by Ed Douglas
Dzungar rule (1717–1720), 135–6, 204, 299, 305
Empire (618–842), see Tibetan Empire
Ganden Phodrang (1642–1959), see Ganden Phodrang
genetics in, 32–9
Guge Kingdom (c. 967–1680), 64, 68–73, 74, 77, 78, 83, 87, 112
Han migration to, 39
Hinduism in, 138
historiography, 46
hypoxic environment, 32–3, 35, 38–9
Khalji’s invasion (1206), 86
Khoshut rule (1642–1717), 134–6, 202, 304
lamas, 67
literacy in, 39, 46, 50, 52
Losar, 47, 132
medicine, 296, 297–9
Mongol rule (1240–1354), 75–6, 88
Monlam Chenmo, 132, 402
Neolithic cultures, 38, 40, 62
Nepal, relations with, 48, 51, 55, 84, 115, 121
Panchen Lamas, 94, 126–9
Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618), 130, 132, 134
precipitation in, 23
Qing rule (1720–1912), see Qing Tibet
science in, 296
shamanism, 41, 66, 78
sky burial, 75
Sowa Rigpa, 296
tea in, 50, 64
thokchak, 67–8
Tsangpa dynasty (1565–1642), 134, 144
wildlife, 36, 41
writing, 39, 41, 46, 51–2
yaks, see yaks
yarab choesang, 304
Yarlung dynasty, see Tibetan Empire
Yarlung Tsangpo, 2, 24, 25, 28, 39, 46, 47, 58
Yuan rule (1270–1354), 43, 75–6, 130
zi beads, 67
Tibet Improvement Party, 437, 482–7
Tibet Museum, Lhasa, 41
Tibet the Mysterious (Holdich), 374–5
Tibetan Annals, 46, 47
Tibetan Book of the Dead, The, 430
Tibetan Buddhism, 39–40, 46, 53, 54–7, 64, 66–8, 379
art, 41–2
Bon and, 66–8
Chenrezig, 47, 73, 83, 131, 306, 399
chidar, 68
Dalai Lamas, see Dalai Lamas
dharma kings, 47, 54, 63
Geluk school, 73, 74, 126, 129–36, 209, 297, 300
Guge Kingdom and, 68–73
Jincheng and, 53, 55
Kadam school, 73, 131
Kagyu school, see Kagyu school
Kailas and, 59, 60–61
khandroma, 473–4
lamas, 67, 75–6, 133
Langdarma and, 47
madhyamaka, 131, 486
Mongol influence, 43, 88–92
Nechung Oracle, 56
Nyingma school, 56, 130, 135
Panchen Lamas, see Panchen Lamas
reincarnation, 97, 130, 133
Sakya school, 73–4, 87–91, 130, 131, 133
sangha, 132
Santarakshita and, 55–6
Selnang and, 55
suppression of, 47, 53
tantra, see Tantric Buddhism
translation of texts, 70, 71, 72, 87, 143, 483
Trisong Detsen and, 53, 54–7, 69, 70
tulku, 133, 168, 292, 436, 473
Wencheng and, 50, 51, 55
Zen and, 56–7
Tibetan Civilisation (Stein), 62
Tibetan Empire (618–842), 43, 46–54
Chang’an, invasion of (763), 46, 53
Mangsong Mangtsen, rule of (650–676), 52
Nepal, relations with, 48, 51, 55, 84
sixteen human laws, 304
Songtsen Gampo, rule of (618–649), 46–52, 62–3, 84, 130, 132, 134, 304
Tangut people, 87
Trisong Detsen, rule of (755–797), 53, 54–7, 69, 70
Zhang Zhung, relations with, 62–3
Tibetan Pioneer Mission, 311
Tibetans in Tent and Temple (Rijnhart), 313
Tibeto-Burmese languages, 38, 61, 84, 108, 112
Tichan, 149–50
Tichy, Herbert, 414
Tierra del Fuego, 326
Tiger Tops wildlife lodge, Nepal, 517
tigers, 8, 29, 41, 124, 243, 254, 260, 387, 514
tilaka, 10
Tilman, Harold William ‘Bill’, 367, 418
Everest expedition (1935), 419
Langtang expedition (1949), 164, 461–2
Nanda Devi expedition (1934), 412–16, 461
World War II (1939–1945), 428
Tilopa, 45, 87
Time, 501
Times, The, 255–6, 257, 298, 395, 423
Times of India, The, 467
Timothy I, Patriarch of the Eastern Church, 74
Tingri, Tibet, 157
Tintin in Tibet (Hergé), 470–71
Tipta La, 337
Tisé, 61
Tista river, 195, 338
Titalia Treaty (1817), 335
Tod, Tibet, 65
Tokhan Namgyal, 336
Tolstoy, Ilya, 433, 492–3
Tom Brown’s School Days (Hughes), 283
Tong Tau, 65, 67
Tonmi clan, 52
Toyo, Tibet, 280
Traill, George William, 241–2, 263, 330, 379
Transhimalaya (Tucci), 67–8
travertine, 36
Treasury of All Precious Instructions, The, 298–9
Treatise on Passion (Gendun Chopel), 484
Treaty of Amiens (1802), 291
Treaty of Amritsar (1846), 280–81, 331
Treaty of Calcutta (1890), 311, 386
Treaty of Calcutta (1908), 397
Treaty of Chefoo (1876), 384
Treaty of Chushul (1842), 280
Treaty of Danapur (1801), 173, 185, 217
Treaty of Kyirong (1789), 169
Treaty of Lhasa (1904), 393, 399
Treaty of Nanking (1842), 282, 331, 340
Treaty of Punakha (1910), 458
Treaty of Sagauli (1816), 195, 196, 236, 239, 260, 263, 279, 376
Treaty of Simla (1914), 400, 402, 459
Treaty of Thapathali (1856), 377, 380, 388
Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 283, 309
Treaty of Titalia (1817), 335
Treaty of Tumlong (1861), 383
Trebitsch-Lincoln, Ignaz, 318
tree peony, 348
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah, King of Nepal, 445, 447, 449–50, 457–8, 468
accession to throne (1911), 445
exile (1950–1951), 449–50, 460
Lissanevitch, relationship with, 469, 470
Mahendra’s wedding (1952), 512
protests (1947), 449
return to throne (1951), 107, 457
Tride Tsugtsen, Tsenpo of Tibet, 53
Trimon Shap-pe, 437
Trinley Gyatso, 12th Dalai Lama, 287, 381, 388
Tripura, India, 106
Tripura Sundari Devi, 183–4, 198, 245
Trisong Detsen, Tsenpo of Tibet, 53, 54–7, 69
Trisul, 352, 367, 369, 395, 396, 412
Trisuli Bazar, Nuwakot, 458
Trisuli region, 114–15, 151
Aufschnaiter’s exploration (1951), 457
railway in, 152
Shah conquest (1743–1744), 116–19
Singh pundits’ exploration (1863), 287
trade routes, 166, 168, 377, 515
Trocadéro Palace, Paris, 104
Truman, Harry, 448, 460
Tsa Yig Chenmo, 144
Tsaidam basin, 36
Tsang, Tibet, 60, 132, 134, 143, 144, 305
Tsangnyon Heruka, 60–61
Tsangpa dynasty (1565–1642), 134, 144
Tsangpo, see Yarlung Tsangpo region
Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama, 135
Tsaparang, Guge Kingdom, 74, 77, 78, 222, 275, 453
Tsarong family, 398
Tsarong Shap-pe, 398, 402, 405, 406, 437, 455
von Tschammer und Osten, Hans, 426, 427, 428
Tsepa Adan, 338
Tsepal Dondup Namgyal, Chogyal of Ladakh, 278–9
Tsering Shakya, 319
Tsering Woeser,
481
Tsering-ma, 215
Tseten Nomonhan, 299–303, 305, 385
Tsongkha, Amdo, 131
Tsongkhapa, 130–32, 477
Tsuglakhang, Tholing, 70–71, 73
Tsugphud Namgyal, Chogyal of Sikkim, 335, 337–8
Tsum, Nepal, 519
Tucci, Giuseppe, 451–5, 457
Khasa inscriptions find (1956), 111–12
Ladakh expedition (1928), 453
Nepal visit (1929), 81, 451
on rice–lama line, 154
on thokchaks, 67–8
Tibet expeditions (1933–1939), 65, 71, 73, 77, 453–4
Tibet expedition (1948), 454–5, 461
on zi beads, 67
Tucker, Robert, 230
Tukche, Nepal, 463
tulku, 133, 168, 292–3, 436, 473
Tumlong Treaty (1861), 383
Tundhikel, Kathmandu, 258
Turagarh, 181
Turkestan, 58, 123, 380, 502, 508
Turkic peoples, 42, 43, 48, 49, 73, 112
Turner, Roscoe, 421
Turner, Samuel, 148–9, 150, 215, 327
turquoise, 41
Tuscany, 97
Tuyuhun, 48
Twinings, 332
Tyndall, John, 351
U Dumtsen, 47
U, Tibet, 132, 134
Uighurs, 44, 54
Ujir Singh, 193
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 393
Ullman, James Ramsey, 521
United Kingdom, see Britain
United Nations, 459, 492, 495, 506
United States, 309
Arnold Arboretum, 346
Boston Tea Party (1773), 127
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 415, 461, 505, 506
Charlottesville riots (2017), 106
China, relations with, 504–5, 516
Chushi Gangdruk, funding of, 495, 505, 506, 515
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 261, 504
Everest expedition (1963), 519, 521
India, relations with, 504–5
Meyer expedition (1905–1908), 346
Nepal, relations with, 448–9, 460, 515
Nixon’s China visit (1972), 516
organised crime in, 520
OSS Tibet mission (1942), 433, 492–3
Revolutionary War (1775–1783), 98, 127, 168
Rockhill’s ambassadorship (1905–1909), 393–4, 492
Sherpa migration to, 522
Tibetan independence and, 491, 495, 505–6, 516
Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 283, 309
United Nations Declaration (1942), 492
Wall Street Crash (1929), 411
World War II (1941–1945), 448, 492
University of Berlin, 433
University of California, 35
University of Cape Town, 106
University of Queensland, 33
University of Washington, 428
Unsworth, Walt, 365
Uray, Géza, 47
Urdu, 7, 8, 139, 230
Urusvati, 432
Ust’-Ishim man, 38
Uttar Pradesh, India, 1, 17
Agra, 76, 160, 220
Allahabad, 357, 375
Bareilly, 219, 220, 268, 270
Butwal, 174, 181, 183, 188, 193
Cawnpore, 218, 239
Gorakhpur, 181, 193, 219
Kanpur, 218, 239
Khurja, 160
Lucknow, 219, 239, 247, 260, 284
Meerut, 227, 235, 238
Pilibhit, 219
Rampur, 270, 279, 281
Rohilkhand, 270
Saharanpur, 270, 326, 327, 330
Shikohabad, 160
Varanasi, 15, 125, 138, 172, 185, 249, 253, 443
Uttarakhand, India, 17, 63
Almora, 16, 17, 195, 199–200, 367, 413
Badrinath, 10, 12–13, 76, 77, 137, 440, 442
Bhageerathi Parvat, 12
Bhyundar valley, 418, 442
Burfu, 262
Dehra Dun, 235, 270, 286, 287, 352, 442, 455, 456
Gangotri, 1, 6, 10, 14, 16, 19, 177, 222, 440–42
Garhwal, see Garhwal
Ghastoli, 440
Haridwar, 220
Joshimath, 137, 442
Kumaon, see Kumaon
Mana, 222
Milam, 261–5, 281, 288, 353
Munsyari, 265
Mussoorie, 200, 226, 328, 352
Naini Tal, 200, 328, 352
Niti, 272, 274, 278
Uttaranchal, 17
Uzbekistan, 404, 405
Vaishali, Bihar, 84
Vaishnavism, 16–17, 85
Vajracchedika, 45
Vajrayana, 45, 70
Van der Putte, Carel, 206
Van der Putte, Constantijn, 207
Van der Putte, Samuel, 205–8, 294
Van Nijenburg, Egmond, 206–7
Van Schaik, Sam, 39
Vans Agnew, Patrick, 280–81, 283
Vansittart, Henry, 211, 212
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 15, 125, 138, 172, 185, 249, 253, 443
Vatican, 205, 305, 309
Vedas, 7, 56
Veitch, John Gould, 343, 346
Vellore mutiny (1806), 191
Venetian Republic (697–1797), 206
Verne, Jules, 295
Vest Pocket Kodak, 424
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, 239, 250, 256, 340, 375, 388
Vigne, Godfrey Thomas, 360
Vikramasila, Bihar, 71–2, 85
vipers, 29
Vishnu, 10, 12, 15, 17, 81, 83, 85
Visva-Bharati college, Shantiniketan, 451–2
Vlissingen, Dutch Republic, 206
Voyages (Cook), 325
vril, 317
Vril Society, 432
Vyasa, 8
Wade, Thomas Francis, 381, 384
Wager, Lawrence, 22, 26
Walikhanov, Shoqan, 354
Walker, James, 285, 286, 288
Wall Street Crash (1929), 411
Wallich, Nathaniel, 326–7, 330, 333, 344
Walong, Arunachal Pradesh, 504
Wang Fuzhou, 510
Wang Jian, 35
Wang Yi, 151
Wang Yuanlu, 43
Wangsheng Youguosi, Wutaishan, 91
Ward, Harry Marshall, 321
Ward, Michael, 289
Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw, 323–5
Wardian cases, 323–5, 326, 339, 341
Warren, Charles, 419–20
Waugh, Andrew, 226
Webb, William, 219–24, 226, 266
Webber, Thomas, 284
Wegener, Alfred, 21–2, 455
Weir, Beatrice, 413
Weir, Leslie, 408
Weisshorn, Swiss Alps, 351
Wellby, Montagu, 312
Wellesley, Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington, 218, 225, 250, 258
Wellesley, Richard, 1st Marquess Wellesley, 173, 217, 218, 268
Welzenbach, Willo, 426, 427
Wencheng, 50, 51, 52, 62
Wenzhou Medical University, 33
West Bengal, 18
Western Ghats, 22
Western Zhou dynasty (1047–772 BCE), 40
Westland Wallace aircraft, 422
Westland Wapiti aircraft, 421
White Lotus Rebellion (1794–1804), 187
White Stupa, Beijing, 91
White, John Claude, 386, 390, 399
Whymper, Edward, 284, 351–2, 363, 364
Whymper, Frank, 352
Whymper, Henry, 351
Whymper, Joseph, 352
Whymper, Samuel, 352
Wien, Karl, 428
Wignall, Sydney, 461
Wilcox, Richard, 224
Wild Garden, The (Robinson), 343
Wiligut, Karl Maria, 433
William IV, King of the United Kingdom, 245
William of Rubruck, 75
Wilson Tea Estate, Darjeeling, 341–2
Wilson, Archibald, 235
Wilson, David, 341–2
Wilson, Ernest Henry, 346
Wilson, Maurice, 419–20
Wings over Everest, 423
Wolsey, Thomas, 338
wolves, 29, 315
Wood, John, 193
wool trade, 154
Gartok trade, 154, 276–7, 278, 279, 281–2
Kashmir trade, 77, 154, 161, 181, 276
Kham trade, 483
Kirkpatrick mission (1792–1793), 99
Ladakh trade, 77, 161, 276, 278–9
Milam trade, 262, 264
Moorcroft and, 270, 272, 276–9
PRC and, 482
Rampur trade, 279, 281
Webb expedition (1807–8), 221
Woolf, Virginia, 351
Workman, Fanny, 358, 359, 409
Workman, William, 358, 359
World War I (1914–18), 399
Bailey’s service, 404
Battle of Passchendaele (1917), 314
Battle of the Somme (1916), 400, 413
Battle of Ypres (1914), 419
Bauer’s service, 425
Blacker’s service, 421
Bruce’s service, 444
Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916), 404, 444
Gurkha regiments, 152, 233, 404, 444
Howard-Bury’s service, 400
mountaineering and, 372, 374, 401
Nepalese troops, 152, 444–5
poppies and, 320
Spring offensive (1918), 400
Tilman’s service, 413
Wilson’s service, 419
World War II (1939–45), 428
Albania and, 428
Burma Road, 492
China and, 492–4
Germany and, 318, 428, 447, 469
Holocaust (1941–1945), 433, 434
Hump flights (1942–1945), 492
India and, 447–8
Italy and, 428, 454
Nepal and, 447–8
Office of Strategic Services, 461
Operation Mincemeat (1943), 423
Pacific War (1941–1945), 454, 492
Tibet and, 492–4
Panzerschokolade, 469
World Wide Fund for Nature, 514
Wutaishan, Shanxi, 91, 393
Xanadu, 93
Xi Jinping, 43, 59, 151
Xianfeng, Qing Emperor, 283
Xingqing, Ningxia, 88
Xinhai Revolution (1911–12), 398, 411
Xinhua Daily, 490
Xinhua News Agency, 495
Xining, Qinghai, 87, 94, 162, 203, 312
Xinjiang, 58, 123, 502, 508
Xu Xiangde, 28
Xuanzang, 51, 84, 210, 308
Xuanzong, Tang Emperor, 53
al-Ya‘qubi, Ahmad, 158
‘Yak of Tartary, The’ (Stubbs), 149
yaks, 36, 40, 41
altitude, survival at, 354
Bogle mission (1774), 129, 148
Chang Tang, 276
Darwin and, 353
flywhisks, 40, 99, 156
Gartok trade, 154, 275, 276
Khasa Kingdom, 112
paintings of, 42
Turner mission (1783), 148–9
yaksha, 14
Yamuna river, 10, 175, 177
Yamunotri, 10
Yan Liben, 50
Yangtze river, 28, 38
yarab choesang, 304
Yarkand, Turkestan, 288, 314, 380
Yarlha Shampo, 47