22 Rowell, 138.
23 L. Hudson, 209.
56 The Flesh and the Spirit
1 William Acton, Prostitution (1870), quot. Marcus, 31.
2 My Secret Life, quot. Marcus, 98.
3 Ibid., 99.
4 Behlmer, passim.
5 My Secret Life, quot. Marcus, 106–7.
6 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 37.
7 Ibid., 54.
8 Quot. Westminster Review, vol. 53 (1850), 496–7, quot. E. R. Pike (Documents of the Victorian Golden Age), 353–5.
9 McHugh, 16.
10 Quot. Horn (The Rural World), 160.
11 Charles Booth’s London, 327.
12 London Encyclopaedia, 513.
13 Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857), ch. 3.
14 Elizabeth Longford, Victoria R.I. (1964), 214; Christopher Hibbert, Queen Victoria in her Letters and Journals (1984).
57 Passengers and Drivers
1 Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844), ch. 40.
2 Wellington and His Friends, Letters of the First Duke, ed. 7th Duke (1965); 266–7.
3 Quot. Young, vol. 2, 291.
4 Reader, 17; Young, vol. 2, 206.
5 Best, 89.
6 A. Briggs (Victorian Cities), 14.
7 Quot. Burnett (Useful Toil), 60.
8 J. F. C. Harrison (The Early Victorians), 64.
9 Ibid.
10 Quot. Christopher Hibbert, Daily Life in Victorian England (1975), 83.
11 J. F. C. Harrison, op. cit., 65.
12 Terry Coleman, The Railway Navvies (1965).
13 William Makepeace Thackeray, The History of Pendennis (1848–50).
14 Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1848), ch. 6.
15 Best, 89.
16 Reader, 87.
17 Young, vol. 1, 26.
18 Dickens, op. cit., note 14, ch. 20.
19 Charles Young, 6 August 1835, quot. Kennedy, 7–8.
20 Young, vol. 2, 295.
21 Quot. Mitchell and Leys (A History of the English People), 162.
22 Young, vol. 1, 20.
23 S. Legg (ed.), The Railway Book, quot. Kennedy, 9–10.
24 Young, vol. 2, 293.
25 Best, 91.
26 Kilvert, 18 May 1870.
27 Mitchell and Leys, op. cit., 570.
28 London Encyclopaedia, 884–5.
29 P. Quennell (Mayhew’s London), 567–8.
30 The Illustrated London News, vol. 1, 46, quot. Mitchell and Leys, op. cit., 568.
31 Charles Dickens, Sketches by ‘Boz’ (1836), eh. 17.
32 Ibid., eh. 16.
33 P. Quennell, op. cit., 566–7.
34 Ibid., 570.
35 Mitchell and Leys, op. cit., 568.
36 London Encyclopaedia, 889.
37 Hoggart, 120.
38 A. Briggs, op. cit., 15.
39 London Encyclopaedia, 899–900.
40 Quot. Reader, 199.
41 Raverat, 247.
42 Quot. Reader, 200.
43 C. W. Stamper, What I Knew… Reminiscences of Edward VII (1913).
44 Reader, 199.
58 Law and Order
1 Collins, 240.
2 Cadogan, 246.
3 Parliamentary Debates (1811), XIX, quot. Charles Reith, A New Study of Police History (1956).
4 Parliamentary Debates (1819), XXXIX.
5 Radzinowicz, vol. 1, 611–59.
6 Koestler and Rolph, Hanged by the Neck (1961), 32.
7 Gerald Gardiner, Capital Punishment as a Deterrent (1956), 28, 69.
8 Pringle (Hue and Cry), 240–49; Reith, op. cit., note 3; W. L. Melville Lee, A History of Police in England (1901), passim.
9 J. W. Ward, Letters to Ivy (1905), quot. Radzinowicz, vol. 3, 347.
10 Charles Reith, The Police Idea (1938), 215.
11 Lee, op. cit., note 8, 240.
12 Radzinowicz, vol. 2, 256.
13 First Report of the Constabulary Commissioners, 13, quot. Lee, op. cit., note 8, 272.
14 Lee, op. cit., note 8, 286–7.
15 Ibid., 290.
16 Ibid., 282.
17 Arthur Griffiths, The Chronicles of Newgate (1884), 407–11.
18 Collins, 7; London Encyclopaedia, 388.
19 Albert Crew, London Prisons (1933). 88.
20 Report of Royal Commission (1854), quot. George Ives, A History of Penal Methods (1914), 193.
21 Report of the Royal Commission (1879), 355, 627, 680; Collins, 21.
22 Quot. S. K. Ruck, Paterson on Prisons (1951).
23 Ibid.
24 Quot. Melville Hinde, The British Penal System, 1773–1950 (1951), 108.
25 Sir Leo Page, The Young Lag (1950), 260.
26 Ibid.
27 Quot. Laffin, 105.
28 J. E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward III, 301.
29 H. C.B. Rogers, 61.
30 Farwell, 97.
31 Quot. Laffin, 128.
32 Farwell, 84–5.
33 Ibid., 94.
34 Johnston, 42.
59 Homes and Holidays
1 Jackson, 256.
2 Ibid.
3 A. Briggs (A Social History), 288.
4 Marwick (Britain in the Century of Total War), 177.
5 Stevenson (British Society), 390–1.
6 Ibid., 396.
7 Leslie Halliwell, Seats in all Parts (1985).
8 Quot. Marwick, op. cit., 185.
9 Stevenson, op. cit., 398.
10 James Curran and Jean Seaton, Power with Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain (1981); Stevenson, op. cit., 402.
11 Musgrave, 48–52.
12 Ibid., 48–52.
13 D’Arblay, vol. 5, 36.
14 Perkin (The Age of the Railway), 213.
15 Clunn, 273.
16 Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Virginia Woolf’s Letters, vol. 3, 517.
17 Perkin, op. cit., 214.
18 Manning-Saunders, 701.
19 Grant, 106.
20 Pimlott, 130.
21 Ibid., 126–7.
22 Walton (The Blackpool Landlady), 125.
23 S. Legg (ed.), The Railway Book, quot. Kennedy, 27–8.
24 Pimlott, 148.
25 Quot. Perkin, op. cit., 230.
26 Pimlott, 240.
27 Ibid., 245.
28 Hern, 133.
29 Walton, op. cit., 180.
30 Fifty Years Ago, 43.
31 T. Thompson, 137.
32 Ibid., 158, 219.
33 Jill Drower, Good Clean Fun (1982).
34 Butlin,
35 Pimlott, 276–9.
36 George Orwell, Collected Works (1970), vol. 1, 9.
37 Fifty Years Ago, 45.
38 Ibid., 46.
60 Wars and Aftermaths
1 Marwick (The Deluge), 35.
2 Stevenson (British Society), 47.
3 Arnold Bennett, Journal, 1896–1932, 98; Marwick, op. cit., 48.
4 Stevenson, op. cit., 56.
5 Ibid., 53.
6 Ibid., 79.
7 C. S. Peel, How We Lived Then, 68, quot. Marwick, op. cit., 125.
8 Robert Roberts, quot. Stevenson, op. cit., 82.
9 New Statesman, 23 June 1917, quot. Marwick, op. cit., 94.
10 Stevenson, op. cit., 88.
11 Ibid., 92.
12 A. J. P. Taylor, 140–46.
13 A. Briggs (A Social History), 266.
14 G. A. Phillips, The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict (1976); M. Morris, The General Strike (1976); P. Renshaw, The General Strike (1975).
15 Stevenson, op. cit., 266.
16 Quot. Stevenson, op. cit., 139.
17 Brewers’ Gazette, 26 September 1914, quot. Marwick, op. cit., 64.
18 Duke of Windsor, Family Album (1960), 54.
19 G. E. Evans (The Days That We Have Seen), 140–41.
20 New Survey of London Life and Labour, ix (1935), 245.
21 Stevenson, op. cit., 153.
22 Lockhart, 79.
23 John Hewetson, ‘Birth Control, Sexual Morality and Abortion’, Twentieth Century, Winter 1962–3.
24 Gunn, 154; Stevenson, op. cit., 113.
25 Abel-Smith, 1.
26 Ibid., 37.
27 London Encyclopaedia, 349.
28 Abel-Smith, 10.
29 Cartwright, 158–9.
30 Abel-Smith, 1.
31 Cartwright, 161.
32 Marwick, op. cit., 257.
33 Marwick (Britain in the Century of Total War), 293.
34 Report of Royal Commission on Equal Pay, 1944–6, quot. Marwick, op. cit., 293.
35 Marwick, op. cit. 294.
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