The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only)

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The English: A Social History, 1066–1945 (Text Only) Page 106

by Christopher Hibbert


  donkeys, 681

  draught animals, 173

  London traffic congestion, 657

  slaughtered during plague, 163, 164

  Smithfield Market, 533

  in Tudor times, 208–10

  apprentices, chimney sweeps, 469

  clothes, 234

  craftsmen, 105

  from Foundling Hospital, 396

  holiday, 247

  tradesmen’s signs and emblems, 517

  archery, 57–8, 185, 212

  architecture, Baroque, 323

  Chester rows, 301

  continental influence, 323

  crenellation, 4

  Gothic railway stations, 645

  late Victorian domestic, 555–6

  nineteenth century public buildings, 579

  Norman halls, 4

  Palladian, 294, 323–4

  Reading Gaol, 667

  sixteenth century evolution, 194

  aristocracy, country houses, 555–6

  Dissolution, 177

  First World War casualties, 690

  incomes in seventeenth century, 289

  landed nobility, 208–9

  peerages conferred, 209–10

  permitted to read Bible, 217

  responsibility and duty, 556, 557

  Roman Catholics, 188

  weakening authority, 99

  army (see also World War, First and Second), Auxiliary Territorial Service, 708

  barracks, 672

  demobilization rate, 695

  of Edward I, 58, evasion of justice by service in, 146

  flogging, 672–3

  mutiny of 3rd Foot Guards, 664

  pay and allowances, 672

  policing duties, 670–71

  poor quality of recruits, 671–2, 673

  price of commissions, 609–10

  reform, 673–4

  relations between officers and men, 673, 674

  venereal disease, 639, 640

  volunteers, 689

  younger sons, 309

  art galleries, 622

  artillery, 231

  artisans, apprehended as Luddites, 486

  Chartists, 494

  clothworkers, 482, 485

  framework knitters, 482–3

  homes of, 576

  position in society, 487

  quality of workmanship, 467–8

  trade union members, 578

  Ascot races, 369

  astrology and medicine, 149–50

  Aylesford friary, 51

  banks and banking, issue of notes, 518

  younger sons, 309

  Barnet, 105, 648

  Barnsley, 302, 586

  barracks, army, 672

  Basing House, 388

  Bath, 294, 374, 612

  Bear Wood, 556

  Beaufort House, 197

  Bedford House, 290, 532

  bedrooms, Blackpool, 683

  cottages, 562, 569

  country houses, 196, 200, 323

  craftsmen, 106

  drapers’ assistants, 520

  eighteenth century inns, 356

  maidservants, 504, 513–14

  mediaeval, 17

  navvies’ dormitories, 646

  Oxford and Cambridge scholars, 132

  beggars, 182

  Belvoir Castle, 194, 500, 501–2, 555

  Beverley, bull-baiting, 368

  Minster, 14

  minstrels, 96

  miracle plays, 90, 92

  Birkenhead, 622, 656

  Birmingham, decaying buildings, 579

  factories, 475

  music halls, 630

  overcrowding, 676

  population, 233, 473, 568

  prison, 668

  railway and suburbs of, 648

  repertory theatre, 632

  Ryan’s Amphitheatre, 425

  birth control, 386, 398–9, 701, 702

  Blackheath School, 623

  Blackpool, 680, 683, 684–5

  Blakemere, 7

  Blenheim Palace, 323, 512, 541, 543, 544

  Bolton, 579, 622, 677

  Bolton Abbey, 309

  books, before age of printing, 214

  Bible, 214, 215, 216–17

  book clubs, 678

  bookstalls on railway stations, 651

  children’s, 394

  on domestic economy, 615–17

  on etiquette, 613

  Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, 217

  increased publication and sale of, 678

  novels, 628

  pornography, 406

  printed, 215–16

  proscribed, 135

  in reign of Elizabeth I, 217–18

  religious, 628

  unbound and bound, 519

  booksellers, 232, 519

  Bournemouth, 681, 684

  Bradford, 570, 577, 578, 579, 622

  bribes in prisons, 666

  brickfields, 589–91

  Bridewell, 230

  bridges, 66, 67

  Brighton, bathing machines, 679

  holidaymakers, 680

  Marine Pavilion, 555

  naked bathing, 682

  population, 680

  railway, 648, 680

  terrace houses, 612

  Veteran Car Run, 660

  Bristol, alehouses, 375

  chained library, 215

  charity school, 266, 451

  circus, 425

  criminals, 665

  day trippers from, 680

  Defoe on, 300

  industry, 473, 576–7

  population, 233, 284

  poverty and destitution, 697

  priory, 51

  railway, 645

  repertory theatre, 632

  second port, 284

  terrace houses, 612

  British Broadcasting Corporation, 677, 696

  broadcasting, 677–8

  brothels (see also prostitutes), 166, 405–6, 634–5, 655

  Bryanston, 554, 556

  building materials, circuses, 425

  cottages, 336, 561

  mediaeval, 4, 19, 101–2

  sixteenth century, 195, 234

  yeomen’s houses, 320

  building regulations, 228–9

  buildings, public, 578–9

  burgesses, 99–101

  Burghley House, 208

  Burley, 498

  Burlington House, 309, 521

  Burton Agnes, 195

  Bury St Edmunds, 118, 233, 299

  Cambridge, Bedford’s bill at Red Lion, 293

  castellated buildings, 4

  cycling, 659

  exorbitant rents, 129

  the only umbrella, 343

  plague, 162

  railway, 645

  Cambridge University, 124

  age of admittance, 135, 279

  cindex1ed role of, 277

  Christ’s College, 460

  commons allowance, 135

  differences between rich and poor students, 278

  dinner parties and social hierarchy, 617

  discipline, 279

  distinguished students, 278

  examinations, 461

  Farish’s lectures, 458

  fighting between scholars and townspeople, 128

  First World War casualties, 690

  food, 132–3

  music degrees, 218

  penalties and punishment, 128–9

  Peterhouse, 131

  poor scholars, 134–5

  reputation, 282

  St Catherine’s College, 136

  scholars’ accommodation, 129–30, 132

  Trinity College, 187

  tutorial system, 279

  canals, 467

  Canons Park, 289, 309, 504, 509, 554

  Canterbury, 80, 101, 233, 299–300, 536

  Cardiff Castle, 556

  Carlton House, 499

  Carlyle’s house, 505–6

  cars, see transport

  Castle Howard, 323

  cas
tles, 3–4, 104, 194

  cathedrals, 105, 115, 120, 217

  cellars, 377, 522, 569, 580

  censorship, 246, 254

  census, church worship, 641

  domestic servants, 497

  of 1851, 568

  first, 466

  housing statistics, 676

  opposition to, 319

  ceremonies, 12–14, 84, 87, 383

  charity, Defoe, 306

  doles, 255–6, 492, 494, 696, 697

  Earl of Bedford, 292

  girls, 489

  poor relief, 256, 284, 473, 481

  schools, 117–18, 266–7, 450–51

  in sixteenth century, 178

  Southwark Fair, 422

  unemployed receive, 696

  Charterhouse, 456, 623

  Chartism, 494–5

  Chatham, 300, 473, 669

  Chatsworth, 309, 323

  bathrooms, 334

  house party, 547

  Simond at, 512

  upholsterer, 500

  cheapjacks and pedlars, 180, 536–8

  Cheltenham, 612, 627

  Chester, alehouses, 375

  Defoe on, 300–301

  minstrels, 95, 96

  miracle plays, 90, 92

  theatre, 419

  wages, 234

  children, abuse of, 636

  cave-dwellers’, 306

  charity, 489

  costermongers’, 526

  cruelty to, 395, 595–6

  drunkenness, 378

  evacuees, 698

  executed as criminals, 662

  height and weight, 707

  holiday accommodation, 686

  hop-pickers’, 688

  illegitimacy, 405

  imprisoned with homosexuals, 666

  inoculation and vaccination, 433, 434–5

  magazines, 678

  meals in sixteenth century, 7

  mothers’ rights over, 389

  number in family, 386–7

  in poverty, 395

  price of shoes, 234

  quack remedies, 428

  sixteenth century, 238–9

  smallpox, 432

  upbringing, 112, 392–5

  vagabonds, 180, 181

  Victorian Sundays, 643

  wages, 559, 560

  workhouse, 493, 705

  child labour, 468–9, 494–7

  boy-actors, 245, 246

  in brickfields, 589, 590

  chimney sweeps, 595–7

  in coal mines, 583, 584, 586, 587

  factory workers, 578

  farm labourers, 558, 559, 560, 565

  in First World War, 693–4

  nail-making, 589

  prostitutes, 635–7

  street vendors, 529–31

  death, chimney sweeps, 597

  cholera, 439

  factory workers, 595

  fall in death rate, 706

  infant mortality, 386–7, 392, 428

  of labouring classes, 581

  in workhouse, 493

  education, between World Wars, 694

  eighteenth century, 448–57 passim; Middle Ages, 113–19, 120

  seventeenth century, 265–76 passim

  china, 273, 307, 332

  Chiswick House, 309

  chivalry, 16, 55, 82–3

  Christ’s Hospital, 16, 266, 451–2

  Church, the, Act of Uniformity, 258

  Anglican Church and contraception, 702

  Anglicans, 259, 272, 314, 317

  census of attendance, 641

  churchgoing in late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, 316

  Crown and, 253

  leprosy, 159

  marital separation, 107

  marriage, 381

  Methodists and Dissenters, 314

  minstrels, 95

  nativity plays, 89–90

  plights of troth, 108

  Protestantism, 187

  Roman Catholics and, 314

  sanctuary, 145

  in seventeenth century, 258

  study of medicine, 156–7

  tournaments, 84–5

  value of benefices, 608

  younger sons, 309

  churches, ales, 45

  Avon valley, 489

  baptisms, 43

  boxed-in pews, 620

  distribution of, 316

  family tombs, 197

  funerals, 44, 45

  hospitals, 156

  hour-glasses in, 316

  in Middle Ages, 39, 42, 43

  Norwich, 284

  number of parish churches, 316

  proliferation in early nineteenth century, 489–90

  Reformation, 192

  services, 259

  travelling craftsmen, 105

  weddings, 43–4, 381, 382

  cinemas, 677, 690

  Civil War (1642–52), 252–5, 388

  class (see also aristocracy, middle class, social hierarchy and working class), artisans and labourers, 578; ‘carriage people’, 610–11

  class consciousness and seaside resorts, 680–81

  life expectancy according to, 580

  snobbery, 602–5

  clergy, absentee, 311

  benefit of, 144–5, 663

  bishops, 254, 310

  corruption, 186, 192

  dress, 344

  eighteenth century, 311–16

  fellows of colleges, 279

  Fleet marriages, 382

  friars, 49–50, 51, 67, 115, 136

  jurisdiction, 142

  landowners, 607

  Middle Ages, 39–43

  missionary priests at Reformation, 190, 191

  Oxford University, 136

  pensioned monks, nuns and friars, 187

  poverty, 192–3

  property at risk, 491

  and road maintenance, 65

  schoolmasters, 118, 120

  servants of, 496

  social hierarchy, 607–9

  social standing, 193

  sporting parson, 607

  stipends, 258, 310–11, 608

  tend the sick, 156

  tithes, 489, 490

  trial by ordeal, 141

  university students, 136

  clothes, at Almack’s Assembly Rooms, 364

  babies, 238

  bathing costumes, 681–2

  bathing machine attendants, 682

  bicycling, 659

  Billingsgate porters, 532

  charity children, 266, 489

  Chaucer describes monks’, 48

  Christ’s Hospital boys, 161

  clergymen, 314, 344

  costermongers, 528

  countrymen and women, 345–6

  cricketers, 371, 372

  eighteenth century, 338–9, 341–2, 344–6

  Elizabeth I, 210

  expenditure in seventeenth century, 290

  farm labourers, 563

  footmen’s livery, 500

  as gambling stakes, 374

  Garrick’s stage costumes, 419

  George III’s daughters’ hunting attire, 359

  Gibbon’s cap and gown, 459

  Gladstone’s, 657

  gloves for bridal night, 383

  guild liveries, 87

  head-dress, 341

  holiday camp assistants, 686

  inadequate clothes of nineteenth century poor, 598

  indication of rank and occupation, 344

  influence of cinema on, 677

  influence of Prince of Wales on fashion, 552–3

  Inglestone liveries, 204

  John Taylor’s servant, 314

  jockeys, 368

  labouring gang women, 560

  Laudian Code, 281

  lead miner, 306

  lepers, 159

  made by framework knitters, 483

  Margaret Paston orders, 109–10

  markets, 534

  May Day finery, 56

  mediaeval peasants, 27

  Members of Parliament
, 325

  minstrels, 86, 96

  monks, 48

  municipal officers, 101

  navvies, 645

  nineteenth century gentlemen, 551–3

  nineteenth century ladies, 549–50

  nuns, 49

  paviour, 103

  Pepys, 290

  police constables, 664

  postmen, 353

  prison uniform, 669

  prisoners in rags, 666

  rationing of, 708

  restrictions on apprentices’, 234

  sailors, 533

  scholars, 133, 278

  servants, 504, 506–7, 619

  seventeenth century noblemen, 289–90

  seventeenth century poor, 289

  sixteenth century, 223–4

  soldiers’ uniforms, 672

  Statute of Labourers, 35

  strolling players, 420

  swaddling, 393

  sword-fighters, 365, 366

  tennis, 550

  theatre-going, 632

  underclothes, 550; ‘utility’, 708; ‘virtuous women’, 614

  watermen at Belvoir, 501

  women after First World War, 704

  women during First World War, 693

  working men’s leisure clothes, 621

  wrestling shoes, 58

  clubs, London, 372, 373, 446, 499, 606

  savings, 565

  sick, 646

  coal (see also mines), coalbackers, 592–3

  Defoe on, 304

  export, 698

  output falls, 698

  price of, 565

  railway transport, 648

  coffee-houses, 291, 343

  Colchester, 98, 304, 536, 645

  Coleshill House, 323

  Compton Place, 309

  Compton Wynyates, 195

  concert halls, 622

  convents, see nunneries

  Corfe Castle, 388

  cosmetics, eighteenth century, 343

  face powder, 614

  First World War, 693, 704

  in late nineteenth century, 550–51

  patches, 343

  seventeenth century noblemen, 289

  sixteenth century, 224–5

  costermongers, 526–9

  cottage industry, 483, 577

  cottages, back-to-back, 569

  clothiers, 303;

  cottage orné, 326

  eighteenth century, 336

  farm labourers, 561–2

  mediaeval, 19

  speculators build, 103–4

  country houses (see also individual country houses), architecture, 194

  billiard rooms, 554, 555

  bowling greens, 211

  building materials, 194–5

  decoration, 197

  domestic offices, 502

  eighteenth century, 323–5

  exterior, 555–6

  food and drink, 202–6

  furniture, 200–202

  galleries, 196–7

  gardens, 197–200

  house parties, 544–8

  interiors, 196

  lighting, 555

  nobility and, 309

  open to visitors, 511–12

  self-sufficiency, 206

  shape, 195

  smoking rooms, 554, 555

  tennis courts, 211

  water closets and bathrooms, 555

  court, 121, 163, 220, 341

  courtesans, see prostitutes

  Coventry, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 100

  Cragside, 554, 555

 

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