Meanwhile, a reliable biography of Skorzeny’s postwar career has yet to appear. Charles Whiting, Skorzeny (New York: Ballantine, 1972), is almost exclusively limited to Skorzeny’s wartime exploits. Skorzeny’s own Meine Kommanounternehmen, Krieg ohne Fronten (Wiesbaden: Limes Verlag, 1976), also available as Otto Skorzeny, La Guerre Inconnue (Paris: Albin Michel, 1975), focuses primarily on World War II events, with only a highly selective and flattering account of 1945 to 1950. For a popular account of Skorzeny’s activities after 1945 that mixes occasional skilled reporting with considerable myth, see Glenn Infield, Skorzeny: Hitler’s Commando (New York: St. Martin’s Press, n.d.).
11.
Skorzeny to Spruchkammer, Darmstadt Camp, July 26, 1948, at Document 026 in the Skorzeny INSCOM dossier.
12.
Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 104.
13.
Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 352–54.
14.
Ibid. See also “Klarsfeld: Mitarbeiter Eichmanns Lebt in Damaskus,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 28, 1982; “Why Nazi Hunters Won’t Give Up,” Newsweek (February 21, 1983); James M. Markham, “In Syria, a Long-Hunted Nazi Talks,” New York Times, October 29, 1985; and Beate Klarsfeld, Wherever They May Be! (New York: Vanguard Press, 1975), pp. 231–33.
15.
Robert Fisk, “Syria Protects Eichmann Aide,” Times of London, March 15, 1985. Also Markham, op. cit.
16.
Copeland, Game of Nations, loc. cit., pp. 103 and 105.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Otto von Bolschwing, NSDAP and SS dossier at the Berlin Document Center, NSDAP No. 984212; SS No. 353603.
19.
Sicherheitsdienst des RFSS SD-Hauptamt, Palastinareise Bericht (U.S. designation no. 173-b-16–14/61), now at Frames 2936012–2936068, microfilm roll 411, T-175, RG 242, NA, Washington, D.C.
20.
Eichmann Interrogated, loc. cit., pp. 24–25 and 30.
21.
Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, pp. 221–23.
22.
The Nazis’ program of racial definition of Jews, registration, taxation, expropriation of Jewish property, and eventually concentration and attempted extermination of the Jewish people was obviously a protracted process, involving many tens of thousands of perpetrators. The roots of this campaign stretch back to the beginning of the Nazi party and, in a broader sense, to the long tradition of European anti-Semitism. In this sense, Otto von Bolschwing was only one of a great many who played a role in the creation of Germany’s campaign against the Jews.
Yet Adolf Eichmann clearly played a pivotal role in the development of Nazi persecution from the late 1930s on, and von Bolschwing’s influence on Eichmann is testified to by Eichmann himself. Otto von Bolschwing had been trained as a banker and a lawyer, and his anti-Semitic writings during the 1930’s helped Eichmann and the SS formulate the “practical” and “modern” measures that proved to be the centerpiece of Nazi persecution of the Jews during the years leading up to the extermination program itself. See Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, pp. 221–23 on von Bolschwing’s recommendations. See Levin, op. cit., p. 95ff., particularly pp. 101–10, on Eichmann’s role in Austria and its role as a model for Nazi persecution of Jews throughout the Reich. For the historical importance of the Austrian measures in the overall development of Nazi criminality, see World Jewish Congress et al., op. cit., pp. 96–97 and 488–98ff. The striking similarity between von Bolschwing’s recommendations and Eichmann’s Austrian measures can be established by comparing von Bolschwing’s text in Ryan with the World Jewish Congress evidence.
23.
Original documentation on the Bucharest events can be found in the report by von Killinger to Joachim von Ribbentrop, February 26, 1941, published in English in U.S. Department of State, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, vol. XII, pp. 171–76. See also Hilberg, op. cit., p. 489; Höhne, op. cit., pp. 327–29; and Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, pp. 227–31, with quoted comment on p. 238.
24.
Von Killinger to von Ribbentrop, loc. cit. For original documentation from German Foreign Office archives tracing von Bolschwing’s activities leading up to the abortive rebellion, see captured German correspondence: Für Vertr. Leg. Rat Luther. Bukarest, May 22, 1940; Luther [Berlin] to Schroder [n.d.]; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI D 3) [SS Sturmbannfiihrer Fischer?] to Picot, May 23, 1940; Luther to Bukarest, May 27, 1940; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI A 42 Ke/Str.) to Luther, January 8, 1941, marked “Urgent!”; Luther to Vizenkonsul Beuttler, January 13, 1941; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI A 42 Ke/Str.) to Luther, January 10, 1941; Picot to Luther, February 7, 1941. Copies in collection of author.
25.
Hilberg, op. cit., p. 489.
26.
U.S. Air Force, “Statement of Civilian Suspect, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” December 22, 1970 (secret), obtained via FOIA.
27.
Ibid; with further details in U.S. Air Force, “Report of Investigation, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” p. 2. Primary documentation concerning von Bolschwing’s activities during this period may be found in von Bolschwing’s archives, portions of which have been obtained by the author. Of particular interest are a letter from Roy F. Goggin, June 7, 1945; a document dated June 1, 1948; and a recommendation concerning von Bolschwing to police HQ in Salzburg, May 20, 1948.
28.
May 20, 1948, recommendation to police HQ, Salzburg, von Bolschwing archives.
29.
Anthony Cave Brown, ed., The Secret War Report of the OSS (New York: Berkley, 1976), p. 286.
30.
U.S. Department of Justice, “Record of Sworn Statement—Witness [Otto von Bolschwing],” file no. A8–610-051, June 26, 1979, and confidential informant.
31.
U.S. Air Force, “Statement of Civilian Suspect Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” loc. cit., pp. 14–15, and confidential informant.
32.
1985 GAO Report, pp. 32–34. Otto von Bolschwing is the anonymous “Subject C” discussed in this study. On O’Neal’s relationship to von Bolschwing, see U.S. Air Force, “Report of Investigation, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing.” On O’Neal’s later career, see Agee and Wolf, op. cit., pp. 604–05.
33.
1985 GAO Report, pp. 32–34.
34.
Ibid.
35.
“Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration no. 1–259338, von BOLSCHWING, Otto,” December 22, 1953; Mrs. Roy Goggin interview, April 4, 1984.
36.
Former OSI Deputy Director Martin Mendelson and former OSI trial attorney Eugene Thirolf deserve the credit for discovering von Bolschwing’s presence in the United States and initiating the prosecution against him. For journalistic accounts, see Carey, op. cit., and Christopher Simpson, op. cit. The author is particularly grateful to Peter Carey for his assistance with the Otto von Bolschwing research.
37.
1985 GAO Report, pp. 32–34.
38.
This can be determined by comparing Tipton’s sanitized account with documentation concerning von Bolschwing obtained from public archives, court filings, and the Freedom of Information Act.
39.
Hohne and Zolling, op. cit., p. xv.
40.
Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 315–16; Höhne and Zolling, op. cit., pp. 229–30.
41.
Ibid.
42.
Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 320–34; Hohne and Zolling, op. cit., pp. 280–90.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Ibid.
45.
For text of NSC 5412, see NSC 5412, NSC 5412/1, and NSC 5412/2, RG 273, Policy Papers File, NA, Washington, D.C.
Chapter Seventeen
1.
For text of UPI and AP teletype transmissions, see Time Capsule/1956 (New York: Time-Life Books, 1
968), pp. 92–93.
2.
Ibid., p. 90.
3.
On Hungarian exiles’ criticisms of Radio Free Europe’s role, see “Anna Kethly Scores Radio Free Europe,” Washington Post, November 30, 1956, and “Radio Free Europe Role in Hungary,” Washington Post, November 13, 1956.
4.
For documentation on RFE policy during the Hungarian events, see Elsa Bernaut, “The Use of Hungarian and Polish Material,” American Committee for Liberation Research Library, October 29, 1956, now in RFE/RL Archives in New York.
5.
“Set Up Is Revised at Anti-Red Radio,” New York Times, April 29, 1957, p. 6.
6.
Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. p. 12. For documentation concerning CIA funding of the ACEN and of its exile leaders, see the ACEN correspondence released through Department of State FOIA case no. 8404249. See also National Committee for a Free Europe, President’s Report, 1953, p. 22, and 1954, p. 18ff.
7.
Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. See comments from the New York Herald Tribune, Christian Science Monitor, and other publications reproduced on the flyleafs of this text.
8.
Ibid., pp. 180–81 and 187 (Balli Kombetar officials, including Hasan Dosti), p. 184 (Lithuanian delegation), p. 186 (Balli Kombetar officials in Liberal Democratic Union), p. 187 (Berzins on Deportations Committee), and p. 188 (Maikovskis in International Peasant Union). For more on Maikovskis, see U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit., pp. 34–35; and U.S. Department of Justice press statement of August 16, 1984. Maikovskis’s attorney, Ivars Berzins, declined comment on this issue in a telephone interview, November 25, 1985.
The FBI has recently declassified a heavily censored version of its dossier on the ACEN, withholding almost half the entire file on national security grounds. The released portion does, however, concede in passing that the ACEN had become a key focus of the government’s own inquiries into Nazi criminals in the United States as of 1982; see letter from GAO investigator John Tipton to Joseph Moore, FBI, August 26, 1982, FBI ACEN file.
9.
Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit. p. 182ff.
10.
See American Friends of the Captive Nations, Hungary Under Soviet Rule (New York: American Friends of the Captive Nations and the Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1959), for listing of American Friends officers and committee members. Also of note on the committee: Eugene McCarthy, Eugene Lyons, Sidney Hook, John Richardson, Jr.
11.
ABN Correspondence (newsletter). For information on ABN personalities and activities, see, for example, Ferdinand Durcansky, “The West Shuts Its Eyes to Tiso’s Warning,” no. 5–6, 1953 (praise of Tiso regime); “Dr. Ante Pawelic [sic],” no. 7–8, 1957 (praise of Ustachi regime); “ABN Activities,” no. 1–2, 1955; “Prof. R. Ostrowski Visits the USA,” no. 5–6, 1958; “A.B.N. Congress in Toronto,” no. 5–6, 1953; and “The Truth About ABN: Memorandum to the State Department,” no. 10–11, 1955 (on Ostrowsky’s and Berzins’s role in the organization). See also Press Bureau of the ABN, Our Alternative (Munich: Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, 1972). For recent investigative reporting concerning the ABN, see Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League (New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1986), pp. 13–154 passim.
12.
For examples of congressional influence by extremist émigré groups, see “Congressman Kersten Adopts Our Ideas,” ABN Correspondence, no. 11–12 (1953); “Kersten’s Investigatory House Committee Meets in Munich,” ABN Correspondence, no. 5–9 (1954), on the House select Committee on Communist Aggression. For discussions of the role of Eastern European émigré associations in congressional affairs generally, see “Lithuanian American Council,” Lituanus (July 1955), p. 23, on opposition to genocide treaty, creation of congressional investigating committees; and Vardys, op. cit., on Katyn investigation, Kersten Amendment, creation of Escapee Program, role in congressional elections. Vardys complains, however, that despite the congressional right wing’s assiduous efforts to use anti-Communist investigations as an election ploy, the voting public was growing suspicious of its efforts by the mid-1950s. Three key House sponsors of a variety of the more extreme “liberation” measures lost in heavily ethnic Eastern European districts in Milwaukee, Chicago, and Wilkes-Barre during the 1954 congressional elections.
13.
For more on O’Connor, see Edward Mark O’Connor, FBI File No. 62–88018 (and two cross-references), obtained via the FOIA; “Freedom Forecast for Baltic States,” New York Times, June 17, 1951, p. 38; “Dr. Edward M. O’Connor, 77, Former NSC Staffer, Dies,” loc. cit.; “Edward O’Connor Remembered in Cleveland Ceremonies,” loc. cit.; and particularly Edward M. O’Connor, “Our Open Society Under Attack by the Despotic State,” Ukrainian Quarterly (Spring 1984), p. 17ff. On role in Displaced Persons Commission, see U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit., p. 71; A. H. Raskin, “3 Agencies Resettling D.P.’s Told to End Contracts of Leftist Union,” New York Times, May 2, 1951, and “Cut Leftist Union Ties,” New York Times, May 3, 1951.
14.
For activities and personalities of the 1960 parade, see commemorative parade program titled “Captive Nations Week, July 19–23, 1960,” Captive Nations Committee, Washington, D.C., copy in collection of author.
15.
See ibid. on App’s role in the parade. On App’s writings, see Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, Extremism on the Right (New York: Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 1983), pp. 14, 130, and 159, and Contemporary Authors, vol. 101, pp. 23–24.
16.
Kennan vol. II, p. 286.
17.
Mathias, op. cit, p. 975ff.
18.
Ibid., pp. 984–85.
19.
Kennan vol. II, pp. 278–319 passim.
20.
Correspondence with National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council Executive Director Radi Slavoff, October 2, 1985.
21.
Jack Anderson [and Les Whitten], “Nixon Appears a Little Soft on Nazis,” Washington Post, October 11, 1971.
22.
Ibid.
23.
Wynar, op. cit. On Daumants Hazners and Ivan Docheff’s role in Republican group, see Federal Election Commission filings, 1976. On Ivars Berzins, see also Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, The Campaign Against the U.S. Justice Department’s Prosecution of Suspected Nazi War Criminals (New York: ADL Special Report, 1985), p. 5. On this issue, see also Jay Mathews, “Nazi-Hunt Methods Protested,” Washington Post, March 23, 1985, and Mary Thornton, “East European éMigrés Are Accused of Impeding Hunt for Nazis in U.S.,” Washington Post, April 6, 1985. Ivars Berzins has also served as defense attorney for accused Nazi criminals Arnolds Trucis and Boleslavs Maikovskis.
24.
Nicholas Nazarenko interviews, July 21 and 22, 1984. On Nazarenko’s role in Republican party group, see Nazarenko’s resolution at the May 1984 National Republican Heritage Groups (Nationalities) Council annual convention, “Resolution: Whereas, Moscow Communism is the leading mortal enemy …,” May 18, 1984, copy in collection of author, and Federal Election Commission filings for 1975 and 1981.
25.
Nicholas Nazarenko speech, July 21, 1984.
26.
On mailing list, ibid. For a list of organizations belonging to the Coalition for Peace Through Strength, see American Security Council, “Model Peace Through Strength Resolution for Organizations,” n.d. (1984–1986), promotional flyer, copy in collection of author. Member organizations that are on record as favoring Axis governments of World War II include the World Federation of Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia, the Bulgarian National Front, the Croatian-American Committee for Human Rights, and the Slovak World Congress. At least five other coalition member groups have expressed points of view that many people would regard as sympathetic to the Nazi quisling regimes of Wor
ld War II. See also coaltion chairman John M. Fisher correspondence with Nicholas Nazarenko, July 5, 1984, copy in collection of author.
27.
Sidney Blumenthal, “The Reagan Doctrine’s Strange History,” Washington Post, June 29, 1986.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Burnham, Containment or Liberation?, loc. cit., p. 196ff., and Burnham, Coming Defeat of Communism, loc. cit., p. 211ff.
30.
See, for example, “Captive Nations Week, 1984, a Proclamation by the President of the United States,” July 16, 1984, and “Captive Nations Week, 1985, A Proclamation by the President of the United States,” July 19, 1985, both published and distributed by the White House Office of Public Liaison. The original Captive Nations proclamation is 73 Statute 212, signed July 17, 1959.
31.
Lasby, op. cit., p. 79ff.
32.
On evolution of concept and term national security state, see Yergin, op. cit.; and Marcus Raskin, “Democracy Versus the National Security State,” Law and Contemporary Problems (Summer 1976), p. 189ff. On Kennan, Thayer, and Magruder’s role, see Church Committee Report, Book IV, pp. 28–31 (on Kennan); Paddock, op. cit., passim (on Magruder); JSPC 862/3 enclosure B. p. 4ff. (on Thayer). On containment’s goal for dealing with the Soviets, see “The Analysis by Mr. X [Kennan]: It’s America vs. Russia … Until Russia Is Forced to Cooperate or Collapse,” Newsweek (July 21, 1947), p.16.
Blowback Page 50