Summer of Fire

by Linda Jacobs

  How many times had she been set in her ways, only to have change upset her delicate balance? For a time Jay Chance had been solid earth. His leaving had produced a pattern of shattered fault lines. Walled alone behind defenses, she’d guarded her heart until the man beside her had broken through.

  Clare swallowed her fears and leaned on Steve. “I don’t want to leave.”

  “It gets to you, doesn’t it?” He waved his free hand at the slopes and mountains out there somewhere in the driving snow. “Even burned, I wouldn’t trade this place for blue water and white sand.”

  She knew how he felt even as she planned her own return. The barren expanse of ash-covered earth was not without its own ethereal sort of beauty. “It casts a spell. You want to come back, and you haven’t left yet, but … “ she tightened her arm around him, “I wasn’t talking about missing a place.”

  “I was hoping you’d say that.” He pulled her to the nearest snow-dusted log and sat down facing her, both her hands in his. “I don’t want this to be the end.”

  She met his eyes and took a steadying breath. “I don’t either.” The loving look in his eyes made it easy to tell him. “I’m planning on either moving to Boise to work with Garrett, or applying to take over the Fire Cache at Mammoth when Ben Mallory retires this winter.”

  Her cold hands felt him grip harder. She marveled that his were warm. “God, Clare, I do want you with me. That’s what I stopped here to tell you … “ A shadow crossed his face. “But there’s something else. When you leave, I’m afraid I might start drinking again.”

  Her heart sank as she grappled with his words. His problem was very real, but as she gazed into his gray eyes, she knew she’d love him in bad times, too.

  “I’ve decided to tell Shad Dugan that I’ll go for treatment. I never used to drink before Susan and Christa died. I’m serious about staying off the booze. “

  They were both getting soaked by the early season snow, but she dared not move for fear of breaking the surreal isolation created by opaque light. In this private world, she could believe that Steve’s determination could defeat any adversary.

  “You can do it,” she told him.

  “I will do it … for me.” He bent and pressed a warm kiss to her chilled cheek. “And for us.”

  Not since she was young and Jay had declared himself had she known a surge of joy like this one. In the lost and lonely years between, she’d begun to believe that promise was for others.

  “I’ve got a confession to make,” Steve went on. “When you asked if there was anyone in my life and I said no, I didn’t exactly tell the truth.”

  She waited.

  “Ever since the crash in July when I fought my way through that freezing lake … realizing with every stroke that even though I’d been dead inside for years … I did want to live … ever since I dragged myself onto that shore … from the moment I opened my eyes, there’s been you.”

  The snow that was ending the summer of fire blurred through her tears, as Clare permitted herself to imagine. Over the years, the burns would fill in, first with brilliant pink fireweed and later with seedling pine. Colorful aspen that had not had a niche in the mature forest would bring gold to autumn. Elk would browse the burned land and carry on the cycle of life.

  Clare had planned to grow old with Jay, but along the way, they’d let the distractions of daily life overshadow their belief in each other. Steve and Susan had charted their future in the stars, but their flight had fallen to earth.

  They were no different from all the rest … those who dared to dream as though they didn’t realize that only this moment is given. Frank, Billy Jakes, all of them, riding a knife-thin edge of present. Only this instant, when the sun shining through a snowstorm stabbed at Clare’s eyes and the cold, cutting wind told her that her tears were real. She blinked to clear the blurred image of a world gone charred black and whirling white.

  Letting go her hands, Steve bent and brushed away granules of snow blown into the hollow at the base of a log. “Look,” he said softly.

  Together, they knelt to discover a single, pale-green shoot, pushing through the layer of ash.

  YELLOWSTONE FIRES

  September 26, 8:00 a.m.

  Here is a list of the fires and approximate perimeter acreages. To date, over 1.1 million acres in Yellowstone National Park (includes NF portions of Clover-Mist and North Fork Fires) and approximately 1.6 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Area have been affected by fire. However, only about half of the vegetation has burned within many fire perimeters. Throughout the summer, 52 different fires have been started by lightning. Of those 52, eight are still burning inside the park. Fire fighters are working to control them. Any new fires will be suppressed as quickly as possible.

  *

  Clover-Mist Fire: 412,550 acres. Mist Fire started July 9. Clover started July 11. They joined on July 22. Shallow Fire started July 31. Fern Fire started August 5. These two fires joined Clover-Mist August 13. Lovely Fire started July 11 and burned into Clover-Mist on August 21. Estimated 83% contained. The fire crossed the Montana border near Kersey Lake. Growth was about 1,050 acres over the weekend. Acreage reduction is due to remapping. 1120 firefighters, 31 engines, 2 bulldozers, and 9 helicopters.

  Fan Fire: 23,325 acres. Started June 25. No change. The fire was contained on 9/2. One crew is completing mop-up.

  Hellroaring Fire: 83,888 acres. Started August 15. The fire is 100% contained. Mop-up and rehabilitation work continue.

  Huck/Mink Complex: 225,500 acres (includes Mink Creek Fire acreage in Bridger-Teton NF). Started August 20. Caused the evacuation of Flagg Ranch. The fire was 100% contained on 9/15. No estimated date of control. Mop-up and rehabilitation work continues.

  North Fork: 400,100 acres. Started July 22 by human. Split from Wolf Lake Fire at Gibbon Falls. This fire is about 50% contained with 100% containment expected by mid-October. Some increase in fire activity is expected due to dry, windy weather. Mop-up and structure protection is continuing at Old Faithful and West Yellowstone. 1339 firefighters, 8 bulldozers, and 4 helicopters.

  Snake River Complex: 224,000 acres. Red Fire started July 1. Shoshone Fire started June 23. Joined August 10. Falls Fire started July 12. Red-Shoshone joined the Mink Fire on August 31. Acreage includes Continental-Ridge and Mink Creek fires. The fire was declared 100% contained on 9/19 at 1700 hours. Mop-up operations and rehabilitation work continues. Fuel modification in Lake area continues as well. 459 firefighters, 1 engine, 1 helicopter.

  Storm Creek Fire: 107,847 acres. Started July 3. This fire was declared 100% contained on 9/17. Mop-up operations continue in the Soda Butte and Pebble Ck. areas.

  Wolf Lake Fire (includes Mammoth Complex): 107,460 acres. Fire grew only twenty acres over the weekend despite dry weather and high winds. Most military crews are leaving by 9/28, and they will not be replaced. Estimated date of containment still depends on receiving additional precipitation. 1099 firefighters, 12 engines, 9 helicopters.

  Crews on many of the fires continue to demobilize. Unified Area Command operations in West Yellowstone have been shut down. As a result, accurate information on crew sizes and resources for some of the fires was not readily available.

  AFTERWORD

  Donald Hodel, the real Interior Secretary of the United States under President Ronald Reagn, sent the following letter to newspapers across the country on October 13, 1988. It was also printed in 1989 in The Fires of ’88, Yellowstone Park and Montana in Flames by Ross Simpson.

  To the Editor:

  This summer long will be remembered for the forest fires that raged over much of the public lands in the West. Before the season is behind us, I want to extend my heartfelt thanks for the heroic efforts of the over thirty thousand firefighters from across the country who, over the course of the past several months, risked their lives to try and control a natural disaster of unprecedented proportions. Whether called by a personal sense of duty or summoned by obligation, these men and women — workin
g against insurmountable odds — showed exceptional courage and patriotism.

  Many firefighters worked twelve to fourteen hour shifts, with days consisting of hot, exhausting work battling fires, and nights spent in sleeping bags. In addition to facing the danger of intense blazes, falling limbs and oppressive smoke, they coped with everything from rockslides to angry yellow jackets. At the end of a workday, many firefighters carrying heavy gear hiked as much as ten miles before being picked up and returned to their camp.

  Modern day forest managers and park rangers never have faced the conditions experienced this year in which millions of acres of aged timberlands were parched by four or five years of severe drought. Substantial portions of these great forests were living on borrowed time. Therefore, despite all efforts, it was impossible to control the course of natural events.

  We would be remiss if we did not learn from this experience. Now we begin the painstaking study to determine what, if anything, can be done to insure that we will not face devastating fires of this kind in the future. Work must also be done to help the rehabilitation of Yellowstone National Park and other affected areas.

  Fortunately, much of Yellowstone escaped the raging fires—and, surprisingly, many acres of lush forestlands within burned areas were left unscathed. We are anticipating a great influx of tourists interested in seeing the extent of the damage and the progress of regrowth. Recreational opportunities will continue to abound.

  Yellowstone will not be the same within our generation, but nature recovers from these events by rebirth of the old growth forests and rejuvenation of forage and wildlife. It would be foolish to say that the Yellowstone National Park forest fires were welcomed - but over the course of the next decade, we may witness some beneficial events.

  This fact does not offer much solace for the local economies that have been disrupted, people displaced and painful losses suffered. And those of us who love Yellowstone cannot help but view the events as a natural tragedy. But the losses would have been much greater had it not been for the dedication and perseverance of the brave firefighters - and all who supported them in this difficult time. Again, to them, our thanks for doing an outstanding job.

  AUTHORS NOTE

  As the twentieth anniversary of the 1988 fire season approaches, it remains one of the milestone events in the history of man’s summer battles against nature. The firefighting effort was, at the time, the most expensive event in fire suppression, over $120,000,000. Estimates suggest that from 25,000 to 32,000 firefighters fought on the lines, with up to 9000 active at one time: career professional fire experts, smokejumpers, pilots, seasonal groundpounders, college students, convicts, and the armed forces. In 1988 in the United States, 68,396 wildfires burned 3,799,550 acres — almost half that was accounted for by the Greater Yellowstone area.

  Fire is a natural part of the forest ecosystem. Many plant species rely on fire for regeneration. Lodgepole pines (nearly 80% of the park’s forests,) have cones that are sealed by resin until the fire’s heat dries and explodes them, releasing the seeds. Brushy plants such as sage, aspen and willows, along with grasses will burn, but their root systems usually remain, and the years following a fire can be a very productive time. As the natural order proceeded, every few hundred years flames swept over the mountains and valleys. Research in Yellowstone has indicated that large fires occurred during the 1700’s.

  Once the park was established in 1872, and more people came to Yellowstone, they brought a belief that fire was destructive. Thus, in the latter part of the nineteenth century began the Smokey Bear trend, with the military custodians of the park fighting wildfires. From the 1940s through the 1960s, some began to recognize fire’s positive role, and experimentation with controlled burns began. In 1972, it was determined that natural fires caused by lightning in the National Park would not be fought.

  Though Yellowstone’s forests were “old growth,” up to 300 years, with abundant deadfall from the ravages of the pine bark beetle, the years leading up to 1988 did not foreshadow the magnitude of the event. Since 1972, in sixteen years, 235 fires had burned only about 34,000 acres. The years 1982–1987 were wetter than normal, and in the winter of 1987–1988, there was adequate snowfall. April and May rainfalls were abundant, leading to a feeling that the fire season might be a nonevent.

  But as summer began, the park experienced a drought along with high daytime temperatures, low humidity, and strong, gusty winds. These conditions caused fires to grow and burn so actively that it was impossible to contain such conflagrations. In the time from late June through July, the driest in recorded history, over twice the acreage burned as had in the previous sixteen years under the “let-burn” policy.

  In late July, the National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service formed the Greater Yellowstone Unified Area Command, the special fire organization described in this book. Throughout the summer, it tracked 248 fires in Greater Yellowstone. Within Yellowstone, lightning ignited 51 different fires, while one of the largest and most destructive, the North Fork, was reportedly started by a thrown cigarette. The Unified Area Command, in response to the demand for information, began issuing fire maps and statistics that came out on a daily basis.

  The following shows the number of acres consumed in the Greater Yellowstone Area along with key events experienced by the characters in Summer of Fire.

  July 15 8,500 acres

  July 25 75,000 acres Battle for Grant Village

  August 4 150,000 acres

  August 20 350,000 acres “Black Saturday”

  September 7 1,000,000 acres Siege of Old Faithful

  September 9 1,200,000 acres Defense of Mammoth

  September 26 1,600,000 acres Final report

  On July 25, 500 firefighters defended the Grant Village lodge, restaurant and campground. By August 4, large backcountry fires spread in the northwest and northeast quadrants of the park. Fire behavior scientists made a prediction, considered dire at the time, that the 150,000 thousand acres burned might double before season’s end.

  But August 20, or “Black Saturday” saw a record burning of another 150,000 acres in a single twenty-four hour period, while firefighters sought shelter and aircraft were grounded. The day hosted a dry front, a wind event that caused the fires to crown and run at unprecedented speeds. The report from fire command at 8:00 a.m. on August 22 revealed that fire trucks and crews were protecting Yellowstone’s northeastern gateway towns of Silver Gate and Cooke City.

  In early September, the town of West Yellowstone struggled with the decision whether or not to evacuate. By now, Park Service and Forest Service officials were under attack by angry residents who in some cases believed the government would be happy if they were burned out of their homes. Tempers ran high, and one of the local motel marquees invited folks to a “Bar-bee-que,” referring to Bob Barbee, the Superintendent of Yellowstone. Locals set up the sprinkler barrier along the abandoned Union Pacific railroad right of way in case the North Fork fire came to town.

  The September 7, 8:00 a.m. fire command report told of “fire spotting to within 3/4 mile of Old Faithful Inn,” and the evacuation. The sprinklers were moved in from West Yellowstone and installed under power lines at Old Faithful. Then 1608 firefighters, 39 engines, 22 bulldozers, and 6 helicopters defended the complex. All non-essential fire personnel and area residents also evacuated from Silver Gate and Cooke City.

  On September 9, resources were reported as being “moved to deal with the anticipated advance of the fires into the area of Mammoth.” Residents who had made it back into Silver Gate and Cooke City were forced to evacuate again.

  The first snow fell on September 11, easing the powder keg atmosphere and letting a number of personnel stand down. On September 26, the Unified Area Command issued their final report, though the fires smouldered until November.

  In the aftermath, park scientists and naturalists are still studying the results of the historic event, while the predicted destruction of the tourist trade did not happen. Peo
ple came in 1989, and in the twenty-first century, they continue to flock from all over the world to enjoy the wonders of Yellowstone and monitor the forest’s rebirth.

  Table of Contents

  Cover Page

  Contents

  Dedication

  Copyright

  Foreword

  Title

  Prologue

  Chapter 1

  Chapter 2

  Chapter 3

  Chapter 4

  Chapter 5

  Chapter 6

  Chapter 7

  Chapter 8

  Chapter 9

  Chapter 10

  Chapter 11

  Chapter 12

  Chapter 13

  Chapter 14

  Chapter 15

  Chapter 16

  Chapter 17

  Chapter 18

  Chapter 19

  Chapter 20

  Chapter 21

  Chapter 22

  Chapter 23

  Chapter 24

  Chapter 25

  Chapter 26

  Chapter 27

  Chapter 28

  Chapter 29

  Chapter 30

  Chapter 31

  Chapter 32

  Chapter 33

  Chapter 34

  Epilogue

  Afterword

  Authors Note