The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only)
Page 99
4 Ibid., 42.
5 Ibid., 17–18.
6 Ibid., 54.
7 Martin, 7.
8 Neuburg, 417.
9 M. G. Jones, 73.
10 Ibid., 22, 44.
11 Ibid., 75, 78.
12 Ibid., 156.
13 R. O’Day, 254.
14 Neuburg, 36–7.
15 Ibid., 18, 23, 24, 30–31.
16 Quot. Sylvester, 207–9.
17 Martin, 9; Sylvester, 256.
18 Sylvester, 259–60.
19 R. O’Day, 256–8.
20 Martin, 40.
21 R. O’Day, 201.
22 Martin, 33.
23 R. O’Day, 200.
24 Ibid., 201.
25 Martin, 33; R. O’Day, 203; Raistrick, 15, 28.
26 R. O’Day, 208.
27 Sylvester, 250–51.
28 Ibid., 253.
29 Ibid., 252–3.
30 Ibid., 204.
31 R. O’Day, 201.
32 Sylvester, 198–9.
33 Martin, 40.
34 Ibid., 28.
35 Ibid., 29.
36 Ibid., 40.
37 Sylvester, 204–6.
38 R. O’Day, 204.
39 Sylvester, 259–60.
40 E. Hughes, 319–31.
41 Martin, 29–30.
41 Universities, Academies and the Grand Tour
1 R. O’Day, 198.
2 I. Parker, 83.
3 R. O’Day, 196–7.
4 Ibid., 147.
5 Sylvester, 217.
6 Quot. Morris, 156–7.
7 Edward Gibbon, Memoirs (1792), quot. Morris, 152–3.
8 Quot. Morris, 165.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., 145–6, 160.
11 Sylvester, 219.
12 Ibid., 216; E. Hughes, 301.
13 E. Hughes, 315.
14 Quot. Morris, 151.
15 E. Hughes, 307.
16 Sylvester, 219–20.
17 I. Parker, 89.
18 Ibid., 59.
19 Sylvester, 245–6.
20 I. Parker, 86.
21 Sylvester, 237, 240–43.
22 Ibid., 233–7.
23 Ibid., 246–7.
24 R. O’Day, 213.
25 Ibid., 210.
26 Ibid.
27 Sylvester, 231–2.
28 John Moore, A View of Society and Manners in Italy (1792); Sir Thomas Nugent, The Grand Tour, 4 vols (1749); James Howell, Instructions for Forreine Travel (1642).
29 Quot. Sylvester, 231–2.
42 Masters and Workers
1 Porter, 152, 205, 224, 330, 336; A. Briggs (A Social History), 170; Ashley (The People of England), 116; Trevelyan, 388–9.
2 Ashley, op. cit., 123–4.
3 Porter, 336.
4 Ibid., 346.
5 Quot. Porter, 334.
6 Ashley, op. cit., 120–3; Porter, 212, 329.
7 Kalm, 179.
8 Quot. Malcolmson, 57–8.
9 Jarrett, 64, 84.
10 Quot. Malcolmson, 13.
11 Ibid., 14.
12 Jarrett, 89.
13 Ibid., 110.
14 Quot. Porter, 106.
15 Quot. Malcolmson, 37, 43.
16 Hoskins (The Midland Peasant), 228.
17 Ibid., 204.
18 Malcolmson, 45.
19 Ashley, op. cit., 117.
20 Malcolmson, 145–6.
21 Ibid., 56.
22 Porter, 108.
23 Ibid., 102.
24 Trevelyan, 285, 321.
25 Robert Southey, Letters from England, vol. i, 36.
26 Quot. A. Briggs, op. cit., 177.
27 Simond, 118.
28 Hammonds (The Town Labourer), 19–20.
43 Clothworkers and Machine-breakers
1 Quot. Malcolmson, 109.
2 Quot. Porter, 118.
3 Malcolmson, 120–21.
4 Ibid., 128.
5 J. Paul de Castro, The Gordon Riots (1926); Christopher Hibbert, King Mob: Lord George Gordon and the Riots of 1780 (1958).
6 Arthur Young, General View of the Agriculture of Oxfordshire (1813); Malcolmson, 112.
7 Malcolmson, 118.
8 Ibid., 119.
9 Ibid., 125.
10 Hammonds (The Town Labourer), 127–9.
11 Quot. Malcolmson, 150–51.
12 Porter, 110; Ashley (People of England), 133.
13 Quot. Porter, 354.
14 E. P. Thompson (Making of the English Working Class), 529–89
15 Ibid., 614.
16 Ibid., 656–7.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.; Hammonds (The Skilled Labourer), passim.
44 Rick-burners, Paupers and Chartists
1 Cobbett. passim.
2 Clarke, 33.
3 Hobsbawm and Rudé, 182.
4 Ibid., 212.
5 Ibid., 112–13.
6 Ibid., 263.
7 Humphry House, The Dickens World (2nd ed., 1942), 93.
8 R. G. Gammage, The History of the Chartist Movement (1894), quot. Best, 187–8.
9 D. J. V. Jones, passim.
10 A. R. Schoyen, The Chartist Challenge (1958); Donald Read and Eric Glasgow, Feargus O’Connor: Irishman and Chartist (1961); Mark Hovel, The Chartist Movement (1925); Hammonds (The Age of the Chartists).
45 Below Stairs
1 Hecht, 3.
2 Powys, 222–3.
3 Hartcup, 17.
4 Hecht, 6.
5 Porter, 100; Ashley (People of England), 136; Burnett (Useful Toil), 138.
6 Best, 121.
7 Ibid., 124.
8 Ibid., 122.
9 Young, vol. 2,144.
10 Hartcup, 41.
11 Charles Dickens, Bleak House (1853), ch. 7.
12 Hecht, 51.
13 Hartcup, 47.
14 Quot. Burnett, op. cit., 176.
15 Hole (English Home-Life), 96.
16 Diana Cooper, The Rainbow Comes and Goes (1958), 34–6.
17 Hartcup, 67.
18 Hecht, 150–51.
19 Ibid., 153.
20 Best, 124.
21 Hartcup, 91–3.
22 Hecht, 114.
23 Ibid., 7, 14, 112.
24 Ibid., 111.
25 Hartcup, 26.
26 Burnett, op. cit., 190.
27 Arnold Bennett, Riceyman Steps (1923), part 4, ch. 7.
28 Burnett, op. cit., 216.
29 Thea Holme, The Carlyles at Home (1965), passim.
30 Hecht, 115.
31 Woodforde, vol. 2, 212.
32 Girouard (Life in the English Country House), endpapers.
33 Quot. Hecht, 117.
34 Ibid., 121.
35 Ibid., 126.
36 Moritz, 159.
37 Macdonald, 179–80.
38 Ibid., 95, 236.
39 Hartcup, 28.
40 Quot. Hecht, 180.
41 Ibid., 185.
42 William Lanceley, From Hall-Boy to House-Steward (1925).
43 Hecht, 183–4.
44 Ibid., 159.
45 Ibid., 161.
46 Saussure, 194.
47 Hecht, 162.
48 P. Quennell (Hogarth’s Progress), 186.
49 Hecht, 167.
50 Ibid., 168.
51 Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (1813), ch.43.
52 Simond, 145.
53 Ibid., 122–3.
54 Hecht, 171; Hartcup, 24.
55 Quot. Burnett, op. cit., 160–61.
56 Burnett, op. cit., 139.
57 Ibid., 174.
46 Shops and Shopping
1 Roche, 25,141.
2 Ibid., 87.
3 Quot. D. Davis, 201.
4 Bryant Lillywhite, London Signs (1972); London Encyclopaedia, 841–2.
5 D. Davis, 189.
6 A. Briggs (A Social History), 178.
7 J. F. C. Harrison (The Early Victorians), 93–4.
8 D. Davis, 184.
9 The Life of Robert Owen by Himse
lf, ed. M. Beer (1920), 25–7.
10 Quot. D. Davis, 187.
11 Ibid., 293.
12 Ibid., 291.
13 Ibid.
14 London Encyclopaedia, 960.
15 Mitchell and Leys (A History of the English People), 560.
16 The Life of Robert Owen, see note 9, 19.
17 D. Davis, 260–61.
18 Ibid., 216.
19 Ibid., 223.
20 Ibid., 206.
21 Charles Dickens, Sketches by ‘Boz’ (1836), ch. 6.
22 Charles Dickens, Bleak House (1853), ch. 5.
23 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 268.
24 Pepys, vol. 10, 417–18.
25 Daniel Defoe, Colonel Jack (1722), quot. D. Davis, 218.
47 Pedlars and Markets
1 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 28.
2 Ibid., 56–7.
3 Ibid., 86.
4 Ibid., 31.
5 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s Characters), 89–92.
6 Ibid., 96–9.
7 Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844), ch. 40.
8 Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (1838), ch. 21.
9 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 110–11.
10 D. Davis, 253.
11 Ibid., 265–6.
12 Ibid., 263–4.
13 Charles Hindley, The life and Adventures of a Cheap Jack (1876), quot. D. Davis, 264.
14 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s Characters), 73–6.
15 D. Davis, 240.
16 Quot. D. Davis, 246.
PART FOUR
48 Owners of the Land
1 Stone (An Open Elite?), passim.
2 Balsan, 84.
3 Philip Magnus, King Edward VII (1964); Christopher Hibbert, Edward VII: A Portrait (1976); King Edward VII: Biographical and Personal Sketches and Anecdotes (1910); Sir Sidney Lee, King Edward VII, 2 vols (1925–7).
4 John Wilson, C.B.: A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1973), 145.
5 Robert Blake, Disraeli (1969), 681.
6 Balsan, 81–3.
7 Ibid., 82.
8 E. C. Dugdale, A.J. Balfour (1936), 179.
9 Balsan, 84.
10 Quot. Anthony Glyn, Elinor Glyn: A Biography (1955), 186–7.
11 Nicolson, 85–7.
49 Dressing, Smoking and Social Rank
1 Balsan, 93.
2 Quot. Burnett (Useful Toil), 182.
3 Young, vol. 1, xiv.
4 Victorian Shopping, 807–19.
5 Gunn, 139.
6 Max Beerbohm, In Defence of Cosmetics (1896), quot. Gunn, 140.
7 Young, op. cit., xix.
8 J. P. Collier, An Old Man’s Diary (1872); John Coleman, Fifty Years of An Actor’s Life (1904), vol. 2, 23–4; Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens (1953), vol. 1,410, 497; Christopher Hibbert, The Making of Charles Dickens (1967), 112–13.
9 Ponsonby, 150, 202–3, 213, 221, 224.
10 Viscount Mersey, A Picture of life, 1872–1940 (1941), 359; Ponsonby, 16; Elizabeth Longford, Victoria R.I. (1964), 417.
11 Ponsonby, 17.
12 Girouard (Life in the English Country House), 295.
13 Girouard (The Victorian Country House), 26.
14 Pückler-Muskaü, vol. 1,44.
15 Girouard, op. cit., 146.
16 Girouard (Life in the English Country House), 265, 276.
17 Ibid., 265.
18 Christopher Hibbert, George IV (1973). vol. 2, 126–7.
19 Girouard (The Victorian Country House), 142.
20 Taine, 155.
21 Hermione Hobhouse, Lost London (1971), 49.
22 Gervase Huxley, Victorian Duke (1967).
23 Charles Kingsley, Alton Locke (1862), quot. Girouard, op. cit., 3.
50 Workers on the Land
1 Burnett (Useful Toil), 64–7.
2 Reader, 72; Best, 60.
3 E. R. Pike (Documents of the Victorian Golden Age), 216.
4 Children’s Employment Commission, 6th report, quot. Pike, op. cit.
5 Ibid.
6 Quot. Marcus, 137–8.
7 Reader, 62–3.
8 Best, 86.
9 Flora Thompson, Lark Rise (1939), ch. 1.
10 Kilvert, 2 July, 20 October 1870.
11 W. Johnston, England As It Is, quot. Reader, 54.
12 Reader, 55.
13 J. F. C. Harrison (The Early Victorians), 61–2.
14 Quot. Harrison, op. cit., 60–61.
15 Ibid., 70.
16 Léonce de Lavergne, The Rural Economy of England (1855), quot. Young, 5.
17 Quot. Reader, 60.
18 Best, 128.
19 Ibid., 127.
20 Rowntree, 8.
21 Davies, quot. Bishop, 64.
22 Bishop, 64.
23 Reader, 67; Bishop, 62; Masterman (The Condition of England), 172.
24 Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd (1874), Ch. 1.
25 A. Young (A Tour through the Southern Counties), 124.
26 Quot. Best, 273.
51 Towns and Factories
1 Charles Dickens, Hard Times (1854), ch. 5.
2 William Dodd, The Factory System Illustrated (1842), quot. J. F. C. Harrison (The Early Victorians), 40.
3 Engels, 78–80.
4 Taine, 134.
5 Booth (Life and Labour), 98.
6 Ibid., 108–24.
7 Ibid., 127.
8 J. R. Leifchild, ‘Life and Labour in the Coal-fields’, The Cornhill Magazine (1862), quot. E. R. Pike (Documents of the Victorian Golden Age), 68.
9 W. A. Abram, ‘Social Condition and Political Prospects of the Lancashire Workman’, Fortnightly Review (October 1868), quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit.
10 Childrens’ Employment Commission, 5th Report (1866), quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit., 188.
11 Quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit., 117,189.
12 J. F. C. Harrison, op. cit., 52–7.
13 Quot. Best, 50–51.
14 J. F. C. Harrison, op. cit. 48.
15 A. Briggs (Victorian Cities), 182.
16 Ibid., 229–30.
17 Lewis, 219.
18 Cartwright, 103.
19 Watkin, 39–40.
20 Ibid., 38.
21 Trevelyan, 530.
22 Watkin, 48; Lloyd, 252.
23 Cartwright, 112.
24 Watkin, 49.
52 Mines, Brickfields and Sweat-shops
1 J. R. Leifchild, ‘Life and Labour in the Coal-fields’, The Cornhill Magazine, quot. E. R. Pike (Documents of the Victorian Golden Age), 68–9.
2 Engels, 279.
3 Ibid., 281.
4 G. E. Evans (The Days that We Have Seen), 124–5.
5 Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil (1845), Book III, ch. 1.
6 Children’s Employment Commission, 3rd Report, 1864.
7 Reports of Inspectors of Factories, 1864 (Robert Baker’s Reports), quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit., 212.
8 F.D. Longe’s Report on the Brickfields of Staffordshire (Children’s Employment Commission, 5th Report, 1866), quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit., 214.
9 Charles Dickens, Bleak House (1853), ch. 8.
10 Quot. Best, 96.
11 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 541.
12 Cole and Postgate, 315.
53 ‘No One Knows the Cruelty’
1 Children’s Employment Commission Reports, quot. E. R. Pike (Documents of the Victorian Golden Age), 113–45.
2 Quot. Engels, 186.
3 Ibid., 175–7.
4 Ibid., 78–80.
5 Ibid., 80, 82.
6 Report of the Select Committee appointed to inquire into the Adulterations of Food, Drinks and Drugs, 1st Report (1854–5), quot. E. R. Pike, op. cit., 295–6.
54 Middle Classes and Class Distinctions
1 Quot. Best, 284.
2 J. F. C. Harrison (The Early Victorians), 131, 143; Best, 283–4; Read, 24.
3 Anthony Trollope, Barchester Towers (1857), ch. 39.
4 Quot. Best, 272.
5 Charles Dickens, Bleak House (1853), ch. 39
.
6 Charles Dickens, Pickwick Papers (1837), ch. 30.
7 Anthony Trollope, Doctor Thorne (1858), quot. Best, 270.
8 Flora Thompson, Lark Rise (1939), ch. 14.
9 Anthony Trollope, The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867), ch. 83.
10 Anthony Trollope, Framley Parsonage (1861), Chs 1 and 9.
11 Young, vol. 1, 107.
12 Best, no.
13 Anthony Trollope, Autobiography (1883).
14 Best, 107–9.
15 Young, vol. 1, 104–5.
16 J. F. C. Harrison, op. cit., 135.
17 Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens, 2 vols (1953).
18 Raverat, 126.
19 Young, vol. 1, 90.
20 London Encyclopaedia, 11; Best, 34.
21 London Encyclopaedia, 726.
22 George Weedon Grossmith, Diary of a Nobody (1892).
23 Manners and Rules of Good Society (1888), in.
24 Ibid., 20; E. R. Pike (Documents of the Age of the Forsytes), 35–47.
25 Raverat, 33.
26 J. F. C. Harrison, op. cit., 133.
27 Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1865), ch. 2.
28 Trollope, op. cit., note 3, ch. 19.
29 Burton (The Early Victorians), 91.
30 Young, vol. 1, 93–4.
31 Victorian Shopping, 1220–21.
32 Young, vol. 1, 101.
55 Leisure Hours
1 Richard Church, Over the Bridge (1955). 52.
2 A. Briggs (Victorian Cities), 132.
3 Hugh Shimmin, Liverpool Life (1856), quot. Best, 238.
4 Altick (Victorian People), 185.
5 Walvin (The People’s Game), 74.
6 Ibid., 58.
7 A. Clive, quot. Christopher Hibbert, Daily Life in Victorian England (1975), 34.
8 Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens, 2 vols (1953); Christopher Hibbert, The Making of Charles Dickens (1967); John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, 3 vols (1871–4).
9 Christopher Hibbert, The Illustrated London News Social History of Victorian Britain (1976), 13.
10 Johnson, op. cit., vol. 2, 947.
11 Best, 249.
12 Altick, op. cit., 196.
13 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London). London.
14 Charles Dickens, Sketches by ‘Boz’, ‘Private Theatres’ (1836).
15 Quot. Haddon, 28.
16 Delgado, 53.
17 Victor Glasstone, Victorian and Edwardian Theatres (1975); London Encyclopaedia, 188, 474.
18 Howard, 226; Haddon, 22.
19 Haddon, 72–95, 153.
20 Rowell, 103.
21 Glasstone, 62–4.