Tuxedo Park
Page 41
and Oppenheimer-HUAC, 292
post–World War II activities of, 293
and schedule for MIT Rad Lab projects, 216
and SCR-584 system, 258
and spy detection, 173–74
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 90, 105
American Association of Scientific Workers, 247
American Astrological Society, 69
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 68, 69
American Physical Society, 71, 157
American Superpower Corp., 41, 74, 87
America’s Cup, 92–95, 295
Amory, Cleveland, 80, 288–89
Argonne Laboratory, 249
Armstrong, Ted, 97
Army Air Corps, U.S. See Army, U.S.
Army Ordnance Board, 31
Army Signal Corps, U.S. See Army, U.S.
Army, U.S.: and AI research, 230
and Army-scientists’ relationship, 227
and B-18 bomber research, 220–21
Bowles suggested for position with, 236
and Bush’s OSRD proposal, 226
and D-1 Committee, 169–70, 220
and fission/nuclear research, 160, 162, 250
and GCA radar, 263
and gun laying radar system, 231
and H2X system, 269
and Joint Research and Development Board, 285
and location of new research laboratory, 198
Loomis in, 30–34
and Loran project, 265, 266
and Mark I project, 263–64
and MEW, 264
MIT Rad Lab’s relationship with, 216, 220, 227, 256
and NDRC, 171
orders radar for, 228
and radar research systems, 163, 170, 171–72, 178, 188, 189, 190, 193, 207, 223, 228, 277, 285
scientists’ relationship with, 243
and selection of final site of radar laboratory, 205
and Tizard Mission, 187, 189, 190. See also military
Arnold, H. H. “Hap,” 254
Astor family, 93
ASV (air-to-surface vessels) radar, 216, 221–22, 225, 252–54, 267, 268
atomic age: debate about, 9, 251, 287–88
opening of, 275–76. See also atomic bomb/weapons; fission/atomic research; nuclear research
atomic bomb/weapons: and bombing of Japan, 276–77, 297
and closing of MIT Rad Lab, 283–84
development of, 12, 13, 247–50
estimates of time and cost of, 247–50
Richards’ views about, 14
Szilard’s memo about building, 12–13
as U-235 bomb, 246. See also cyclotron; fission/atomic research; nuclear research
Atomic Energy Commission Panel on Radiological Warfare, 285
automatic tracking fire-control radar, 258
Bacher, Bob, 274
Bainbridge, Kenneth T., 201, 213, 274
Baker, George F., 80
Ballantine, Arthur, 82–83
Bankers Trust Company, 80, 81, 150, 151
Barrow, William, 158
Baruch, Bernard, 77, 81
Bateson, E. Farrar, 26
Beams, Jesse, 239
B-18 bomber system, 216, 219, 220–21, 230, 253, 267
Bell Laboratories, 67, 68, 200–1, 205–6, 211, 230, 243. See also Bell Telephone Company; Jewett, Frank
Bell Telephone Company, 169–70, 192–93, 194–96. See also Bell Laboratories
Bendix Corporation, 201
Berger, Hans, 111–12, 115
Berkeley. See University of California, Berkeley
Bethe, Hans, 139–40, 274, 292
Birmingham University, 182, 183
blind-landing radar system, 255, 258–61, 264. See also H2X blind bombing radar
Blondlot, Rene, 35
Bohr, Niels, 9, 13, 52, 54, 66, 106, 126, 134, 155–56, 157
Bolling Field (U.S. Army Air Corps), 198, 199, 205
Bonbright & Company, 5, 37–42, 52, 73, 74–77, 86, 87, 90
Bonbright, Irving W., 39
Bonbright, William P., 39
Boot, Henry, 182, 192–93
Bowen, Edward “Taffy”: at Algonquin Club, 203
and B-18 bomber research, 221, 222
death of, 294
and early days at MIT Rad Lab, 203, 214, 219
funding for, 294
at Hilton Head, 216
and location of radar research laboratory, 198
and long-range navigation system, 231
and Loomis’ accomplishments and contributions, 289
Loomis’ relationship with, 189, 199–200
and Loran system, 234
and magnetron, 183–87, 194–96, 198, 200, 201
and move from Tuxedo Park to MIT, 208
and NDRC secret agreement, 203
post–World War II activities of, 294
and radar research, 183, 190–93, 194–96, 197, 199, 207, 219, 221, 222, 231, 234
radio telescope of, 294
and recruiting of scientists for radar research, 199, 201
and Roosevelt’s promise of aid for Britain, 217
and Tizard Mission, 180, 182, 183, 189, 190–93, 194–95
trip to U.S. of, 183–87
at Tuxedo Park, 190–92, 198–99
visit to U.S. companies by, 194–95
Bowles, Edward: and Bush-Loomis relationship, 237
Bush’s relationship with, 129
and D-1 Committee, 169, 170
and early days at MIT Rad Lab, 213, 219, 229
and Lawrence’s recruitment efforts, 203–4
leaves MIT Rad Lab, 236
Loomis’ collaboration with, 160
Loomis first meets with, 129
and Loomis as “minister without portfolio,” 244
Loomis’ relationship with, 169, 199–200, 234–37
and Loran system, 234
personality of, 129
and radar research, 129, 131, 158, 160, 161, 191–92, 197
and selection of final site of radar laboratory, 205, 206
as Stimson adviser, 236, 254
and Tizard Mission, 191–92
Bown, Ralph, 169
Boyd, Madeleine, 8
Boys, Charles Vernon, 66, 67, 68
brain wave research, 7, 108–16, 124, 125, 128–29
Breit, Gregory, 170
Breuer, Joseph, 116
Briggs Advisory Committee on Uranium, 12, 13, 157, 168, 238–39, 242, 243, 245
Briggs, Lyman J., 12, 157, 238, 242
British. See Great Britain
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 140
British Technical and Scientific Mission. See Tizard Mission
Brown, Ernest William, 26–27, 69
Bundy, Harvey, 224, 227, 228
Bureau of Standards, U.S., 67, 70
Bush, Vannevar: and ability of civilian scientists, 268
Alvarez’s relationship with, 293
and atomic bomb, 248
and Bowles-Loomis relationship, 169, 236–37
Bowles’ relationship with, 129
and Bowles work in Washington, 254
and British-American collaboration, 208
as Carnegie Institution head, 13, 144, 292
Compton’s relationship with, 129, 205
and cyclotron research, 135–36, 144, 146, 149
death of, 293
and fission/atomic research, 157, 161–63, 240, 242–43, 247
and Joint Research and Development Board, 285
and Lawrence-Loomis relationship, 243
Lawrence’s relationship with, 244, 293
and location of new radar research laboratory, 198, 199
and Loomis’ accomplishments, 14, 290
and Loomis as “minister without portfolio,” 244
and Loomis as National Academy of Science member, 166–67, 290
and Loomis’ personality, 237
and Loomis’ post–World War II activities, 285
Loomis’ relationship with, 165–66, 214, 237, 293
Loomis’ views about, 165
and Loran project, 266
and Manhattan Project, 274, 275
and military-scientists’ relationship, 227, 228
MIT connections of, 129–30, 165, 205, 236–37, 293
and MIT Rad Lab, 214, 219, 222, 237, 255, 267, 279
and NDRC, 166–67, 168, 169, 171
and Oppenheimer, 274, 292–93
and OSRD, 226, 228
personality of, 165, 237
post–World War II activities of, 285, 292–93
professional career of, 165
and radar research, 129–30, 160, 190, 192, 197, 272
reputation of, 163
responsibilities of, 243
and selection of site for radar laboratory, 205, 206
and Stimson’s retirement, 296–97
and Tizard Mission, 181, 188, 190, 192, 208
and Tower House as temporary radar research laboratory, 199
and U.S. involvement in World War II of, 13, 157–58, 163–64
views about Loomis of, 163–64
Washington conference organized by, 160
Butt, Charles, 159
buzz bombs, 271
Byerly, Robert, 42
California Institute of Technology, 135
calutron, 249, 276–77
Cambridge University: fission/atomic research at, 241, 245–46
Canada: and Tizard Mission, 180
Carnegie, Andrew, 102
Carnegie Institution: and Bowen research, 294
Bush as head of, 13, 144, 292
D-1 Committee meetings at, 197–98, 206–7, 220
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, 198
and fission/atomic research, 156, 157, 162–63
Haskins as head of, 288
and radar research, 160, 170, 192
and selection of final site of radar laboratory, 205
and Tizard Mission, 192
and Tower House as civilian research laboratory, 199. See also Bush, Vannevar
Cates, Luis S., 150
Central Hanover Trust Co., 80
centrifuge, microscope, 71–73
“Certain Aspects of Atomic Physics” conference (Tower House, 1928), 53–54
Chain Home network system, 187–88, 189, 210, 252
Chase, Edward L., 281
Chase, Lynn, 281, 283
Chase National Bank, 81, 84
Chicago World’s Fair (1933), 105
Christie, Ronald, 64–65, 295
Chromatic Television Laboratories, 292
chronograph, 32–33, 42, 68, 69
Churchill, Winston, 164, 180, 181, 186, 208, 224, 271, 277
clocks, 65–66, 67–70, 71, 114, 116, 142
Club House Road home (Tuxedo Park), of Loomis, 44, 53, 58, 78–79, 279
Clyde, William P., 95
Coast Guard, U.S., 266
Coatesworth, Janet, 12
Cockcroft, John, 141, 180, 182, 186, 188–95, 197, 198, 199, 203, 245
Coe, Conway, 166
Coffin, Charles A., 38
Collier, Price, 60
Colt, Sloan, 150
Colton, Roger B., 170
Columbia Gas and Electric, 76
Columbia University, 160. See also Fermi, Enrico; Szilard, Leo
Commonwealth & Southern Corp., 18, 41, 74–75, 87, 89–90
Compton, Arthur, 52, 149, 239, 240n, 244–45, 246, 247, 249, 250, 276, 293
Compton, Karl: Bowles’ letter to, 234–35
and Bowles-Loomis relationship, 234–35, 236, 237
Bush’s relationship with, 205
and cyclotron research, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149
death of, 293
and fate of scientists in Nazi Europe, 127–28
and fission/atomic research, 161–62, 240, 242–43, 246–47
at Hilton Head, 98, 216
and industry’s views about MIT Rad Lab, 255
and Lawrence as Briggs “temporary personal consultant,” 244
and location of new radar research laboratory, 199
Loomis’ first meeting with, 54
and Loomis’ nomination to National Academy of Sciences, 166–67, 168
and military-scientists’ relationship, 227, 228
as MIT president, 105–6
and MIT Rad Lab, 203, 208, 209, 223, 229, 234–37, 277
and NDRC, 163, 166–67, 168–69, 170, 171
and OSRD, 228
post–World War II activities of, 293
and radar research, 128–29, 130, 131, 141, 171–72, 189–90, 197
and selection of final site of radar laboratory, 205, 206
and student tours of industrial plants, 104
and Tizard Mission, 181, 189–90
as visionary, 278
Comstock Prize, 139
Conant, Grace Thayer Richards “Patty,” 2, 3, 8
Conant, James B.: and cyclotron research, 138, 149, 152
death of, 293
and development of atomic bomb, 248
and fission/atomic research, 9–10, 13, 242, 246–47
and hydrogen bomb, 293
Kistiakowsky’s relationship with, 7, 293
Lawrence’s relationship with, 293
and Loomis as help to Harvard, 152
and Loomis as possible Harvard trustee, 138–39
Loomis’ relationship with, 293
and Manhattan Project, 274, 275
and military-scientists’ relationship, 228
and NDRC, 163, 166, 168
and Oppenheimer-HUAC, 292
and OSRD, 228
post–World War II activities of, 292, 293
retires from Harvard, 293
and Richards, 2, 3, 8, 9–10, 13
Conant, (Theodore) Ted, 10, 125, 293
Condon, Edward, 214
Congress, U.S., 83–84, 90, 127, 223, 224, 248, 267–68
Cooksey, Donald, 142, 149, 150, 152, 160, 281
Cornell University, 139–40
Cornog, Robert, 147
Crocker Radiation Laboratory (Berkeley) (Rad Lab), 138–53
Crozier, William, 31
cyclotron: and atomic weapons, 136
and bombing of Japan, 276–77
building of huge, 137–53
at Cambridge University, 245–46
and D-1 Committee, 173
and Del Monte Lodge meeting, 149
and events leading to World War II, 140–41
and fission/atomic research, 241, 242, 246, 249
funding for, 137–38, 144–46, 147–48, 149–50, 151–52
at Harvard, 201
importance to war efforts of, 153
and Lawrence’s Nobel Prize, 145, 148
Lawrence’s work on, 14, 134, 135–36, 154, 160, 161, 199, 204, 239, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, 289, 294
Loomis’ interest/involvement in development of, 116, 136–53, 289
McMillan’s work on, 294
at Rochester, 202
uses for, 135, 138;
versions of, 138
Darwin, Charles, 5
Davis, Hallowell, 115, 116, 128–29
Davis, Nuel Pharr, 291
Davis, Pauline, 115
D-Day, 269–71
Del Monte Lodge (Pebble Beach, California), 281, 291
meeting at, 149, 157–58
Dieke, Gerhard, 62
Dirac, Paul, 13
D-1 Committee (NDRC): and army and navy research, 170–72
and Bowles-Loomis relationship, 169
and cyclotron research, 173
and demands on Loomis, 174–75
and expansion of MIT Rad Lab, 255
Loomis as chair of, 168–69
and magnetron, 194
meetings of, 197–98, 200–1, 206–7, 218, 219–20
members of, 169–70
reports of, 222
and Tizard Mission, 190, 192–93
and Tower House researc
h, 176–78
Dönitz, Karl, 253–54
Doppler method, 130–31, 142, 158, 176, 177, 178, 191
DuBridge, Lee: appointed director of radar research laboratory, 202
on atomic bomb, 284
and industry’s views about MIT Rad Lab, 255–56
and launching of new radar research laboratory, 203
Lawrence’s recruitment of, 202, 204
and limerick for Lawrence’s Nobel Prize, 148–49
and Loomis’ post–World War II activities, 290
Loomis’ relationship with, 291
and magnetron, 211
and MIT Rad Lab expansion, 255–56
MIT Rad Lab summary report of, 277
and Oppenheimer’s actitivities, 274, 292
personality of, 230
post–World War II activities of, 290
and radar research, 217, 218, 220, 237, 284
and selection of final site of radar laboratory, 206
Dumbo I and II, 253, 254
Eagle blind-landing system, 264
Eastham, Melville, 233
Edison, Thomas, 31–32, 128
Einstein, Albert, 12, 56, 69, 106, 127, 157
Eisenhower, Dwight, 294
Electric Bond & Share, 41
Emergency Banking Act (1933), 83–84
England. See Great Britain
Evans, Betty Loomis, 19, 24, 30, 87, 88, 96, 97, 98, 101, 118, 120, 122, 124, 295, 296
Evans, Robley, 146, 147
Eyre, Wilson, 44
Farnsworth, Henry Weston, 29–30
“Fat Man,” 277
Faulkner, H. W., 180
FBI problems, 173–74
Feis, Herbert, 85–86
Fermi, Enrico: at Argonne Laboratory, 249
awards for, 127
escape from Nazis of, 127
and fission/atomic research, 10, 11, 12, 13, 154–55, 156, 157, 239, 240, 246, 249
and Loomis’ concerns about war, 126
and Loomis as “minister without portfolio,” 244, 250
Loomis’ support for, 154–55
and Manhattan Project, 276
security clearance of, 242
at Tower House, 106
Field, Frederick Vanderbilt, 117
Fifth Conference on Theoretical Physics (Washington, 1939), 155
First National Bank, 80, 88
Fisher, Avery, 290–91
fission/atomic research: and Briggs Committee, 238–39
of British, 11, 245–46
debate about, 9, 251, 287–88
early work on, 10–11
funding for, 10–13, 244
and German-U.S. competition, 11, 12, 13, 242, 246, 247, 249, 268
lack of knowledge about, 244–45, 273
and military-scientists’ relationship, 243
NAS committee concerning future of, 244–45
pre–World War II work on, 239–50
in Richards’ manuscript, 8–10
scientists working on, 239–40
and Tizard Mission, 186. See also cyclotron; nuclear research; specific scientist or project