Martian Summer
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Engineer Aficionado, 84, 124
Enos, Heather
and EOS meeting, 96
and finding ice, 235–36
and scraping mission, 172, 206, 220, 224
and sprinkle test, 49
and TEGA results, 163, 218, 247, 271
F
fatigue, 26–27, 47, 60–62, 74–79, 209
Fellows, Chuck, 163, 221, 269
Fermi, Enrico, 327
Fiedler, Edna, 27, 61, 75, 160, 209–10
Fisher, David, 304
Fogel, Bobby, 172, 245, 267
fossilized bacteria, 317
G
Geology Science Theme Group (GSTG), 44, 63
Ghostbusters, 238
Ginsberg, Allen, 298
Giotto mission, 66
Goetz, Walter, 168–72, 237, 249, 288–89, 314
Goldin, Dan, 68–70
Goldstein, Barry
and finding ice, 134, 227
and scraping mission, 219, 223
and TEGA results, 122–25, 245–47, 250
and water possibilities, 243
Griffin, Mike, 129, 159
Gross, Mike, 288
Gunnlaugsson, Palle, 24, 89, 129, 250
H
“H2O at the Phoenix Landing Site,” 325
Halley’s comet, 66
Hamara, Dave
and finding ice, 133, 135
and safed shutdowns, 183–84
and scraping mission, 205
and sprinkle test, 57
and TEGA results, 309, 319
Hammond, Sara
and conspiracy theory, 249
and EOS meeting, 96
and landing day operations, 86
and MECA, 122
and missing pieces, 117
and press conferences, 254–57, 262, 284
and scraping mission, 222
and soil samples, 31
and TEGA results, 80–83, 180
and water possibilities, 192
Hecht, Mike
and EOS meeting, 93, 96
and finding ice, 140, 143
and MECA, 121–23
and press conferences, 264
and RA team, 195
and scraping mission, 171, 200, 224
and soil samples, 64
and sprinkle test, 59
and TEGA results, 127, 251–54, 268–72, 312
and water possibilities, 187–89, 192, 200–201, 302–5, 327
and WCL, 166
Hipkin, Vicky
and finding ice, 129, 227, 239
and parallelized ops, 307–8
and scraping mission, 204–6, 220
and TEGA results, 76, 91, 162–63, 246, 250
and trench images, 88–89
Hoffman, John, 163–64, 166
hydrogen, 12, 70, 116, 164
I
ice, finding, 14–15, 88–96, 115, 127–44, 151, 168–73, 197–99, 204–7, 216, 226–28, 233–39, 313
ice press conference, 82–83, 247–48, 258
ice samples, 18–19, 115–16, 137
ice sheets, 11
ice-soil boundary, 128–29
ice-soil excavation, 53
Icy Soil Acquisition Device (ISAD), 52–53, 56
Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), 67–68, 317
immune system, 209–10
instrument sequencing engineers (ISEs), 109
International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR), 97–100
ionizer, 113, 163–64
J
jet lag, 26–27
Jet Propulsion Lab, 10, 20–21, 41, 46, 51, 85, 122, 146
Jones, Byron, 310
Journal of Geophysical Research, The, 327
K
Keller, Uwe, 66, 312
Knudsen, Jens Martin, 45, 46
Kolb, Frankie, 229
Kornfeld, Richard
and finding ice, 226–27
and landing day operations, 84–88
and lost day, 100–102
and missing pieces, 109
and photo mosaics, 175–76
Kounaves, Sam, 121–23, 127, 177, 202, 295, 306
Krajewski, Joel
and finding ice, 138, 142–44
and MECA, 44
and permafrost, 217
and safed shutdowns, 181–82
and scraping mission, 169–70, 199, 207
and soil samples, 30, 62
and systems engineering, 20, 24
and TEGA results, 90
and water possibilities, 201
L
landing day operations, 84–88
Lange, Carlos, 99–100, 127, 151, 163
Lee, Gentry, 76
Leer, Kristoffer, 46–47, 183–84
Lemmon, Mark
and EOS meeting, 95
and finding ice, 130, 141, 228, 239
and MECA, 177
and missing pieces, 115
and permafrost, 186
and photo mosaics, 175
and scraping mission, 219
and soil samples, 28, 64
and TEGA results, 163
life, evidence of, 4
life, forms of, 10–11
“life on Mars,” 10–11, 81–83, 247–48, 252–54, 264–66, 272, 317, 329–30
Life’s a Pleasant Institution: The Peregrinations of a Rockefeller Doctor, 301
light detection and ranging (LIDAR) instrument, 19, 275–76
liquid water theory, 187–92, 195–200, 243, 247, 266–68, 302–7, 325–28
Los Angeles Times, 81, 83, 144
lost day, 97–107
M
Madsen, Morten, 45–47, 168–69, 184, 197, 234, 306
mainstream media, 81, 249, 253, 265, 272
Manish, 113–14, 303
MARDI imager, 313
Mariner 4, 4
Mars
in 1960s, 4
evolution of, 11–12
fear of, 4
first impressions of, 3–4
images of, 14
life on, 10–11, 81–83, 247–48, 252–54, 264–66, 272, 317, 329–30
missions to, 5–7
piece of, 4, 317
Mars Climate Orbiter, 70–71
Mars Lander, 3, 5, 13–16, 21–22, 72–73, 121–22, 325
Mars pill, 74–83
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 108, 128, 152, 181–82, 325
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), 329, 332
Mars Surveyor, 71
Mars time, 12, 14, 25–27
“Mars Wonderland,” 84–96, 128, 138–41
Mars-lag, 47, 60, 74, 79, 184, 193, 209–10, 222, 274
“Martian attack,” 4
Martian soil
checking, 49–59
compounds of, 12
samples of, 18, 29–40, 62–64
scooping, 9
size of, 329
Martian winter, 217, 306, 320
Matador project, 110–12, 303
McBride, Karen, 171–72, 175, 245, 247
McCurdy, Mike, 206
McEwen, Alfred, 70
McGregor, Veronica, 250
McKay, Chris, 111, 328
Mellon, Heather, 259
Mellon, Mike
and EOS meeting, 95
and finding ice, 128–30, 139–48
and LIDAR, 276
and permafrost, 70, 186
and remote operations, 231
and scraping mission, 259–60
and sprinkle test, 50, 53–54, 58–59
and TEGA results, 90, 215, 267–72
meteorite, 4, 317
meteorological station (MET), 18–19, 98–99, 111
Meyer, Michael, 237–38, 263, 266
microbes, 4, 37, 263, 265, 295, 329
Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA), 18, 33, 43–45, 64, 89–92
Ming, Doug
and EOS meeting, 95
and finding ice, 129–30, 139, 151, 237
and LIDAR, 276
and lost day, 100–102
and MECA, 191
and missing pieces, 115
and photo mosaics, 145–46, 175
on samples, 233–34
and scraping mission, 197–99, 223
and soil samples, 63–64
and sprinkle test, 49, 56–59
and TEGA results, 295, 322
and water possibilities, 189
missing pieces, 108–17
mission perspective, 281–91
modafinil, 74–83
Moomaw, Bruce, 125
Moores, John E., 181, 186
Morris, Dick, 59, 90, 142–43, 178, 306
N
NASA overlords, 127–44
Navarro-González, Rafael, 328
Niles, Paul, 223–24, 260, 267
Nixon, Richard, 6
nutrients, 295
O
O’Brien, Miles, 265
Open Lander Project, 100
orbit, adjusting, 331
Organic Free Blank (OFB), 157–58, 313
organics
Earth organics, 139
and perchlorate, 265
search for, 81, 88, 125–26, 139, 151, 157, 291, 295, 317, 320, 327–29
Osiris Rex project, 331–32
overlords, 127–44
oxygen, 12, 250–52, 264
P
parallelized ops, 307–8
Pathfinder, 5, 11, 17, 34, 41, 47, 67–70, 105, 110, 290, 317
Patterson, Catherine, 279
Payload Interoperability Testbed (PIT), 44–45, 148–49
perchlorate findings, 177–78, 223–24, 247–66, 269–70, 288, 295, 302, 315–18, 325–29
Perlman, Dave, 239
permafrost, 14–17, 52, 70, 168–73, 187, 216–17, 324
pH measurement, 11, 18, 127–28, 318
Phoenix II, 44, 150, 198, 271, 332
Phoenix Mars Lander, 3, 5, 13–16, 21–22, 72–73, 121–22, 325
Phoenix Science Interface (PSI), 206
photo mosaics, 67–68, 145–46, 175
Pike, Tom, 92–95, 115–17, 279, 306
Poitier, Sidney, 51
Polar Lander, 16, 70–71, 87, 317
polygons, 14–15, 151, 173, 175, 216
Pratt, Jane, 82, 122–23
probe, 18, 44, 236, 323
Provigil, 74–75, 82, 164
Q
Quinn, Richard, 254–55, 265–66, 270, 306
R
Ramirez, Manny, 264
red haze, 60–61
regolith, 37–38, 47, 123, 128, 262, 271, 318, 329
Renno, Lucas, 188
Renno, Nilton
on dust storms, 173
and EOS meeting, 93
and finding ice, 134, 139, 141–43, 151, 179–93
and lost day, 99
and missing pieces, 110–14
and scraping mission, 171, 207
and soil samples, 32
and water possibilities, 195–201, 268, 302–5, 324, 327–28
Roberts, Julia, 257
Robinson, Matt
and finding ice, 234
and safed shutdowns, 184–87
and scraping mission, 219
and soil samples, 29, 63
and sprinkle test, 51–52, 55–56
and TEGA results, 36–37, 214
robotic arm camera (RAC), 17, 24–25
robotic arm (RA), 16–17, 29
robotic arm (RA) dig, 260, 285–89
rock flipping, 270–72
Rosy Red sample, 117, 129, 223, 252, 257, 313
Rutan, Burt, 237, 244, 332
S
Sabahi, Dara
and finding ice, 130
and lost day, 103–6
and missing pieces, 114–15
and NASA, 158–59
and RA dig, 285–87
and TEGA results, 90, 146, 310
and WCL, 166
salts, 34, 151, 189, 196, 270, 295. See also brine
San Francisco Chronicle, 83, 239
Saturn, 66
Science, 325
Science Operation Center (SOC), 13–14
Science Plan Integrator I (SPI I), 42
scraping mission, 168–73, 197–99, 204–7, 218–36
Sedivy, Ed, 293
Shinohara, Chris
and missing pieces, 114
and safed shutdowns, 184–87
and scraping mission, 168–72, 219
and soil samples, 33
and sprinkle test, 59
and TEGA results, 39, 282, 287–94
and water possibilities, 193
Sipes, Walter, 27, 61
Smith, Dana, 300
Smith, Hugh Hollingsworth, 296–97
Smith, Miles, 192–93, 199, 205–6, 303, 310
Smith, Peter
building cameras, 5–6, 64–70, 147–48
conversations with, 3–4, 278–79, 296–301, 314–18, 326–30
and documentary, 274
early years of, 13, 296–99
education of, 296–99
and EOS meeting, 92–94
and finding ice, 136, 141–42, 227–28, 294–95
future projects of, 330–32
and landing day operations, 84–88
and Mars mission, 6–16
and Matador project, 110–12
and missing pieces, 116
and NASA, 158–59
paper by, 325–26
and perchlorate, 256–59
and soil samples, 30, 33, 228–29
and sprinkle test, 53–61
and TEGA results, 41–42, 78–79
Smith, Sara, 301, 326
snow, 306–7, 318, 325
soil
checking, 49–59
compounds of, 12
samples of, 18, 29–40, 62–64
scooping, 9
size of, 329
Sojourner rover, 67
sols, 12, 14, 25–27
spectrometers, 18, 164, 236, 299–300, 318
Spencer, Dave, 49, 117
sprinkle test, 49–59, 62–64
Staufer, Urs, 323
Stehly, Joe, 156, 182, 186, 227
Stoker, Carol
and EOS meeting, 95
and finding ice, 136–41, 144
and missing pieces, 111, 115–16
and RA team, 193–95
and remote operations, 230–31
and scraping mission, 207
strategic planning, 96, 108–10
Stubbe, 231, 310, 324
success pan, 145–46, 175
surface stereo imager (SSI), 17–18, 25
Surveyor, 71
Swan, Chris, 289
T
tactical downlink lead (TDL), 23–24, 108
tactical planning, 108–10
Tamppari, Leslie
and finding ice, 142
and MECA, 122
and press conferences, 254–55
and RA team, 194–95
and safed shutdowns, 181–82
and scraping mission, 171
and TEGA results, 161, 312
Taylor, Peter, 227–28
Theiler, Max, 297
Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA), 12, 18–19, 33–58, 63–83, 89–92
Thompson, Andrea, 255
Times of London, 123
Titan, 66
Tomasko, Martin, 66, 316
Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey
and finding ice, 129, 235
and MECA, 176
and PIT, 323
and RA dig, 285–87
and scraping mission, 171, 197–98, 221, 225
and soil samples, 62, 64
and sprinkle test, 51–52, 55
and TEGA results, 90–92, 161, 309–10
and trench images, 89
and water possibilities, 187, 193
and WCL, 164–66
trench ice, 115, 137, 151, 207, 216, 313
trench images, 82–83, 89–90
Tucson Citizen, The, 83, 208
U
University of Arizona (UA), 10–13, 69, 111, 116, 122, 152, 154, 291, 297, 301, 326
V
Viking missions, 3–4, 11–12, 29, 67, 147–48, 327
virtual machine language (VML), 109
Vogue Avionics, 124
Volpe, Rich, 141, 183, 199, 235, 270
von Braun, Wernher, 12
von Holstein-Rathlou, Christina, 180, 306
W
Washington Post, 237
water possibilities, 12, 187–92, 195–200, 243, 247, 266–68, 302–7, 324–28
Webster, Guy, 53, 54
Weiler, Ed, 129, 228
wet chemistry lab (WCL), 18, 43, 89
Whiteway, Jim, 94, 97, 275, 306
Wicked Witch sample, 235, 238, 252
winter on Mars, 217, 306–7, 320
Woida, Pat, 28–30, 36, 85, 100, 156–57, 212
Woida, Rigel, 156–57
Wonderland, 84–96, 128, 138–41
Wood, Steve, 324
Y
Yellow Fever vaccine, 13, 297
Young, Suzanne
and landing day operations, 84
and MECA, 121, 191
and missing pieces, 112
and RA team, 194
and TEGA results, 75–76, 180
and WCL, 42–43
Z
Zent, Aaron, 90, 162, 217
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IT’S HEARTBREAKING NOT TO LIST EVERY MEMBER OF THE PHOENIX TEAM in these pages. They are awesome and I suggest you find them and bring them a glass of champagne to celebrate their commitment to awesomeness. I’m honored to have spent time with them.
With one giant leap of faith, Peter Smith and Catherine Patterson made this project possible. The support of the entire Phoenix team and my family made this opportunity worthwhile. Special thanks to my granny, Bella and my brother, Josh for having to hear the Mars story more than anyone. Ben Kaplan and Mike Spiegel for nearly unlimited pep talks and advice. All the people in my life who read and read and encouraged and wouldn’t let me give up. Michael Wolfson, Joe Lazar, Karen Ingram, Courtney Rein, Matt Wilkens, Allison Lucas, Talia Avisar, Kym De La Roche, Andrea Thompson, Beth Mulhern, Ken Hamm, Judi Powers, Clayton Carpinter, Bernadine Lim, Kristina Grish, Frank Schaap, all the Klaristenfelds, Rasmussens and Becks. Veronica Kavass for being a sounding board, critic and booster when Martian Summer needed it most. Jill Swenson for her keen journalistic eye and thoughtful comments.
There would be no books without agents and publishers. Thanks to Special Agent Adam Korn, who kept me honest and argued with me about what’s funny. Claiborne Hancock and Jessica Case, publisher and editor extraordinaire, not only put out this book with a lot of love, they listened and nodded to lots of Mars rants.
And thanks to the super creative folks at HUGE for making a crazy idea about an ad campaign for a Mars books a reality.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Andrew Kessler is a writer living in Brooklyn. He holds a degree in mathematics from the University of California at Berkeley. Martian Summer is his first book about Mars—or any planet, for that matter.