, Hannah Royle ‘Annie’, 310–12, 390, 393
Taylor, Hudson, 310, 311
Tea Act (1773), 127
Tea Horse Road, 162
tea
American colonies, 127
British India, 239, 241, 329–32, 333, 335–6, 340–43, 382
Ceylon, 413
China, 311, 329, 330, 332, 335, 340–41, 382
Nepal, 239
Tibet, 50, 64, 239, 311, 382
El Teide, Tenerife, 214
telegraph system, 227, 332, 447
Teltscher, Kate, 139, 148
Temur, 91
Tenerife, 214
Tent Club, Calcutta, 241
Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, 438–9
Beijing visit (1954), 482
dance troupe, 485
discovery of (1936–1939), 438–9
football ban (1944), 436
India, exile in (1959–), 155, 261, 472, 496, 498, 502
protests and, 472, 474, 475, 477, 480, 494
Riots (2008), 480, 494
Seventeen-Point Agreement (1951), 489
Steele interview (1944), 456
Thomas’s visit (1949), 492
Tucci’s visit (1948), 455
Tenzin Sherab, 474
Tenzin Wangmo, 480
Tenzing Norgay, 419
British Everest expedition (1936), 419
British Everest expedition (1953), 441, 459, 465–8, 507
Swiss Everest expedition (1952), 441
Swiss Kedarnath expedition (1947), 441–3
Tucci expedition (1948), 454, 461
World War II (1939–1945), 447–8
terrariums, 323–5, 326, 339, 341
Terray, Lionel, 462, 463
Terror, 325
Testament of Ba, 55
Tethys Sea, 21, 23
al-Tha‘alibi, 156
thachia, 265
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 194
Thami, Nepal, 518
thangkas, 42
Thapa clan, 184, 192, 195, 245
Thapa, Amar Singh (b. 1751), 177–82, 187–91, 194–5, 197, 200
Thapa, Amar Singh (b. 1759), 174, 181, 193
Thapa, Bhairav, 220
Thapa, Bhimsen, 173–4, 183, 199, 238, 245
Bal Narsingh, relationship wi
th, 249
Bhandarkhal massacre (1806), 174, 183, 249
Boileau, arrival of (1816), 197
British War (1814–1816), 181, 182–8, 190, 192, 193, 195–6
Garhwal, conquest of (1804), 174, 177
Hindur, conquest of (1805), 187
imprisonment (1837), 246, 249
Kangra, invasion of (1806), 180, 187
Palpa, conquest of (1804), 174
soldiers, 244
suicide (1837), 246, 249
Thapa, Dharma Raj, 467
Thapa, Gajraj Singh, 238–9
Thapa, Ganesh Kumari, 249
Thapa, Harkabir, 444
Thapa, Mathabar Singh, 245, 246, 248–51
Thapa, Raghubir, 363–4
Thapathali, Kathmandu, 260
Thapathali Treaty (1856), 377, 380, 388
Tharu, Nepal, 525
Theosophy, 78, 317–18, 374, 430, 451
thighbone trumpets, 407
Thimphu, Bhutan, 142, 143
Third Eye, The (Lobsang Rampa), 318
Third Pole, 3
thokchak, 67–8
Tholing, Ngari, 69, 70–71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 453
Thomas Cook, 469
Thomas, George, 220
Thomas, Lowell, 470, 492
Thomson, Thomas, 281, 326, 344
Thornton, Edward, 198
Three Years in Tibet (Kawaguchi), 394
Three Years’ Wandering (Fortune), 340
Thrinley Choedron, 478–9
Through Unknown Tibet (Wellby), 312
Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama, 388
Britain, relations with, 406
China, exile in (1924–1937), 403, 435
Dalai Lama, search for (1936), 438
death (1937), 438
Forman interview (1932), 430
India, pilgrimages to, 406
Kuomintang, relations with, 483
Macaulay mission (1885–1886), 384–5
Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama, 386, 388–9, 393–5, 397–400, 402
Beijing visit (1908), 393–4
Bell, relationship with, 397–400, 402
coup attempt (1924), 406
death (1933), 411, 434, 436, 490
India, exile in (1910–1913), 397–9
Japan, relations with, 394, 395
Kingdon-Ward expedition (1924), 348
Laden La and, 406
Macaulay mission (1885–1886), 385
modernisation efforts, 386, 395, 398, 399, 402
Mongolia, exile in (1904–1905), 393
Russia, relations with, 388–9, 393, 394, 434
United States, relations with, 393–4, 492
Younghusband expedition (1903–1904), 392, 393
Zhao’s invasion (1910), 397
Thubten Kunphel, 436–7, 483
Thurman, Robert, 45
Tianjin Treaty (1858), 283, 309
Tibet, 2, 18, 32–57, 58–79, 126–50
altitude, 32–3, 35, 38–9, 154
astronomy in, 296–7, 301
art in, 41–2, 66, 71
Buddhism in, see Tibetan Buddhism
calendar, 47
Chinese rule (1950–), see Chinese Tibet
Christianity in, see Christianity
climate, 36, 37, 77
Dalai Lamas, see Dalai Lamas
dharma kings, 47, 54, 63
Dunhuang manuscripts, 42–54, 55, 62, 65, 74, 157, 484