33.
Bishop and Crayfield, op. cit., p. 264ff. (on Romania); Rositzke, op. cit., p. 169ff. (on Poland).
34.
Ian McDonald, op. cit.; David Binder, “Odysseus of the Greek Left Feels Back ‘in My Element,’” New York Times, October 18, 1986.
35.
On role of NSC 10/2 and NSC 5412: Church Committee Report, Book IV, pp. 25–55. On murders by Nicaraguan contras, see Americas Watch, Human Rights in Nicaragua 1986 (New York and Washington, D.C.: Americas Watch, 1986), p. 18ff.; see also Joe Pichirallo and Edward Cody, “U.S. Trains Antiterrorists,” Washington Post, March 24, 1985.
36.
Church Committee Report, Book VI, pp. 257–58.
37.
Cookridge, op. cit., calls Gehlen the “Spy of the Century” and points out that Soviet and East German publications termed him the “biggest single factor in the prevention of a possible East-West detente” (p. 5). While it is unlikely that any one person truly deserves that description, it is nonetheless true that Gehlen played a substantial clandestine role in East-West affairs that has generally been ignored by historians.
38.
On disposal programs, see Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., p. 257; 1985 GAO Report. On murder of double agents, see Church Committee Report, Book IV, p. 130ff.
39.
Ralph Blumenthal, “Nazi War Crimes Suspect Asserts CIA Used Him as Anti-Soviet Spy,” New York Times, October 15, 1976. For quoted text, see Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Keeping Posted (October 1980), back cover, for reproduction of the CIA’s letter to Laipenieks. Charles Allen supplied the facsimile of the CIA letter to Keeping Posted.
40.
Dusko Doder, “New Charges, Admission on Waldheim’s Record: ’47 Soviet-Bloc Bid to Recruit Waldheim as Agent Described,” Washington Post, October 30, 1986.
41.
On CIA programs inside the United States, see John M. Crewdson and Joseph Treaster, “The CIA’s 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World’s Views,” New York Times, December 25 to 27, 1977; Powers, op. cit.; Marchetti and Marks, op. cit. On clandestine CIA funding of educational and charitable foundations, labor groups, and student organizations, see “Groups Channeling, Receiving Assistance from CIA,” Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1967, pp. 360–61; Church Committee Report, Book VI, p. 263ff.; Morgenthau, “Government Has Compromised the Integrity of the Educational Establishment,” and Horowitz, “Social Scientists Must Beware the Corruption of CIA Involvement,” both in Kim, ed., op. cit. For an overview of clandestine CIA funding of media assets, see Schorr, op. cit.
42.
Caute, op. cit., pp. 224–63.
43.
On limitations of the laws against Nazi criminals in the United States, see Ryan, Quiet Neighbors.
44.
Charles R. Allen, Jr., “OSI vs. Nazis: Success or Failure,” Reform Judaism, (June 1981), and Charles R. Allen, Jr., “Odyssey of Nazi Collaborator,” Jewish Currents (December 1977), both of which concern the Soobzokov case. See also Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, “Alleged Nazi War Criminals in America,” Congressional Record, December 3, 1980, no. 169, pt. II (concerning Soobzokov, Hazners).
45.
For official acknowledgment of 100 Persons cases with histories as Nazi criminals, see Neal Sher, “Statement Before the Subcommittee on Immigration … House of Representatives,” October 17, 1985, p. 6.
46.
Department of Justice press statement, July 9, 1980.
47.
Christopher Simpson, op. cit.
48.
U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit. p. 29.
49.
U.S. v. Liudas Kairys, U.S. District Court Northern Illinois, civil action 80-C-4302, Government’s post-trial brief, August 30, 1982, p. 41ff.
50
Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, The Campaign Against the U.S. Justice Department’s Prosecution of Suspected Nazi War Criminals. loc. cit.
51.
Ibid, pp. 24–25.
52.
Ibid, p. 16n.
53.
Simon Wiesenthal comment at press conference, May 9, 1984.
54.
On present situation of Burnham, see Sidney Blumenthal, “The Reagan Doctrine’s Strange History,” loc. cit. For obituaries of persons mentioned in the text, see Washington Post, June 6, 1985 (W. Park Armstrong); November 27, 1985 (O’Connor); May 8, 1986 (Lovett); New York Times, February 15, 1984 (Joyce); Assembly (West Point, N.Y.), June 1983 (Grombach). Data on Evron Kirkpatrick and Lyman Kirkpatrick are from author’s interviews, November 10, 1983, and April 11, 1984, respectively; the two Kirkpatricks are not known to be related.
55.
Braden interview, September 12, 1984.
56.
Powers, op. cit., pp. 91–97, with quote from Wisner on p. 95.
57.
“Frank Gardiner Wisner Dead; Former Top Official of CIA,” New York Times, October 30, 1965, p. 35. In response to an FOIA request the CIA has released approximately 400 pages of material on Wisner, including Wisner’s own account of the events preceding his death. See particularly Richard Helms, “Frank Gardiner Wisner, In Memoriam,” text of speech at commemorative ceremony, January 29, 1971, Langley, Virginia (Document 1 in Wisner CIA file); and two “recollections” by fellow CIA officers (names deleted), January 19, 1970, and n.d. [1970?] (documents 2 and 3 in Wisner CIA file).
58.
For obituary, see “Charles Thayer, Soviet Expert, 59,” New York Times, August 29, 1969.
59.
Ronald Steel, “The Statesman of Survival,” Esquire (January 1985), p. 68ff.
60.
Ibid.
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