Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution
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EPILOGUE AND CONCLUSION
The most detailed study of Villa's last three years is Eugenia Meyer, La vida con Villa en la hacienda de Canutillo (Mexico City 1973). Other useful sources for this late period are Marte R. Gomez, La reforma agraria en las filas Villistas, anos 1913 a 1915 Y 1920 (Mexico City 1966) and Marte R. Gomez, Pancho Villa: Un intento de semblanza (Mexico City 1972); Jessica Peterson and Thelma Cox Knoles, ed., Pancho Villa: Intimate Recollections by People Who Knew Him, op. cit.; Luz Corral de Villa, Pancho Villa en la intimidad op. cit.; and Ruben Osorio Zuniga, Pancho Villa: ese desconocido, op. cit. Villa's relationship to the complex politics of Chihuahua in 1920-23 is examined in Mark Wasserman, Persistent Oligarchs: Elites and Politics in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1910-1940 (Durham, North Carolina 1993); Luis Aboites Aguilar, La irrigacion revolucionaria: Historia del sistema nacional de riego del Rio Conchos, Chihuahua, 1927-1938 (Mexico City 1988); Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, Labor and the Ambivalent Revolutionaries: Mexico, 1911-1923 (Baltimore 1976); Manuel A. Machado, The North American Cattle Industry, 1910-1975: Ideology, Conflict and Change (Texas 1981); Mark Wasserman, `Strategies for Survival of the Porfirian Elite in Revolutionary Mexico: Chihuahua during the 192os', HAHR 67 (1987), pp. 87-107. The ravings of Chihuahua's governor are contained in Ignacio C. Enriquez, Ni capitalismo ni comunismo: una democracia economica (Mexico City 1950).
The death of Villa, his funeral and later decapitation are dealt with in a number of books: Antonio Vilanova, Muerte de Villa (Mexico City 1966); Victor Ceja, Yo mate a Francisco Villa (Chihuahua 1979); Elias L. Torres, Como murio Francisco Villa (Mexico City 1975); Oscar W. Ching Vega, La filtima cabalgata de Pancho Villa, op. cit.; Martin Luis Guzman, Muertes historicas, op. cit.; Guillermo Ramirez, Meliton Lozoya: unico director intelectual en la muerte de Villa (Durango n.d.); Bill Rakoczy, How did Villa Live, Love and Die? (El Paso 1983); Alberto Calzadiaz Barrera, Muerte del Centauro (Mexico City 1982); Elias L. Torres, Hazanas y muerte de Francisco Villa (Mexico City 1975); Victor Ceja Reyes, Yo decapite a Pancho Villa (Mexico City 1971). Obregon's death is described in John W. F. Dulles, Yesterday in Mexico, op. cit. and in Martin Luis Guzman, Muertes historicas, op. cit.
General interpretative works on the Mexican Revolution tend to stress that its status as true `revolution' - involving major socio-economic change - has been overdone. See, for example, Alan Knight, `The Mexican Revolution: Bourgeois? Nationalist? Or Just a "Great Rebellion"?', Bulletin of Latin American Research 4 (1985), pp. 1-37; Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, The Great Rebellion: Mexico 1905-1929 (New York 1980). The ultimate in scepticism comes in Vicente Blasco Ibanez's Mexico in Revolution (New York 1920). Other interesting assessments are in John Womack, `The Mexican Revolution', in Leslie Bethell, ed., Mexico Since Independence (Cambridge 1991); Carlos Fuentes, The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World (Boston 1992); Lorenzo Meyer, La segunda muerte de la revolucion mexicana (Mexico City 1992); Jean Meyer, `Periodizacion e ideologia', in James Wilkie et al., eds., Contemporary Mexico (Berkeley 1976); Ilene V. O'Malley, The Myth of the Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State, 1920-1940 (New York 1986).
One of the most difficult issues to resolve is the death toll in the Revolution. Two very different estimates emerge in, for example, Lewis F. Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Pittsburgh ig6o) - `up to 316,227 deaths' (p. 48) - and J. M. Roberts, Twentieth Century. A History of the World: I go7 to the Present (1991) -'a million deaths' (p. 372). There is no doubt in my mind that the Roberts figure is closer to the truth.
INDEX
Table of Contents
EPILOGUE
Illustrations
Preface
The Mexico of Porfirio Diaz
The Rise of Zapata
The Rise of Villa
The Rise of Madero
The Fall of Diaz
Madero and Zapata
Villa and Madero
The Revolt Against Huerta
Villa at his Zenith
The End of Huerta
The Convention of Aguascalientes
The Convergence of the Twain
Civil War
The Punitive Expedition
The Twilight of Zapatismo
The Decline of Villismo
Conclusion
Sources
Index
Mexico
Northern Mexico
Southern Mexico