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heat, 9–10, 11
Heaven Well Locks, 119, 122
Helen of Troy, 64
Hellenic culture, 34, 59, 86; Alexander the Great and, 72, 73–74; Egypt and, 36, 37, 74; Western civilization’s roots in, 157
Hellespont, 60, 64, 66, 71; Alexander the Great crossing of, 72; Persian army crossing of, 67–68, 69. See also Dardanelles
Henry VIII, King, 197
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 182–83, 184–85, 186, 187
Herodotus, 26, 36, 51–52, 69, 183, 184
Hero of Alexandria, 74, 218
herring, 179
Hezekiah, 49, 50, 86
Hibbert, Christopher, 94
High Aswan Dam. See Aswan high dam
high-tech industries, 442, 452
Himalayas, 55, 98, 108; glacier shrinkage and, 426–27, 446
Hinduism, 18, 54, 137, 190; flood myth and, 42
Hindu Kush, 55, 73, 132
Hippocrates, 252
Hitler, Adolf, 210
Hohokam culture, 55, 326, 331
Holland. See Netherlands
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 298
Holy Land, 141, 152, 160
Holy Roman Empire, 94, 138, 160
Homer, 64
Homestead lands, 321, 328
Hone, Philip, 297
Hong Kong, 124
Hoover, Herbert, 336, 343, 358
Hoover Dam, 3, 243, 267, 287, 317, 329–42, 349, 358, 454, 455, 481; engineering of, 336–37; scale/multipurpose design of, 330–31, 340
Hormuz, 120, 194
Hormuz, Strait of, 482
Horn of Africa, 35, 58, 83, 183, 393, 396
hot chocolate, 252, 296
Howe, William, 271
Hsiang-yang siege, 118–19
Hsiung-nu, 118
Hudson, Henry, 203
Hudson River, 203, 230, 270, 271, 332, 463, 464; Erie Canal and, 292; steamboats and, 288, 290, 300; water tunnel under, 297
Hu Jintao, 441
human right to water, 412, 491, 495
Hume, David, 219
Hungary, 117, 259
hunter-gatherers, 18–19, 22, 23
Hurricane Katrina, 464, 479
Hussein, Saddam, 410
Hutton, James, 219
hybrid crops, 360, 373
hydraulic societies, 2, 24–58, 323, 325, 384; characteristics of, 25–26, 52, 54, 101–2, 105, 229; common reasons for fall of, 55–56, 147; grand monuments of, 25, 33; innovation and, 38, 47–48; market-centric competition vs., 172–73; seafaring societies vs., 59–60, 71; twentieth-century vestiges of, 26; water challenge response by, 153
hydroelectricity, 3, 17, 18, 267, 286–87, 344, 477, 488; irrigation subsidies and, 331; Middle East and, 387, 390, 398, 400. See also dams, giant
hygiene, 54, 87–88, 251, 254
Hyksos, 33
Ibn Battutah, 144
Ibsen, Henrik, 236
ice ages, 10–11, 19, 96, 212–13, 345
ice forms, 9–12, 66, 218; global warming and, 478, 479
Ijsselmeer, 479
Iliad (Homer), 64
Illinois and Michigan Canal, 295
Illinois River, 275, 293
immigrant labor, 284–85, 294
imperial baths, 90, 91
Imperial Valley (Calif.), 333, 341, 452–55
Inca civilization, 25, 188
India, ancient/medieval, 56–58; Alexander the Great and, 57, 72–73; all-water route to, 184, 186, 187, 189–94, 207; as east-west trade hub, 36, 57–58, 75, 83; golden ages of, 57; Islamic conquests in, 137; map of, 53; Portugal and, 151, 190, 192–94; rice farming and, 56–58, 114; Silk Roads and, 108, 109. See also Indus civilization
India, modern, 417–26, 449; anti-irrigation protests and, 419–20, 421; British colonial era and, 57, 124, 203, 205, 208, 222, 223, 231, 232, 234, 269, 422; cholera pandemics and, 259; disparate hydrological regions of, 57, 423; giant dam projects and, 358, 359, 417–19; global warming and, 426; Green Revolution in, 360, 419; Pakistan and, 427, 428–29; traditional water-management methods and, 484; water scarcity challenge and, 5, 376, 418–26, 429–30, 471, 482; water violence and, 371, 380
Indian Ocean, 18, 22, 60, 402; Cheng Ho voyages and, 120–21; Islamic hegemony in, 109, 128, 132, 135–37, 142, 143, 149; Portuguese hegemony in, 193–94, 202; Portuguese voyages and, 121, 150–51, 183, 190; sea power shift from, 234; trade network of, 41, 57–58, 75, 83, 109, 116, 132, 135, 183; two-way seasonal monsoons of, 58, 75, 109, 132, 136, 185
Indonesia, 58, 135, 194, 202, 378
Indus civilization, 2, 11, 24, 41, 52–58, 427, 487; map of, 53; modern accidental discovery of, 52
Indus River, 24, 28, 41, 51, 52, 57, 72, 126, 292, 417, 426–29; course of, 427; course shift of, 55; deterioration of, 361, 427; irrigation and, 231; map of, 53; Tarbela Dam and, 359, 428
Industrial Revolution, 23, 74, 107, 116, 123, 211–45, 293; factors behind, 212–13, 217; impact of, 211, 227–28; precursors of, 168, 170–71; sanitation and, 250, 251, 353, 441; spread of, 244–45. See also steam engine
industry, 16, 243–45; electrical age and, 285–87; labor-saving incentives and, 123; mass production and, 267, 283, 286, 294; multipurpose dams and, 267, 357–60; pollution from, 245, 252, 260–61, 353–57, 362, 434, 438, 475, 478; transport canals and, 214, 217; urban growth from, 223, 229, 251, 252; water productivity and, 469–72. See also steam engine; waterwheel
Indus Water Treaty (1960), 429
infant mortality, 250, 251, 262, 297, 425
Influence of Sea Power Upon History, The (Mahan), 79, 305
infrastructure maintenance, 464–67, 491
Inquisition, 188
interchangeable parts, 283
Interior Department (U.S.), 329, 454
internal combustion engine, 245, 267, 286
International Monetary Fund, 242
interoceanic canals. See Panama Canal; Suez Canal
interoceanic sailing. See ocean voyages
investment funds, water, 380
Invisible Green Hand, 451
invisible hand, 217, 381
Ionia, 66, 67, 86
Iran, 39, 48, 49, 108, 137, 408, 484. See also Persia
Iraq, 359, 384, 408–11, 412. See also Mesopotamia
Iraq War, 410, 411
Ireland, 62
iron, 64, 106, 107, 109, 113, 116, 117, 119, 161, 170–71, 213, 226, 229; significance of, 1, 47, 56; U.S. production of, 281, 294. See also cast iron; steel
Iron Age, 35, 47, 56
iron ships, 212, 229, 232
iron tools, 47, 48, 102, 171, 487
Irrawaddy River, 232, 426
irrigation, 2, 11, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 54, 74, 76; Abbasids and, 143–44, 147; ancient China and, 100–106, 114–15; aquifer pumping and, 344–45, 385; British Empire and, 231, 237–38; canals and (see canals, irrigation); centralized water allocation and, 51; centrifugal pump and, 346–47; continuing reliance on, 23; cropland reclamation and, 101–2, 105–6; ecosystem damage from, 18, 43, 55, 326, 361, 397, 472, 473; efficient water use and, 406, 424, 452, 455, 457, 471–74, 480; Egyptian collapse of, 147–48; energy needs for, 476; India and, 419–21, 424, 427; Israel and, 401, 406, 412; legal codes and, 46; lost societies and, 55–56, 326, 331; Pakistan and, 427–28; sale of water rights and, 457; subsidies and, 331, 347, 352, 370, 378, 397, 423, 424, 442, 454, 473, 475; technologies and, 25, 33–34, 37, 115, 143–44; as water intensive, 373; water prices and, 378–79, 442, 452–53; worldwide peaking out of, 372. See also hydraulic societies
Isabella, Queen, 148, 187
Islam, 18, 126, 232, 303; cholera pandemic and, 260; Christian Ethiopia and, 393; founding of, 128, 129–31; fundamentalist radicals and, 385, 394, 415; non-Arab Turkey and, 406, 408; reverence for water of, 378, 412; schism in, 132
Islamic civilization, 37, 49, 58, 72, 94, 95, 126–53, 252, 394; Alexandria and, 74, 75; Chinese innovations and, 116; Christian Europe and, 137, 141–42, 187; emergence of, 126, 128–29; expansion of, 126, 130–33, 137–42, 174, 183, 184; f
actors in decline of, 145–54, 171, 194, 385; golden age of, 142–46, 170; map of, 127; Mongol conquests and, 117–18, 119, 146; non-Arab converts and, 118, 133, 142, 147, 151; Portuguese challenge and, 190, 193–94; scholarship and, 140–46, 145–46; Silk Roads and, 109, 132; tolerance of, 133; Venetian trade and, 176; water fragility of, 126, 128, 129, 133–36, 143, 147–50, 153, 171, 378, 384, 385
Ismail Pasha, 235
Israel, 384, 388, 391, 392, 401–8, 409, 411–12, 483; map of, 386; Suez Crisis and, 240, 241–42, 243, 402; water challenge response by, 406–8, 412, 458, 471, 473
Istanbul, 88
Itaipu Dam, 359
Italy, 63, 93, 179, 244, 253; drought (2003) and, 477; northern European coastal trade with, 173–76. See also Rome, ancient; specific place names
Jacob, 33
Jade Gate, 108
James River, 272
Japan, 119, 253, 320, 340, 359; mercury contamination and, 354; Perry “opening” of, 232, 304; water productivity and, 450
Java, 119, 202–3
Jaxartes River, 108, 377
Jay, John, 276
Jefferson, Thomas, 278, 279, 282, 290, 293, 303, 328
Jeffersonian Republicans, 274
Jericho, 19–20
Jerusalem, 80, 394, 402; crusaders and, 160; secret water tunnel in, 49–50, 86
Jervis, John, 296
Jesus, 129
John II, King, 187
Johnston, Eric, 401, 405
Johnstown (Pa.) flood (1889), 327
Jones, John Paul, 303
Jordan, 55, 384, 400, 402, 471; Israel and, 404–5, 407
Jordan River, 128, 401–2, 403, 405, 406, 483
Jordan River basin, 401–8
Jordan River Valley, 20, 409
Joshua, 20
Juan-juan, 92, 118
Judaism, 18, 129, 130, 392
Jumna canals, 231
Justinian, Emperor, 93, 94, 110, 158
Ka’bah shrine, 130
Kaifeng, 115, 116, 117, 433
Kansas, 265, 322, 345, 346–48
Karachi water violence, 371, 428
Karakorum, 146
Karnak temple, 33
Kashmir, 427, 429
Kenndy, John F., 355, 458–59
Kennedy, Paul, 192–93
Kenya, 120, 190, 237; water poverty and, 493–95; water violence and, 371–72
Khartoum, 28, 238
Khubilai Khan, 118, 119
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 238–39
Knossos, 63
Koch, Robert, 261–62
Koran, 128
Krishna River, 422
Kurds, 408, 410, 411, 412
Kuroshio, 12
Kur River dam, 143
Kuwait, 409, 410
labor. See forced labor; slave labor; wage labor
labor-saving devices, cheap labor vs., 85, 123, 171–73
La Hougue, Battle of (1692), 204
laisser-faire. See market economy
lakes, 10, 11, 12–13, 267, 354. See also key word for specific lakes
Lancashire, 212, 221–22
landslides, 422, 438, 478, 483
Las Vegas, 323, 330, 351, 456
lateen sails, 135, 178
leadership, 481, 490
Lebanon, 405; cedars of, 34, 35
Leeds, 251
Lee Ferry (Ariz.), 351
legal codes, 46, 59, 148, 336, 350
Leo III, Emperor, 140, 141
Leo III, Pope, 160
Leonardo da Vinci, 167–68, 215–16, 218
Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 152, 153
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 235, 236, 239, 243; Panama Canal and, 309–10, 311, 312, 316
levees, 25, 98, 275, 276, 432; failure of, 464
Lewis and Clark expedition, 279
Li Bing, 103–4, 439, 466
Library of Alexandria, 74
Libya, 35, 384, 415–16
lightbulb, 243, 285
limestone, 291
Lisbon, 181–82, 199, 202
Litani River, 405
Little Ice Age, 212–13
Liu Cheng, 118
Liverpool, 217
Livingston, Robert, 278, 279, 288
locomotive. See railroads
loess, 96, 97, 98, 487
Loire River, 162
Lombards, 94
Lombardy, 244
London, 88, 164, 165, 217, 225; cholera pandemics and, 258–59, 261; sanitation and, 249–51, 255–63, 264, 457
London Bridge, 165, 225, 255
Lopez, Robert S., 164
Los Angeles, 330, 333–36, 453, 457
Louis XIV, King, 203–4, 214, 224
Louis XVI, King, 272, 273
Louisbourg, 205
Louisiana, 479
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 277–79, 288, 291, 314
Love Canal (N.Y.), 353–54
Low Aswan Dam. See Aswan low dam
Low Countries, 164, 173–74, 215
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 283, 284
Lowell textile mills (Mass.), 283–84, 285
Lübeck, 163, 164
Lucca silk mill, 170
Lufti Pasha, 152
Luisitania (ocean liner), 244
Lunar Society, 221
Luxor temple, 33
Macedon, 72
Machacos Hills, 494
Madagascar, 149, 183, 190
Magellan, Ferdinand, 180, 188, 194, 195
Magellan, Strait of, 195, 198
Magic Canal (China), 104–5, 215
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 79, 305–7
Mahdi, 238
Maine, USS, explosion of, 307
maize. See corn
Malabar, 193
Malacca, 132, 194
Malacca Strait, 83, 120, 194, 202; piracy and, 482
malaria, 54, 76, 94, 115, 176, 310, 371, 420; control of, 262, 316–17, 343. See also mosquitoes
Malaya Peninsula, 58, 83
Malaysia, 194, 202
Malindi, 120, 190
Malta, 62, 132
Mamluks, 148, 193, 194, 235
Mamun, al-, 145
Manchester, 214, 216, 217, 223, 251
Manchu dynasty, 125
Manchuria, 120
Manifest Destiny, 304
Manmade River project (Libya), 415–16
manorial system, 160, 162–63, 166, 172
Mao Zedong, 125, 358–59, 431, 432, 433, 436–37, 443
Marathon, Battle of (490 BC), 47
maritime civilizations. See seafaring societies
Mark, St., 177
market economy: Britain and, 123–24, 197, 200, 202, 204, 212, 214, 217, 232; Chinese controlled form of, 431, 432, 437; cities and, 166–67; comparative advantage of, 204, 481; Confucian precepts vs., 106; environmental challenges and, 260–61, 264–65, 451; India’s water supply and, 423; innovation and, 481; interstate water trades and, 456; northern Europe and, 157–58, 164–66, 172–76, 177, 189, 196, 200–203; seafaring societies and, 59, 70, 71, 94–95, 158; United States and, 282–85; water management and, 376–77, 379–81; water productivity and, 448, 450–51, 462–63; water valuation and, 379–80, 451, 469, 485, 490, 491. See also global economy
Marmara, Sea of, 137
Marsh Arabs, 410
Martin V, Pope, 95
Mary II, Queen, 204
mass production, 267, 283, 286, 294, 458
Mastodon Mill, 227
Mauryan dynasty, 57
Maya civilization, 25, 55–56, 326
McCullough, David, 319
McKinley, William, 307, 308, 311, 328
McNeill, William H., 39, 62
Mead, Lake, 330, 337, 351, 454, 456
Mecca, 120, 128–30, 193, 260, 393, 409
Mechanical Revolution (Middle Ages), 166–71, 173
Medina, 130, 132, 409
Mediterranean Sea, 11, 22, 59–95; Alexander the Great’s empire and, 72–75; Black Sea link with, 137, 139, 408; British sea lanes in, 208, 233; characteristics of, 60–61; compass navigatio
n and, 178; desalinization plants and, 407; east-west trade and, 58, 135–36; Egypt and, 28, 30, 34, 36, 60; European power in, 142, 149, 152, 174–75, 178, 179; Islamic power in, 128, 129, 132, 135–37, 142, 149, 174; islands of, 62; map of, 61; Minoans and, 35, 63–64; Napoléon’s power in, 206–7, 234; Ottoman expansion and, 194–96; pirates and, 79–80, 303; Red Sea link with, 36, 183, 207, 234–35; regional climate change and, 32, 45; regional realignments and, 181; Roman control of, 2, 59, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 111, 174; sailing seasons and, 62; sea power shift from, 234; southern Europe and, 157, 158, 164, 173; steamboats and, 230; three main trade routes and, 60, 62; Venice and, 94–95, 137, 142, 165, 176, 177
Mehmet II, 151–52
Meiji Restoration, 232
Meir, Golda, 401–2
Mekong River, 426, 443
Meles Zenawi, 395, 396
Memphis (Egypt), 30, 31, 32
Menelaus, King, 64
Menes, 30–31, 39, 44
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 392, 393
mercury contamination, 354
Merrimack River, 283, 285
Mesopotamia, 2, 17, 20, 24, 32, 33, 37–52, 63, 65, 147, 323; Fertile Crescent and, 19; flood myth of, 42; founding unifier of, 44; irrigation and, 44–45, 51, 74, 144, 146; Islam and, 131, 134, 137, 143, 144, 147; map of, 40; sea trade and, 54, 58; Silk Roads and, 108–9; water-engineering ingenuity of, 38
Messina, Strait of, 77
Metaurus River, 78
Meuse River, 164
Mexican War, 300, 304
Mexico, 49, 252, 260, 378; Green Revolution in, 360; water rights and, 350, 351, 455
Mexico, Gulf of, 12, 274, 275, 276, 293, 472
Mexico City, 378–79
Michigan, Lake, 264, 295
microclimates, 12
microirrigation, 406–7, 471, 480
Middle East (ancient). See specific societies
Middle East (modern), 384–416, 449, 483; Cold War and, 37, 239–43; desalinization and, 407–8, 414, 415, 458, 459; map of, 386; Turkey’s water wealth and, 408–12, 483; water conflicts and, 384, 404–6; water crisis and, 4–5, 373, 375, 384, 412–16. See also specific countries
Midway, Battle of (1942), 70, 320
Milan, 164, 215, 244
Miletus, 66–67
military campaigns, 4, 47, 102; Alexander the Great and, 72–75; Egypt and, 33, 35, 36; Islamic expansion and, 130–33, 137–42, 177; Napoléon and, 206–10; Ottoman Turks and, 151–52; steam power and, 229; water as weapon in, 46, 50, 51, 69–70, 73, 93, 196, 205–6, 260–70, 272–73, 410. See also naval battles
Millennium Development Goals (2002), 485, 486
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2001), 372, 375, 384–85