The Stowaway
Page 22
In addition, the following of many articles consulted stood out:
Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle. “The Happiest Boy: Persistent Stowaway Succeeds in Joining Byrd Expedition.” September 25, 1928.
———. “Bayside Stowaway Fights Ice with Byrd, Writes He Is Happy.” December 27, 1928.
Byrd, Commander Richard E. “Why I Am Going to the South Pole.” World’s Work, December 1927.
Cleveland Plain Dealer. “Romance of Greasy Pots.” September 29, 1928.
Columbia University Alumni News. “Two College Students with Byrd in the Antarctic.” November 14, 1930.
Columbia (University) Spectator. “Freshmen Represent 21 States, 5 Nations.” November 10, 1930.
Flushing (NY) Journal. “Bayside Boy Is Forcibly Removed from Byrd’s Ship.” September 21, 1928.
———. “South Pole or Bust: Bayside Boy with Byrd Telegraphs Father Here.” October 6, 1928.
———. “Youth with Byrd Sends Message to Home Friends.” October 13, 1928.
———. “Parents Receive Word from Son.” November 2, 1928.
Green, Fitzhugh. “The Mother of Tom, Dick, and Harry.” American, February 1928.
———. “Dick Byrd, Adventurer.” Popular Science, May–September 1928.
Harlow, Winifred Webster. “Aviation Breeding Eagle-Eyed Race!” New York Evening Graphic, March 31, 1928.
Harrison, Paul. “Men of Byrd Expedition Now Are Exploring for New Jobs.” NEA (Newspaper Enterprise Association) syndicate, July 2, 1930.
Healey, Floyd J. “Part of Byrd Expedition Back.” Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1929.
Howe, J. Olin. “The Bottom of the World.” Popular Mechanics, February 1928.
Kallen, Dan J. “Byrd’s Polish Stowaway.” Poland, April 1929.
Meinholtz, Fred. “Hello Little America: New York Calling.” Radio News, July 1929.
New York Daily News. “Goes Up in the World: Tootsie, Now Owned by William Gavronski—Won a Prize in Show of Stray Dogs and Cats.” April 21, 1925.
New York Daily News. “Stowaway Wins His Goal, Along to Pole with Byrd.” September 26, 1928.
New York Morning-World. “Regular Antarctic Job Given to Boy Stowaway.” September 25, 1928.
New York Sun. “Prize Winners Developed from Stray Dogs: William Gavronski with Tootsie.” April 21, 1925.
New York World. “Lad’s Persistence Rewarded by Byrd.” October 6, 1928.
O’Hara, Neal. “With Byrd in the Antarctic by J. Herman Seidlitz,” Telling the World (syndicated column), 1928–1929.
Pilat, O. R. “Ship Off for Antarctica as Byrd Explains Liquor Aboard; Stowaway Found.” Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle, August 26, 1928.
———. “Byrd Return Ends Anxiety of Men’s Kin.” Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle, March 16, 1930.
———. “Brooklyn Extends Tumultuous Welcome to Byrd and South Polar Crew.” Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle, June 27, 1930.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. “Success of a Stowaway.” September 27, 1928.
Portland (ME) Press Herald. “Obituary, Capt. William G. Gawronski.” May 20, 1981.
Queens (NY) Daily Star. “Bayside Youth Wins Argument: Will Go to Pole.” September 26, 1928.
———. “Bayside Youth Tells of Hardship and Heroism Within Antarctic Circle.” April 24, 1929.
Richmond (VA) News Leader. “N.Y. Throngs Roar Welcome to Byrd.” June 19, 1930.
San Diego Union. “Persistent Stowaway to Go to Antarctic with Com. Byrd.” September 26, 1928.
Scientific American. “Stocking Up on Expedition’s Larders.” November 1928.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch. “Stowaway with Byrd Expedition Feted.” April 25, 1929.
Universal Syndicate. “Youth Finally Wins Place with Byrd’s Expedition.” September 26, 1928.
Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA). “Long Island Youth Insists on Making Trip to Antarctica.” September 21, 1928.
———. “Twice Stowaway, Twice Set Ashore, Bill Gawronski Now Full-Fledged Member of Byrd Polar Expedition.” September 25, 1928.
Wroblewski, Larry. “Polish Falcons: A Historical Stretch.” Polish American Journal, July 1985.
PERSONALLY CONDUCTED ORAL INTERVIEWS
Ann Beyer, Gizela Gawronski (many), William Gawronski Jr. (many), Earl Mealins, Eugene Rodgers, Alan Solowitz, Larry Solowitz.
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Copies of William Gawronski speeches, including his 1929 WOR radio address; 1929 and 1930 Textile High School addresses; and various others, 1929, 1930.
Early notebooks of William Gawronski.
Letter from William Gawronski to a Mr. Mystlowski in Poland, who had inquired about his history on the expedition; his file copy, March 12, 1978.
Letters from William Gawronski (private collection of Gizela Gawronski).
Log books of Captain William Gawronski.
Multiple Radiograms from Little America, 1928 to 1930 (private collection of Gizela Gawronski).
Resumes of William Gawronski.
Scrapbook of Francesca Gawronski, 1925 to 1930.
Textile High School yearbook, The Loom, 1928.
Various issues of the Textile High newspaper, the Textilian, especially the report on the June 15, 1928, prom.
SITES OF RESEARCH
American Victory Ship Mariners Memorial Museum, Tampa; Bayside Historical Society, Bayside, NY; Cape Elizabeth Historical Preservation Society, Cape Elizabeth, ME; Columbia University Libraries, New York; Dartmouth College Library Archives, Hanover, NH; Dunedin Library, Dunedin, New Zealand; Explorers Club, New York; Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, NY; Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Brooklyn, NY; Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, NY; Madison Correctional Institution, Madison, FL; National Archives, Washington, DC; New York Public Library Manuscript and Archives Division, New York; Northport Historical Society, Northport, NY; Ohio State University Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Columbus, OH; Polk County Florida South Jail, Frostproof, FL; Port Chalmers Library, Dunedin, New Zealand; Queens Library Seamen’s Church Institute Collection, Queens, NY; St. Josephat Church, Bayside, NY; St. Stanislaus Church, New York; US Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, NY.
INDEX
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Adams, Harry, 79–80, 91–92, 94, 100, 104, 105, 116, 118, 120, 127, 134, 138, 140–43, 145, 153, 181, 182
Advertising Club of New York, 48–49
aerial photography, 57, 58, 121–22
Alcoa Steamship Company, 185
Alexander, Clair “Alec,” 100
Ambrose (lightship), 65
Ambrose Channel, 66, 155
American Geographical Society, 37, 160
American Museum of Natural History, 21, 37, 154, 174–75, 181
American Pacific Whaling Company, 168–70
Amundsen, Roald, 4, 28, 34–35, 40, 46, 51, 54, 98, 106, 125, 147, 180
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 20–21
Antarctic Developments Program, 192
Antinoe (cargo ship), 18
Arctic Circle, 129
Arctic Ocean, 31, 37
Arlington National Cemetery, 36–37, 147, 164
Associated Press, 28, 167, 177
Babcia (Billy’s grandmother), 5, 18–19, 44, 46, 47, 58, 99, 100, 111, 122, 123, 139, 161, 201
Baffin Island, 37, 80
Balboa, 96, 97
Balchen, Bernt, 55, 98, 125, 146, 148, 160, 162, 180
Barnes, Haldor, 80, 88
Barrymore, John, 22
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 66
Battery Park, Manhattan, 155–57
Bay of Whales, 124, 126, 129, 134, 150, 187
Bear of Oakland (barquentine), 181–8
2
Belgica (Gerlache’s ship), 34
Bennett, Floyd, 18, 27, 36–37, 40, 146, 147, 164
Bergen, Norway, 53
Bernays, Edward, 27, 30, 35
Bernstein, Isaac, 45
Beyond the Barrier with Byrd: An Authentic Story of the Byrd Antarctic Exploring Expedition (Adams), 79, 91, 100, 142, 145
Biltmore Hotel, New York, 37, 38, 48, 137, 160, 163
Black, Robert Sheriff, 151
Black Gang, 95, 131, 176
Bonifácio, José, 191
Borchgrevink, Carsten, 115
Boston Evening Transcript, 65, 68
Bow, Clara, 166
Bowman, John McEntee, 37
Boy Scout with Byrd, A (Siple), 121
Boy Scouts, 39, 49–51
Braathen, Christoffer, 137
Bretagne (schooner), 145
British Royal Navy, 77
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 69, 74, 76, 153
Brophy, Dick, 110–11, 121
Brown, Elmer Ellsworth, 159
Brown, Gustav L., 78–79, 83, 87, 89, 94, 97, 100, 103, 115–18, 120, 126, 131, 152, 167, 177, 184
Budd, Grace, 40
Budnitz, Nathan, 45
Buma, Marie, 42
Burden, Douglas, 21
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 172
Byrd, Catherine, 159
Byrd, Dickie, 66, 159
Byrd, Eleanor Bolling, 77, 156
Byrd, Evelyn, 159
Byrd, Harry, 31, 85, 157
Byrd, Helen, 159
Byrd, Marie, 47, 66, 69, 133, 155–57, 159
Byrd, Richard Evelyn, 3, 5, 18, 59, 63, 80, 81, 97, 108, 110, 118
Amundsen and, 54
Antarctica expedition, see Byrd Antarctica expedition
Bennett’s death and, 36–37
Billy and, 26, 31–33, 69, 85–88, 127–28, 133–35, 169, 172–75, 178–79
Billy’s mother and, 175, 179–80, 193
dog of, 155, 158
Earhart and, 60
Etah Fjord expedition and, 29
flying skills of, 32, 35
fourth expedition of, 192
health of, 98
leaves San Pedro, 98
loss of Orteig prize by, 25, 27, 158
moves to Queens, 47–48
as navigator, 35, 180
in navy, 32
North Pole flight (1926) and, 18, 26–27, 31, 34, 36, 51, 58, 77, 147
personality of, 32
physical appearance of, 4, 32
postexpedition activities of, 180–81
promotion of, 148
return to U.S. and, 154–55, 167
second expedition of, 181–82
stowaways and, 67, 69, 72
third expedition of, 186–87
Wilkins, rivalry with, 106–7, 121–22
Byrd Antarctic expedition:
applications for, 33–34
base camp: Little America, 124–26, 128–29, 134, 135, 140, 142, 153, 181
Boy Scouts and, 39, 49–51, 62, 121, 133
female applicants, 41–43
funding, 55–56, 77, 82, 96, 110, 157, 169
headquarters of, 31, 37
medals awarded to, 154, 159, 164
overwintering, 133–36, 143, 150, 154
plans for, 28–31, 52–55
press and publicity on, 28–33, 37, 52, 55–57, 63, 64, 71, 73, 89–90, 97, 112, 140
return to Dunedin, 151–52
return to U.S., 153–54
route of ships, 54
scientific goals of, 57–58
South Pole flight, 145–48
sponsorship of, 56
staff of, 34, 39, 50
stowaways, 59–63, 65–67, 69–74, 76, 78–83, 174, 195
supplies for, 31, 53, 56, 63, 88
test flights, 132–33
voyage from New Zealand, 114–21
Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal, 154
Byrd Hop, 52
Byrd Loyalty Club, 175
C.A. Larsen (whaler), 48, 52–54, 84, 87, 98, 101, 106, 108, 115, 116, 123
Campania, 9
Capablanca, José Raúl, 62
Cape Adare, 114
Cape Fear Shipping Company, 191
Cape Hatteras, 81
Cape Royds, 63
Caribbean islands, 92
Carson, Adam “Kit,” 83, 128
Carter, Aurie Aileen, 25
Case, Anna, 159
Catalina Island, 169
Château-Thierry, Battle of, 153
Chelsea (supply ship), 52–54, 77
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley, 119
Chicago World’s Fair, 180–81
Chinook (dog), 109
Citizen Kane (movie), 107
City College, New York, 36, 44
City of New York (barquentine), 1, 13, 52, 53, 78, 80, 94–96, 100–101, 103–5, 111, 113–16, 118, 121, 130, 134, 137, 140, 149–51, 154, 155, 157
at Chicago World’s Fair, 181
crew of, 2–3, 29, 51–52
departure from Hoboken of, 63–66
dimensions of, 2
interior of, 3
multiple stowaways onboard, 60–63, 65–67, 69–74
renamed, 49
Civil War, 81
Clark, Austin, 140
Coast Guard, 4, 81, 157
Coates, Joseph G., 106
Cody, John, 176
Col (dog), 96
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 188
Colón, 93, 94
Columbia University, 172–74, 176, 177, 193
Congressional Medal of Honor, 164, 197
Conrad, Joseph, 20
Cook, Frederick, 10
Cook, James, 118
Coolidge, Calvin “Silent Cal,” 27, 139
Cooper Union, New York, 6, 36, 44, 49, 58, 76, 171
Cora (liner), 144, 145
Corbett, James J. and Vera, 21–22
Costello, Dolores, 22
Costello, Maurice, 22
Cox, Warren E., 196
Creagh, Arthur “Hump,” 176, 177
Cristóbal, 54, 93, 94, 96, 97, 152
Cunningham, Florizel, 25
Cunningham, Harold, 64
Dar Pomorza (training ship), 178
Darién Gap, Panama, 21
Darwin, Charles, 54, 102, 119
David Livingstone Gold Medal, 160
Davies, Frank, 123
Davis, John, 147
Davis, William Henry, 194
De Ganahl, Joe, 82, 91, 93, 100, 139
Declaration of Independence, 66
Dick Byrd: Air Explorer (Fitzhugh), 20, 21
Dickstein, Gertrude, 45
Disappointment Islands, 103
Discovery Inlet, 124
Dog Puncher on the Yukon, A (Walden), 51–52
dog teams, 30, 51–53, 96, 109–10, 115, 120, 124, 128, 130, 136, 151, 154, 189
Dooley, William Henry, 24, 44, 45, 88
Dorman, Emily, 171
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 37
Doyle, Thomas F., 90
“Dreams of the Sea” (Davis), 194
Dunedin, New Zealand, 52, 56, 65, 106–11, 108, 113, 114, 121, 122, 124, 126, 131, 138, 143, 150, 151, 177
Dunedin Evening Star, 89
Durant, Will, 128
Dust Bowl, 167
Dvoren, Ruth, 45
Earhart, Amelia, 40, 41, 60–61, 64, 89
Ederle, Gertrude, 41–42
Edison, Thomas Alva, 159
Elder, Ruth, 95
Eleanor (cat), 80, 155
Eleanor Bolling (cargo ship), 77–80, 82–85, 87–90, 92–103, 107–8, 113–22, 126, 127, 131, 153–55, 157, 176, 195
Ellsworth, Lincoln, 180
Endurance (Shackleton’s ship), 35
Epstein, “Happy,” 45
equator, crossing, 99–100
Erickson, Isaac, 176–77
Erickson, William, 100
Etah Fjord, 29
evolution, theory of, 30–31, 54, 119
&n
bsp; Explorers Club, Manhattan, 10, 148
“Exploring at the South Pole” (Byrd lecture), 173
Fairchild aircraft, 5
Fairchild K-3 camera, 122
Fanelli, Gennaro, 45
Farley, James A., 178–79
Fergusson, Lady Alice Mary, 106
Fergusson, Sir Charles, 106
Feury, James, 51
Fish, Albert, 40
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 6, 185
flat-earth theory, 147
Fleischman, Julian, 77
Floyd Bennett (aircraft), 136, 146
Floyd Bennett Bay, 150
Flushing Journal, 97, 99
Fokker trimotor aircraft, 5, 26–27, 127
Ford, Edsel, 27, 55, 133
Ford, Henry, 55
Ford Motor Company, 55, 160, 162
Ford trimotor transport plane, 5, 127, 136
Fort Hamilton, 66
Framheim base, 51
Fressola, Silvio, 45
Freud, Sigmund, 27
Fried, George, 18
Friendship (aircraft), 61
Galápagos Islands, 54, 99
Gant, Helen, 72
Garrett, “Barnacle” Bill, 170
Gauguin, Paul, 25, 54
Gaule, Sherman, 170
Gawronski, Billy (William Gregory):
with American Pacific Whaling Company, 168–70
apprehended, 67–68, 74, 86–87
Bennie Roth saved by, 130–31
birth of, 11
Byrd and, 26, 31–33, 69, 85–88, 127–28, 133–35, 169, 172–75, 178–79
in With Byrd at the South Pole, 166
as captain, 185, 191
childhood of, 12–16, 188
children of, 190, 200–201
in coal room, 97–98
death of, 199, 200
dog of, 15–16
early jobs of, 16–17
education of, 6, 15, 19, 24–25, 32, 35–36, 40, 44, 49, 172–74, 176, 193
full name of, 11
girls and, 16, 23, 38, 43, 45
Goldy Mundy and, 185, 186, 188, 190, 195, 196
grandmother and, 18–19, 46
languages and, 13, 15, 16, 24
letters and telegrams home, 92–93, 99, 122–23
on Leviathan, 174, 175, 178
on Manhattan, 183–84
in Merchant Marines, 182–85, 187, 189–91, 193–94
move to Queens, 20
parents of, 11–12
penguins and, 120
physical appearance of, 1, 23
plane parts saved by, 127–28