War: What is it good for?
Page 50
218 “as the floating property”: Bernard and Hall 1844, p. 6.
219 “exactly as if the subjects”: Armine Mountain (1842), cited in Fay 1997, p. 222.
220 “I never was in so severe a business”: General Gerard Lake, November 1803, cited in Barua 1994, p. 599.
221 “There is nothing”: Samuel Colt, report to Parliament (1854), cited in McPherson 1988, p. 16.
221 “In ten minutes the affair was decided”: Henry Havelock, July 12, 1857, cited in E. Stokes 1986, p. 59.
222 “On her dominions”: Caledonian Mercury, October 15, 1821, p. 4.
223 “world-system”: Darwin 2009.
223 “The great object”: Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston, speech to Parliament, August 6, 1839, cited ibid., p. 36.
225 “Fifty-four forty or fight!”: Slogan in James Polk’s 1844 presidential campaign, cited in Foreman 2010, p. 25.
225 “no two nations have ever existed”: President James Buchanan, December 1858, cited in Foreman 2010, p. 39.
225 “I think there’s an enormous amount”: Prime Minister David Cameron, interview at Amritsar, India, February 19, 2013, cited in www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2281422/David-Cameron-talks-pride-British-Empire-stops-short-giving-apology-Amritsar-massacre.html.
226 “American holocaust”: Particularly Stannard 1993.
228 “Take up the White man’s burden”: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands,” McClure’s, February 12, 1899.
228 “Pile on the brown man’s burden”: Henry Labouchère, “The Brown Man’s Burden,” Literary Digest, February 1899, www.swans.com/library/art8/xxx074.html.
228 “These petty principalities”: Lieutenant Murray, local commission report on Nepal (1824), cited in L. James 1997, p. 73.
229 “of rupees, sacks of diamonds”: Anonymous pamphlet (1773), cited in L. James 1997, p. 49.
229 “shall not accept, receive or take directly”: Regulating Act (1773), cited in L. James 1997, p. 52.
229 “I impeach him”: Edmund Burke, opening speech in the impeachment of Warren Hastings, London, February 15, 1788, cited in N. Ferguson 2003, p. 55.
230 “injurious”: Calcutta Supreme Court, circular order, July 10, 1810, cited in Kolsky 2010, p. 28.
230 “defied my authority”: Judge J. Ahmuty, Calcutta, December 3, 1808, cited in Kolsky 2010, p. 27.
230 “in all lands”: Aurangzeb, December 1663, cited in Ikram 1964, p. 236.
230 “useful sciences”: Rammohun Roy (1823), cited in S. Bayly 1999, p. 459.
230 “My lord”: Rammohun Roy, cited in Fernández-Armesto 2010, p. 740.
230 “India, in a like manner”: Rammohun Roy (1832), cited in C. Bayly 2004, p. 293.
231 “replied that he reckoned”: Hackney 1969, p. 908.
232 “the profitability of European colonial empires”: Acemoglu and Robinson 2012, p. 271.
234 “The preservation of a general peace”: Tsar Nicholas II, August 24, 1898, cited in Sheehan 2008, p. 22.
234 “a new star in the cultural heavens”: Bertha Felicitas Sophie Freifrau von Suttner (Baroness von Suttner and Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau), statement at the First Hague Conference, May 1899, cited in Sheehan 2008, p. 30.
5. STORM OF STEEL
235 “produced by office-boys”: Lord Salisbury (prime minister 1895–1902), quoted in Fyfe 1930, p. 63.
235 “What is the real guarantee”: Angell 1913 (originally published 1910), pp. 295, 361.
237 “The nations in 1914”: Lloyd George 1933, p. 52.
237 “One must think of the intercourse of nations”: Churchill 1931, pp. 27–28.
238 The March of Folly: Tuchman 1984.
238 “When constabulary duty’s to be done”: William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, The Pirates of Penzance. The opera premiered on December 31, 1879, in New York (perhaps a sign of the times) and came to London in 1880.
241 “There are known unknowns”: Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, February 12, 2002, press briefing, Washington, D.C., www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2636.
242 “the pivot region of the world’s politics”: Mackinder 1904, p. 434.
242 “If Germany were to ally herself”: Ibid., p. 436.
244 “a central European customs union”: Walther Rathenau, “Deutsche Gefahren und neue Zielen,” Neue Freie Presse (Vienna), December 25, 1913, trans. in Fischer 1974, p. 14.
245 “considered the question”: Kaiser Wilhelm II to Alexander Count Hoyos, July 4, 1914, trans. in Herwig 2009, p. 9.
245 “self-castration”: Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, cited in Stevenson 2004, p. 34.
245 “The general aim of the war”: Kurt Riezler, secret document prepared for von Bethmann Hollweg, September 9, 1914, trans. at www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/workbook/ralprs34.htm.
246 “If the pessimistic [Lieutenant Colonel] Hentsch”: Captain Edward Jenö von Egan-Krieger, who was present at Hentsch’s visit to Second Army headquarters on September 8–9, 1914, but only published his account after his death in 1965. Trans. in Herwig 2009, p. 266.
246 “like a bolt of thunder”: Lieutenant Colonel Schmidt, 133rd Reserve Infantry Regiment, September 9, 1914, trans. in Herwig 2009, p. 302.
247 “The enemy’s fire”: Charles de Gaulle, cited in de la Gorce 1963, p. 102.
248 “Breaking through the enemy’s lines”: General John French, minutes, January 1915, cited in Strachan 2003, p. 163.
249 “Generals were like men without eyes”: Keegan 1998, p. 321.
249 “like a flock of sheep”: Lieutenant Teller, April 22, 1915, cited in Corrigan 2003, p. 165.
249 “If you could hear”: Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est” (1917), lines 21–24.
250 “My boy, this is war”: Second Lieutenant Murray Rymer Jones, cited in Hart 2008, p. 20.
251 “Our consuls in Turkey and India”: Kaiser Wilhelm II, July 30, 1914, cited in Strachan 2001, p. 696.
251 “German prestige”: von Ludendorff 1920.
252 “a single, magnificent collision of infantry”: V. D. Hanson 1989, p. 9.
252 “modern system”: Biddle 2004, pp. 28, 35.
252 “Gas! Gas!”: Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est,” lines 9–10.
253 “strategic paralysis”: Major J. F. C. Fuller, memorandum, “Strategic Paralysis as the Object of the Decisive Attack,” May 1918, cited in Watts and Murray 1996, p. 382.
253 “To attack the nerves of an army”: Fuller, lecture given in London (1932), cited in Watts and Murray 1996, p. 382n35.
254 “With our backs to the wall”: Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, “Backs to the Wall” Order, April 11, 1918, cited in Edmonds 1951, p. 305.
254 “Retreat?”: Usually attributed to Captain Lloyd Williams, June 3, 1918, although some sources name Major Frederic Wise. Cited in Keegan 1998, p. 407.
255 “At eleven o’clock”: Prime Minister David Lloyd George, speech to Parliament, November 11, 1918, cited in Hansard, November 11, 1918, col. 2463.
255 “want of money”: Pepys, Diary, September 30, 1661, www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/09/30/.
256 “in no single theatre”: Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson (1921), cited in N. Ferguson 2006, p. 320.
256 “We cannot alone act”: Andrew Bonar Law (1922), cited in N. Ferguson 2006, p. 320.
257 “The change since 1914”: Noyes 1926, pp. 436–37.
257 “peace, commerce, and honest friendship”: Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, Washington, D.C., March 4, 1801, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_First_Inaugural_Address.
257 “peace without victory”: President Woodrow Wilson, speech to the U.S. Senate, January 22, 1917, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww15.htm.
257 “a single and overwhelming powerful group of nations”: Woodrow Wilson, speech in London, September 1918, cited in Mazower 2012, p. 128.
257 “the efficient civilized nations”: President Theodore Roosevelt, Janua
ry 4, 1915, cited in www.theodoreroosevelt.org/TR%20Web%20Book/TR_CD_to_HTML342.html.
257 “I am for a league of nations”: Lloyd George, September 1918, cited in Mazower 2012, p. 128.
258 “the League of Nations”: Nehru 1942, p. 638.
258 “stinking corpse”: Vladimir Lenin, Moscow, March 1919, cited in Mazower 2012, p. 177.
258 “destroy the rule of capital”: Nikolai Bukharin, Moscow, March 1919, cited in Degras 1965, p. 35.
258 “Comrade!”: Lenin to the Bolsheviks of Penza, August 1918, cited in N. Ferguson 1998, p. 394.
259 “The 1929 crisis”: H. James 2009, pp. 47–48.
260 “expose to depredation”: British Chiefs of Staff, October 1932, cited in N. Ferguson 2006, p. 321.
260 “It is the virtue of the Englishman”: Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1913), cited in j. Morris 1978, p. 306.
260 “All over India”: Orwell 1937, chap. 9.
260 “There are Englishmen who reproach themselves”: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Munich: Eher, 1924).
261 “Our nation”: Lieutenant Colonel Ishiwara Kanji (1932), cited in Yasuba 1996, p. 553n30.
262 “We really got busy”: Anonymous Japanese worker, quoted in Taya Cook and Cook 1992, p. 49.
262 “We took turns raping them”: Azuma Shiro, interviewed for the film In the Name of the Emperor (1995), cited in I. Chang 1997, p. 49.
262 “You and I”: Lieutenant Colonel Tanaka Ryukichi, Nanjing, December 1937, cited in N. Ferguson 2006, p. 477.
263 “Were the Chinese”: Mackinder 1904, p. 437.
264 “the Japanese people”: Ishiwara (1932), cited in Totman 2000, p. 424.
264 Second Punic War: Kaiser Wilhelm II, mentioned in a letter from Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff to Chancellor Georg Michaelis, September 14, 1917, trans. in Lutz 1969, pp. 47–48.
264 “Germany’s problem”: Hitler, meeting at the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, November 5, 1937, cited in Evans 2005, p. 359.
264 “Greatest Possible Germany”: N. Ferguson 2006, p. 315.
265 “above all in the ‘follow-through’”: Liddell Hart 1965, vol. 1, p. 164.
265 “deep battle”: Citino 2004, p. 79.
266 “We shall go on to the end”: Churchill, speech to Parliament, June 4, 1940, quoted in Churchill 1949, p. 104.
266 “could be counted on” … “No one dared”: Secretary of War Anthony Eden and Brigadier Charles Hudson, secret meeting in York, June 5, 1940, cited in Andrew Roberts 2011, p. 88.
266 “Russians lost this war”: General Franz Halder to Louise von Benda, July 3, 1941, cited in Weinberg 2005, p. 267.
266 “We found him in an armchair”: Anastas Mikoyan, memoirs, June 30, 1941, cited in Bullock 1993, p. 722.
266 “The main thing”: Adolf Hitler to Joseph Goebbels, July 25, 1938, cited in Evans 2005, p. 577.
267 “a monstrous tyranny”: Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, May 13, 1940, cited in Churchill 1949, p. 24.
267 “the whole world”: Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, June 18, 1940, cited in Churchill 1949, p. 198.
267 “For a foreseeable period”: Hitler, meeting at the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, November 5, 1937, cited in Evans 2005, p. 359.
268 “What does the USA amount to anyway?”: Hermann Göring, cited in Weinberg 2005, p. 238.
268 “Now at this very moment”: Churchill 1950, p. 539.
271 “The war situation”: Emperor Hirohito, radio broadcast, August 15, 1945, cited in Frank 1999, p. 320.
271 “a plain and bold intimation”: Churchill, cabinet minutes, August 1941, cited in Mazower 2012, p. 195.
271 “It was extraordinarily unreal”: Malcolm Muggeridge, Diary, December 16, 1945, cited in Kynaston 2007, p. 133.
272 “What this means to us”: Vere Hodgson, diary, March 19, 1950, cited in Kynaston 2007, p. 510.
272 “the hallmark of the twentieth century”: General Colmar von der Goltz, letter (1916), cited in Strachan 2003, p. 123.
272 “a thing”: J. A. Quitzow, “Penang Experiences” (January 27, 1942), cited in Bayly and Harper 2004, p. 120.
272 “Great Britain has lost an empire”: Dean Acheson, speech at West Point Military Academy, December 5, 1962.
273 “an Iron Curtain has descended”: Winston Churchill, speech at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946, www.nato.int/docu/speech/1946/s460305a_e.htm.
274 “the monkey house”: Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson (1946), cited in Mazower 2012, p. 222.
274 Operation Unthinkable: N. Ferguson 2006, p. 592.
274 “no sense merely shuddering”: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, National Security Council meeting, September 24, 1953, cited in E. Thomas 2012, p. 102.
274 “virtually all of Russia”: Captain William Brigham Moore, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, March 15, 1954, quoted in Rosenberg and Moore 1981, p. 25.
276 Colossus: N. Ferguson 2004a. Empire: N. Ferguson 2003.
277 “It was … the perfect capitalist solution”: Kagan 2012, p. 40.
279 “to keep the Russians out”: General Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay (1949), cited in D. Reynolds 1994, p. 13.
279 “are basing all our planning”: Montgomery 1954, p. 508.
280 “Our Germans”: Kaufman and Wolfe 1980, p. 33. The phrase appears in the film version of The Right Stuff (Warner Bros., 1983) but not in Tom Wolfe’s novel.
280 “Listen now”: NBC broadcast, October 5, 1957, cited in E. Thomas 2012, p. 253.
281 “Why not throw a hedgehog”: Nikita Khrushchev, April 1962, cited in Fursenko and Naftali 1997, p. 171.
281 “disinvented”: Eisenhower, March 1953, cited in Rosenberg 1983, p. 27.
282 “the longest suicide note in history”: Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, June 1983, cited in Marr 2007, p. 450.
282 “When we build”: Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, statement to a joint meeting of the House and Senate Budget Committees, January 31, 1979, cited in Odom 1988, p. 115.
282 “The troops will march in”: President John F. Kennedy, interview with Arthur Schlesinger, October 1961, cited in E. Thomas 2012, pp. 408–9.
283 “cut off the North’s front from its rear”: General Cao Van Vien, April 1972, cited in Summers 1982, p. 119.
286 “When I told the British”: Colonel Oleg Gordievsky (KGB resident designate in London and double agent, 1982–85), quoted in Sebestyen 2009, p. 88.
6. RED IN TOOTH AND CLAW
294 “descent with modification”: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859), chap. 4.
297 “the mad blood stirring”: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1599), 3.1.4.
299 “civilization by instinct”: Hölldobler and Wilson 2010.
302 “snack food”: Wrangham and Peterson 1996, p. 223.
305 “In all my experience”: Yerkes 1925, chap. 13. Yerkes did not know that Chim was a bonobo. Bonobos had only been recognized as a separate species in 1928, and Yerkes thought he was just dealing with an unusually nice chimp.
310 “the sexiest primate alive”: D. Morris 1967, p. 63. Nearly fifty years of research has left The Naked Ape badly out of date, but it is still well worth reading.
310 “The inability”: Diamond 1992, p. 75.
312 “combining [the physique] of a powerful wrestler”: Stringer and Andrews 2012, p. 157.
313 “None of us could paint like that”: This sentiment is regularly attributed to Picasso, but Bahn (2005) suggests that it is apocryphal. Picasso was apparently not very interested in the cave paintings.
319 “the Pacifist’s Dilemma”: Pinker 2011, p. 678.
320 “Western, educated”: Henrich et al. 2010.
322 “a state that uses a monopoly”: Pinker 2011, p. 680.
325 “like having two westerners”: Ronald Reagan, March 23, 1983, cited in Gaddis 2005a, p. 225.
326 “Force … the means of war”: Clausewitz 1976, p. 75.
327 “if allowed to sample the
riches”: Riesman 1964 (first published 1951), p. 64.
327 “the main armament of the Americans”: Stalin to Zhou Enlai, August 1952, quoted from a transcript provided to me by David Holloway.
328 “It was a struggle”: Alina Pienkowska, undated interview, cited in Sebestyen 2009, pp. 217–18.
328 “We can’t go on like this”: Gorbachev 1995, p. 165.
328 “I was suspicious of Gorbachev’s motives”: Bush and Scowcroft 1998, pp. 13–14.
329 “Did we see what was coming”: Ibid., p. xiii.
329 “popular uprising against an oligarchic system”: Hungarian report, June 1989, cited in G. Stokes 1993, p. 100.
329 “We can’t do anything”: Interview on the CNN television series Cold War (1998), episode 23, cited in Gaddis 2005a, p. 241.
330 “How could you shoot”: Gorbachev, interview on the CNN television series Cold War (1998), episode 23, cited in Gaddis 2005a, p. 250.
7. THE LAST BEST HOPE OF EARTH
332 “Lock your doors and load your guns”: City attorney of San Bernardino, California, quoted in Friend 2013, p. 29.
339 “You can’t get there from here”: I owe this insight to Dick Granger, December 1983.
340 “assum[e] responsibility”: Zalmay Khalilzad and Scooter Libby, February 18 draft of the 1992 Defense Planning Guidance, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm.
340 “literally a Pax Americana”: Senator Joseph Biden, quoted in Washington Post, March 11, 1992, p. A1, www.yale.edu/strattech/92dpg.html.
341 “People say, ‘It is a terrible thing’”: Unnamed French official, quoted in Financial Times, October 17, 2002, and cited in Kagan 2003, p. 63.
342 “The final goal”: Helmut Schlesinger (1994), cited in Deo et al. 2011, p. 16.
343 “Almost no modern fiat currency”: Deo et al. 2011, p. 1.
344 “Free Speech Now”: Quoted from Belarusian News Photos, August 2012, www.bnp.by/shvedy-dejstvitelno-sbrosili-na-belarus-plyushevyx-medvedej-na-parashyutax.
344 “On major strategic and international questions”: Kagan 2003, p. 3.
345 “We have no eternal allies”: Lord Palmerston, speech to the House of Commons, reported in Hansard, March 1, 1848, col. 122.
346 “the Great Game”: Rudyard Kipling, Kim (London: Macmillan, 1901), chap. 12.
348 “Under your supervision”: Osama bin Laden, “Letter to America,” mid-November 2002, cited in www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver.