Disaster at Stalingrad: An Alternate History
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20 Adolf Galland, wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Galland#High_command_.281941.E2. 80.931945.29, accessed 1 March 2012.
Chapter 5, The Battle of Bear Island
1 Woodman, Arctic Convoys, p. 200.
2 Woodman, Arctic Convoys, pp. 200-1.
3 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, pp. 37-8.
4 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, pp. 50-1, taken from Lieutenant Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., USNR: ‘Cruiser Covering Force June 25 to July 8, 1942’.
5 Douglas TBD Devastator, wikipedia.org/wiki/TBD_Devastator, accessed 6 March 2012.
6 Characteristics of aircraft aboard HMS Victorious and USS Wasp:
7 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, p. 19.
8 Woodman, Arctic Convoys, p. 201.
9 Irving, Destruction of PQ-17, pp. 65-6.
10 The caution of P.614’s captain may have due to the fact that his boat was one of four built for the Turkish Navy but retained by the Royal Navy when the war started.
11 Wragg, Sacrifice for Stalin, p. 144.
12 *Joseph P. Hartwell, Aerial Predator: The Life of Josef ‘Pips’ Priller (Boulder, CO: Air Force Academy Press, 1992), p. 129.
13 Woodman, Arctic Convoys, pp. 204-5.
14 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, p. 105; Woodman, Arctic Convoys, p. 207.
15 Woodman, Arctic Convoys, pp. 208-9.
16 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, p. 107.
17 *William H. Crowdon, Brave Cruisers: The Cruiser Covering Force at the Battle of Bear Island (London: Collins, 1958), p. 90.
18 *Franklin R. Miller, Treason on the Troubador: Mutiny in the Face of the Enemy (Annapolis: Naval Society Press, 1980), p. 138. The mutineers were returned to the United States at the conclusion of the Treaty of Dublin and the American citizens among them successfully prosecuted for treasonously aiding and abetting an enemy in wartime.
19 *Alexander Stuart, Convoy Disaster (Aberdeen: Highland University, 1963), p. 221.
20 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, p. 214.
21 Irving, Destruction of Convoy PQ-17, pp. 184-6.
22 Wragg, Sacrifice for Stalin, pp. 148-9.
23 Tsouras, Book of Military Quotations, p. 27.
24 A comparison of armour on the German and American cruisers at the Battle of Bear Island:
25 *Crowdon, Brave Cruisers, pp. 83-4.
26 wikipedia.org ‘Battle of Drøbak Sound’, accessed 3 March 2012.
27 *Edwin Markham, On HMS London at the Battle of Bear Island (London: Charing Cross Publishers, 1983), p. 93.
28 *Hartwell, Aerial Predator, pp. 153-6.
Chapter 6, The Battle of 20° East
1 *Rudolf Schumdt, In the Wolfsschanze with Hitler: As Told by his Chief Adjutant (New York: Harper et Doubleday, 1956), p. 232.
2 *Yelena Markova, Hard as Men: Soviet Women in the War with Germany (Moscow: Progress, 1978), p. 265.
3 *Schumdt, Wolfsschanze, p. 233.
4 10th U-Boat Flotilla, wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_U-boat_Flotilla, accessed 5 March 2012.
5 *Samuel Morison, The Battle That Won the War for Germany (Annapolis: Naval Society Press, 1955), p. 299.
6 *Morison, The Battle That Won the War for Germany, p. 370.
7 *Richard Sullivan, USS Wainwright: Hero of the Battle of Bear Island (Annapolis: Naval Association Press, 1963), p. 189.
8 *Steven J. Yablonsky, The Cruiser Action at The Battle of 20° East (Philadelphia: Appleton, 1986), p. 157.
9 *James R. Edison, Rolf Carls: The Knightly Admiral (London: Castlemere Publishers Ltd), p. 311. Carls’s rescue of so many British and American sailors made him the object of professional admiration in both countries to which he was welcomed after the war as a guest of their naval societies.
10 *Bruce W. Watson, The Intelligence Duel at the Battles of Bear Island and Twenty East (Washington, DC: Defence Intelligence University Press, 2010), p. 245.
11 *Robert C. Giffen, The Battle of 20° East (Boston: Liber Scriptus, 1952), p. 233.
12 Pope, 73 North, p. 184.
13 *Dudley Patterson, The Big George: The Story of the Battleship, USS Washington (Norfolk, VA: Warships Press, 1955), p. 93. The Washington was the only battleship in WWII to sink two enemy battleships, one in each theatre of war. Off Guadalcanal in 1943 it sank the IJN Kirishima without taking a single hit.
14 *Hartwell, Aerial Predator, p. 142.
15 *Morison, The Battle That Won the War for Germany, p. 290.
16 Lieutenant David McCampbell would go on to become the US Navy’s top-scoring ace of World War II.
17 *Wilson J. Johnson, Duel of the Titans: Washington versus Tirpitz (New York: Gotham Publishers, 1960), p. 322.
18 *Morison, The Battle That Won the War for Germany, p. 376.
19 *Gerhardt von Kitzengen, Der Schalcht bei 20° Ost (Frankurt: Markbreit, 1976), p. 299.
20 *Harrison Kitteridge, For Want of a Nail: The Closure of the Arctic Convoy Route to Russia (New York: Mason Ɛt Chandler, 1995), pp. 322-34.
21 *Schumdt, Wolfsschanze, p. 287.
Chapter 7, Counting the Victories
1 Kessel, literally a kettle, but meaning in a military sense an encircled pocket of enemy forces.
2 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 63.
3 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 511.
4 Benôit Lemay, Erich von Manstein: Hitler’s Master Strategist (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011), pp. 250-66.
5 Lemay, Manstein, pp. 34-8. Mischlinge was the Nazi term for Germans with a Jewish parent or grandparent.
6 Carell, Stalingrad, pp. 64-5.
7 Horst Scheibert, Panzer-Grenadier Division Grossdeutschland (Warren, MI: Squadron/Signal, 1977), pp. 7, 39-41.
8 NKVD - Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del - People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs - the Soviet secret police at the time of the Second World War.
9 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 46-7.
10 Remaining at this point were USS Ranger, Saratoga, Enterprise and Hornet. The first of the Essex Class, the USS Essex, was commissioned in December 1942 and joined the fleet the next year. Also in 1943, the new USS Yorktown, Intrepid and Hornet joined the fleet in the Pacific. Yorktown and Hornet were named for the original ships lost at the battles of Midway and the Santa Cruz Islands.
11 *Edward W. Pruitt, Strategic Command Decisions of World War II (Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 1962), pp. 138-40.
12 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 63.
13 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 23, 25.
14 Homer, tr. Robert Fagles, The Iliad (New York: Viking, 1990), 9.1-8.
15 Philipp von Boeselager, Valkyrie: The Plot to Kill Hitler (London: Phoenix, 2009), p. 72.
16 Matthew Hughes Ɛt Chris Mann, Inside Hitler’s Germany: Life Under the Third Reich (New York: MJF Books, 2000), p. 80.
17 Boeselager, Valkyrie, p. 74.
18 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 18-19.
19 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 39.
20 Not to be confused with Rostov Veliki (Rostov the Great), a medieval city north of Moscow.
21 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 74.
22 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 78.
23 *Franz Halder, Decision at Werewolf (Frankfurt: Schiller, 1960), pp. 35-9.
24 *Erich von Manstein, Desperate Victories (New York: Steindorf, 1963), p. 131.
25 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, pp. 19-20.
26 Carell, Hitler Moves East, pp. 583-4.
27 Earl E. Zeimke, Stalingrad to Berlin (New York: Barnes Ɛt Noble, 1996), pp. 34, 39. Tank armies were made up of tank and mechanized corps, equivalent to panzer and panzergrenadier divisions.
28 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, p. 31.
29 Stalin to Churchill, 23 July 1942, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
30 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 587.
31 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 33-6.
32 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 41.
33 V. I. Stalin, Sochineniia, Vol. 15 (Moscow, 1977), pp. 110-11.
34 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, pp. 150-1.
Chapter 8, ‘Those Crazy Mountain Climbers’
1 *Edwin R. Unger, Admiral Canaris: Master of Military Intelligence (London: Blackfriars, 1980), p. 211.
2 *Vernon T. Nelson, ‘Betrayal of the German Navy’, Naval Society Journal, Vol. XX, No. 3, June 1970.
3 A marcher land is a hostile border area between two states such as the border between England and Scotland, which was called the ‘Disputed Land’ for centuries as each side raided the other.
4 *Mehmet Iconoglu, Turkey and the German Alliance (Cambridge: Massachusetts University Press, 1972), pp. 83-5.
5 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 42-3.
6 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 38, 47.
7 Chuikov, Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 51-2.
8 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 99-100.
9 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 29.
10 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 97.
11 ‘A Hoax at the Soviet oilfields’, www.germanmilitaryhistory.com/blog/51608-a-hoax-at-soviet-oil-fields, accessed 13 March 1942.
12 *Baron Adrian von Fölkersam, Green Devils: The Brandenburg Regiment in the Second World War (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 93. This book is considered the authoritative account of the German special forces in World War II and was the type of military book gem that Greenhill Books editor/owner, Lionel Leventhal, the grand old man of British military publishing, was famous for bringing to the English-speaking readership.
13 Carell, Hitler Moves East, pp. 557-8.
14 David Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April-August 1942 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2009), p. 419.
15 Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, pp. 429-31.
16 *Boris Oblomov, Monster: The Life of Lavrenti Beria (Boulder, CO: Eastview Press, 1993), pp. 290-2.
17 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 559.
18 *William S. Johnson, Hoist on Their Own Petard: The German Use of Soviet Equipment in World War II (London: Charing Cross Road Publishers, 1966), pp. 153—66.
19 *Alfredo Coletti, Soaring Roman Eagles: The Alpini in the Caucasus (New York: Frederick, Bolton Et Myers, 1966), p. 156. In appreciation of this assistance, the Germans emblazoned their Caucasus mountain fighting badge with the image of an Alpini mule.
20 *Manfried von Sulzbach, Conquering the Caucasus: German Mountain Troops in Action (Warren, MI: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1967), p. 122.
21 *Coletti, Roman Eagles, p. 157.
22 Hans Ulrich Rudel, Stuka Pilot (New York: Ballantine, 1958), p. 57.
23 Albert Speer http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=50Ett=28721Etstart=0, accessed 17 March 2012.
Chapter 9, The Terror Raid
1 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 43.
2 Herbert Selle, ‘The German Sixth Army on the Road to Catastrophe’, Military Review, Volume XXXVII, September 1957, No. 6.
3 Carell, Stalingrad, pp. 124-5.
4 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Roosevelt, 22 August 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
5 ‘Alger Hiss’, www.conservapedia.com/Alger_Hiss#cite_note-237, accessed 30 March 2012.
6 Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ‘Reds in the White House’, A review of The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America’s Traitors, Claremont Institute, Summer 2001.
7 Racey Jordan with Richard L. Stokes, From Major Jordan’s Diaries (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1952), p. 42.
8 *Aaron C. Davis, ‘The Convoy Decision’, Journal of Civil-Military Relations, Vol. XXXI, No. 12, June 1977, p. 1101.
9 Victor Nekrasov, Eront-Line Stalingrad (New York: Fontana/Collins, 1964), p. 43.
10 Nekrasov, Front-Line Stalingrad, pp. 61-2.
11 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 104-5.
12 Jones, Stalingrad, p. 57.
13 Wolfram von Richthofen’s cousin was the famous Manfred von Richthofen, the greatest German ace of the First World War.
14 David Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, September-November 1942, The Stalingrad Trilogy, Volume 2 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2009), p. 25.
15 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 97.
16 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 32.
17 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 97-8.
18 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 594.
19 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 17.
20 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 59-61.
21 Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, p. 264.
22 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 42-4.
23 *Alexei Suvorov, ‘Red Army Mutiny at Stalingrad’, Military Review, Vol. XXX, No. 12, Dec 1956, p. 55.
24 *Karl Schmidt, ‘How Henry Ford won the Battle of Stalingrad’, Military History Review, Vol. XXX, No. 12, 1957, pp. 199-202,
25 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 10.
26 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 113.
Chapter 10, New Commanders All Round
1 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, p. 154.
2 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, p. 153.
3 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 117.
4 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 78.
5 Gerhard Engel, At the Heart of the Reich: The Secret Diary of Hitler’s Army Adjutant (London: Greenhill, 2005), p. 131.
6 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 545.
7 Carell, Hitler Moves East, p. 577.
8 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 123-4.
9 *Bennett C. Archer, The Battle for Sukhumi 1942, Battle Study No. 137 (London: Peregrine, 2012), p. 77.
10 *Boris Oblomov, Monster: The Life of Lavrenti Beria (Boulder, CO: Eastview Press, 1993), p. 321.
11 *Archer, Sukhumi, pp. 94-6.
12 *Samuel Morison, Gallant Sailor: The Life of Admiral Sergei Gorshkov (Annapolis: Naval Society Press, 1955), p. 198.
13 *Gerhard Engel, The Hitler I Served: The Story of Hitler’s Army Adjutant (London: Greenhill, 1993), p. 121.
14 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Churchill, 7 September 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
15 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, pp. 79-80.
16 *Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, pp. 156-7.
17 *John R. Wilson, The Wehrmacht’s Foreign Legion (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 211.
18 *Peter G. Tsouras, ‘Killing the Red Tsar’.
19 Sverdlovsk’s name before the Revolution was Yekaterinburg, named after its founder, Catherine the Great. It was here that the Bolsheviks murdered the Romanov Imperial family. Its name was changed to Sverdlovsk after the name of a prominent Bolshevik.
20 Vassili Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper (London: Frontline, 2009), pp. 1-2, 9, 12.
21 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, pp. 74-6.
22 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 78.
23 Carell, Stalingrad, p. 138.
24 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 107-15.
25 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, pp. 125-9.
26 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 134.
Chapter 11, Der Rattenkrieg
1 *Stephen J. Haithwaite, German Airborne Operations in the Caucasus: The Battle for Grozny, Battle Study No. 144 (London: Peregrine, 2001) p. 34.
2 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p. 99.
3 Jones, Stalingrad, pp. 118-19.
4 Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad, p.101.
5 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, pp. 12-13.
6 *Archibald Perry, Treason Et Atrocities: Germany’s Collaborators in World War II (London: Blackheath Publishers, 1966), pp. 233-4.
7 *Ewald von Kleist, Caucasus Victory (Frankfurt: Sandvoss, 1955), pp. 239-42.
8 Engel, At the Heart of the Reich, pp. 133-4.
9 Earl E. Ziemcke, Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East (New York: Barnes Et Noble, 1996), pp. 32-3.
10 Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, p. 137.
11 Craig, Enemy at the Gates, p. 111.
12 *Guy R. Williams, Hitler and His Generals (New York: Veni, Vidi, Vici, 1976), p. 199.
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br /> 13 Jonathan Trigg, Hitler’s Jihadis: Muslim Volunteers of the Waffen-SS (Stroud: History Press, 2008), p. 47.
14 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 152.
15 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 221-3.
16 Feldgrau (field grey) was the colour of the German uniform. It was actually adopted in 1954 by the East German People’s Army (Volksarmee) which was at pains to explain that it was not really Feldgrau but Steingrau (stone grey), a case of ‘What’s in a name?’
17 *Rupert Graf von Hentzau, Hitler, Manstein, and the High Command: Derision on the Volga (London: Greenhill, 1992), pp. 239-41.
18 Benoit Lemay, Erich von Manstein: Hitler’s Master Strategist (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011), p. 392.
19 *Albert Tomlinson, The Stalingrad Plot Against Hitler (New York: Veni, Vidi, Vici, 1977), p. 290.
20 Lemay, Manstein, p. 292.
21 *Alexander Stahlberg, Serving with Manstein on the Volga: The Memoirs of his Military Assistant (London: Greenhill, 1985), p. 193.
22 Lemay, Manstein, p. 293.
Chapter 12, ‘Danke Sehr, Herr Roosevelt!’
1 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, p. 54.
2 Zaitsev, Notes of a Russian Sniper, p. 59.
3 *Ranjit Singh, The Indian Corps in the Battle of Baku (New Dehli: Armed Forces Publishers, 1975), pp. 155-60.
4 Stalin, Works, Vol. 17, 1942, to Roosevelt, 7 October 1942. www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/Stalin/v17_1942.htm; accessed 30 March 2012.
5 *Mason C. Wilkenson, Roosevelt and Soviet Aid: The Art of the Possible (New York: Stafford Et Sons, 1962), pp. 233-4.
6 Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories (London: Collins, 1958 ), pp 268-9.
7 *Helmut Graf von Kitzingen und Langheim, Hitler und Manstein (Frankurt: Ritterlich, 1977), pp. 339-41.
8 Bloody Sunday, 22 January 1905, a squadron of Cossack cavalry was ordered by a local official to charge and disperse a peaceful march on the Winter Palace in St Petersburg to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. The tsar was not even present in the city and had no hand in the tragedy at all. Nevertheless, it sparked the 1905 Revolution that was only barely suppressed but which served in effect as a rehearsal for the 1917 Revolution.