at tournaments, 86
Tudor composers, 218
Tudor instruments, 219
Welbeck Twelfth Night ball, 504
Nantwich, 388, 451
National Insurance Scheme, 696
navvies, 645–6
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, coal, 175, 233, 290
craft guilds, 92
criminals, 665
mines, 473
newspapers, 627
port, 304
priory, 51
prosperity, 284, 691
Newmarket, 306, 367, 369, 374
newspapers, 627, 678–9, 696
Nightingale School of Nursing, 705–6
nobility, see aristocracy
Non-conformism (see also Puritans), Baptists, 317
Dissenters, 259, 314, 316, 317, 467, 641
Dissenting Academies, 461–3
Methodists, 309, 314, 315, 316, 317
Nonconformists, 258–9
Presbyterians, 317
outings organized, 622
proliferation of sects, 254
Quaker education, 272
Quakers, 259, 314, 317, 467
working class and, 641
Northampton, 51, 129, 301, 473
Northumberland House, 230
Norwich, Bethel Hospital, 431
charity school, 266, 451
churches, 284
circus, 425
market, 536
marketplace, 102
population, 233, 284, 568
railway, 645
theatre, 419
wealth, 100
worsted and silk, 299
Nottingham, Borstal, 670
Celia Fiennes on, 301
charity school, 266
climbing boys (sweeps), 596
Defoe on, 301
hosiery works, 473
paviour, 103
street obstruction, 102
Thomas Adams and Company, 577
university, 694
nunneries, 48–9, 121
nurses and nursing, 705–6
parish nurses, 395
Oakham, 4, 97
ophthalmic treatment, 707
Orchardleigh House, 556
Order of the Garter, 86
Osborne House, 553, 554, 555
Oundle School, 454, 455
outlaws, 142, 147
Oxford, alehouaes, 375
castellated buildings, 4
Chancellor’s authority over citizens of, 132
coffee-house, 291
complaints of corruption, 101
dirty streets, 129
lepers, 159–60
market, 535
plague, 162
repertory theatre, 632
town development, 124
Oxford University, age of students on admittance, 135, 279
cindex1ed role of, 277
differences between rich and poor students, 278
discipline, 279, 460
distinguished students, 278
examinations, 460–61
expenses, 133–4
fellows, 131–2, 135, 279–80
First World War casualties, 690
food, 132–3
Laudian Code, 280–81
living conditions, 132
mendicant friars, 136
miracle plays, 90
music degrees, 218
penalties and punishment, 128–9
poor scholars, 134–5
prohibitions, 130, 131
reputation, 282
riots and disturbances, 124–8
scholars’accommodation, 129–131
scholarship, 124
theologians and philosophers, 136
tutorial system, 279
undergraduates’ purpose by fifteenth century, 136
Wesley, 316–17
colleges, 131
Cardinal, 187
Hertford, 460
Merton, 118, 131, 460
New, 460
Queen’s, 117
pacifism, 689
conscientious objectors, 708
Ramsay MacDonald, 695
pageants, 86–9
masques, 220
miracle plays, 91, 92–3
parks, public, 621–2, 642
Parliament (see also Acts of Parliament), Chartism, 494, 495
Civil War, 252
Committee of Inquiry into Criminal Laws, 662–3
Dissenters, 317
Dissolution of the Monasteries, 187
divorce, 390
drunkenness of Members, 375
informality of Members, 325–6
Jews, 317
legislation on spirits, 379–80
railways, 651
removes clothworkers’ protection, 482
taxation, 38, 187
thanks Joshua Ward, 429
Turnpike Trusts, 350
women in, 703–4
parlours, 196, 201, 325
peasants, mediaeval, agriculture, 21–2
dwellings, 19
effect of Black Death on prosperity, 34
food, 20–21, 22
heriot, 24, 26
manumission, 29–30
marriage, 28
membership of guilds, 30
poaching, 23–4
restrictions, 24–5
rewards, 22
rights, 22–3
serfs and free men, 30–31
taxes and payments, 24
women, 27–8
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 36–8, 146
pedlars and cheapjacks, 180, 536–8
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 36–8, 146
pedlars and cheapjacks, 180, 536–8
peers of the realm, see aristocracy
Penshurst Place, 5
periodicals, 627–8, 678
Perth miracle plays, 91
Peterloo Massacre (1819), 495
Petworth House, 323, 542
pictures, in eighteenth century houses, 332
housed in libraries, 324
long gallery for portraits, 197
miniatures, 218
prices, 332
pilgrims, 72, 79, 80–81, 105
pirates, 71–2, 231
Plymouth, 233, 266, 283–4, 657
poaching, 23–4, 119, 360, 489
police, 663–6, 695, 696
poor, the, Act of Settlement, 255
army recruits, 673
between First and Second World Wars, 697
Booth and the poor of London, 570–75
chimney sweeps, 469
church attendance, 641
conditions in northern industrial towns, 569–70
contraception, 702
Crowley’s poor-relief, 467
diet, 203, 287, 473, 474
doles, 255
duration of marriage, 386
dwellings, 103–4, 227, 229
education, 450, 452
eighteenth-century attitude to poverty, 469–71
enclosure of land, 472
free hospital treatment, 707
holidays, 679
housing conditions, 676
illiteracy, 448
London street sellers, 529–31
monasteries and, 179
muster-at-arms, 100
Overseers, 183, 255; ‘parish doctors’, 706
paupers in agriculture, 469
poaching, 489
pregnant women and the sick, 256
prices and wages, 254
prosperity increases during First World War, 691–2
prostitution, 635
pulmonary tuberculosis, 438
Queen Victoria and Sabbatarianism, 643
relief, 256, 284, 473, 481
reproduction, 387
rights and responsibilities, 100–101
rural industries, 471
sell teeth, 444
seventeenth-century, 284, 289
smaller families and improved living standards, 703
at university
, 278–9
unwanted babies, 395
Poor Law, 696
Poor Law Amendment Act, 492
population, in 1087, prologue; by 1600, 227
by 1800, 473; 1801 census, 466; 1857, 706
depopulation of country parishes, 489–90
fluctuation in Middle Ages, 34
increase in greater London, 568
Jews, 317
Lancashire mill towns, 467
London, 228–9
Manchester, 303, 316
mediaeval towns, 97, 98
percentage in agriculture, 565
percentage in domestic service, 497
percentage reading newspapers, 679
percentage receiving poor relief, 481
Roman Catholic, 318
of seaside resorts, 680, 684
seventeenth-century, 284
sexual offences per capita, 339
sixteenth-century towns, 233
postal service, 353–4, 619
prayers, communal daily, 640–41
family, 259, 556, 619
Fry’s chocolate works chapel, 576–7
prayerbooks for maidservants, 514
presents, 198, 208, 288
prices, accommodation: Butlin’s Holiday Camp, 686
eighteenth-century inns, 355
fourteenth-century inns, 77
lodging houses, 575, 634–5:seaside 684, 685
shared beds, 378, 536
alcohol: ale, 52, 240, 285
beer, 376, 559
gin, 378
sack, 231
whiskey, 613
wine, 52, 77, 291
amusements: admission to pleasure gardens, 363
cinema tickets, 677
Cook’s excursion, 683
miracle plays, 92–3
puppet shows, 423
strolling players’ booths, 422
theatre, 240, 245, 410, 411, 413, 628, 630–31, 632
wireless licences, 678
buildings: country houses, 555, 556
Dickens’s houses, 611
maintenance of Petre’s houses, 207
modest houses, 336, 675
Tivoli Music Hall, 630
White Rock Pavilion, 684
clothes: Duke of Bedford, 341
scholars, 133
shoes, 234
education: charity schools, 275
dame schools, 449
Dissenting Academies fees, 462
fines at Dissenting Academies, 462
school fees, 118, 270–71, 272, 275, 453, 454
study at Inns of Court, 137
university, 118, 133, 458
food, beef, 234, 290
bread, 77, 477, 559, 571
butter, 234, 290, 571
bill at Red Lion, Cambridge, 293
cheese, 285
coffee, 291
commons, 135
cream, 290
fish, 535
fruit, 290–91
inflation, 691
meat, 77, 285, 572
milk, 230, 559
oysters, 291
sugar, 571
tea, 291, 362, 571, 572
wheat, 479–80
miscellaneous: animals, 67
books, 216
dentifrice, 442
expense of entertaining Elizabeth I, 207
Fleet marriages, 382
fountain pens, 619
fuel, 290
inflation, 173, 691
long-bow, 185
pictures, 332
postal service, 353
prostitutes, 635
quack remedies, 427, 428
rents, 336
scripts of plays, 246
stonecutter’s bill, 333
tobacco, 291
turnpikes, 351, 352
and wages, 254
wool, 173 transport: carriage of Edward III, 69
coach fares, 352, 354, 680
crossing Humber, 77
Electric Victoria, 659
hire of carts, 70
horses, 67
motor-cars, 660, 677
omnibus fares, 653
railway fares, 651, 680
underground fares, 658
printing, 215–16
prisons, agricultural rioters in, 491
Borstal system, 670
castellated buildings, 4
child prostitute seeks imprisonment, 638, 639
eighteenth-century, 666–7
Fleet marriages, 382
mediaeval, 144
nineteenth-century, 667–70
riot in Marshalsea, 422
sanitary conditions, 580, 667–8
Temple Bar, 87
professions, women’s entry into, 703
prostitutes, alehouse, 376–7
Boswell with, 397–8
brothels, 405–6
cabdrivers and, 655
case histories, 638–9
children, 395, 635–7
Contagious Diseases Acts, 639–40; ‘cross-biting’, 185
dance halls and taverns, 622
directories of, 407
earnings, 240
in eighteenth-century, 407
expelled from Oxford, 125, 132
gin and, 378
mid nineteenth-century, 634–5
music-halls, 630
Pepys and, 402
public concern over, 639
theatre, 409, 414
vagabonds, 180
public health, see disease
public houses, 377, 593, 700–701
public schools (see also individual schools), 454–7
First World War casualties, 690
football, 623
headmaster’s salary, 610
Officers’ Training Corps, 690
religious and moral principles, 640
tenets taught, 640
punishment and penalties, 142–8 passim
capital, 379, 389, 661–3
gibbeting, 663
manor courts, 139
pillory, 663
transportation, 491, 492, 666
under Puritana, 260–61
Waltham Black Act, 360
for: breaches of guild rules, 99
breaking curfew, 74
breaking sanctuary, 145
consorting with gipsies, 180
ejecting ballast, 71
hawk theft, 61
murder, 389
road obstruction, 63–4
sabbath breaking, 43
serving meat in Lent, 175–6
sexual offences, 28, 399, 400
vagrancy, 182, 183
of: actors, 246, 251, 260
agricultural rioters, 491–2
apprentices, 234
army personnel, 672, 673–4
Bethlehem Hospital patients, 160
burgesses of Oxford, 134
children, 112–15, 267, 393, 394
Eton boys, 269
factory workers, 475
Gordon Rioters, 478
Guy’s Hospital patients, 705
Luddites, 486
members of Inns of Court, 137
miracle players, 92
Norman minstrel, 94
Oxford University students, 128–9, 130, 132, pirates, 231
Prince of Wales, 394
prisoners, 666, 668, 669
recusants, 191
reformatory inmates, 670
schoolboys, 239, 269, 449, 455
schoolmasters, 269
suicides, 432
traitors, 231
whores and hangers-on, 76
witches, 262–4
wives, 107
Puritans, 258
Civil War, 253; ‘Dissenting Academies’, 272
homosexuality, 400
law under, 260
marital sex, 401
theatre, 247
yeomen, 320
quack doctors, see disease and medicine
Ragley Hall, 323
railways, accidents,
651
amenities, 652
avoidance of fares, 687
benefits brought by, 648
cheap day-tickets, 683
demolition of housing, 647
description of 1835 journey, 649–50
fares, 651
fortunes made in, 646
government control of, 707
investment in, 647
lighting, 651–2
navvies, 645–6
speed, 649, 650
strike, 695
transport of goods, 648
transport holidaymakers, 679–80
travellers, 648–9
underground, 657–8
Raynham Hall, 323
Reading, 51, 266, 300, 667
Reformation, 186
relics, holy, 80
religion, Bible reading and religious controversy, 217
books and periodicals, 625–6
denominations in mid nineteenth-century, 641
import in Victorian life, 640–41
rents, Cambridge, 129
controlled, 708, 709
farm labourer’s cottage, 565
inflation after Dissolution, 177
private landlords, 676
railways and London rents, 647
slums, 336
wages and, 491
Repton School, 266
rewards, factory workers’ bonuses, 475
Riot Act, 455, 490
riots, against draining fens, 254
agricultural, 490–91
attacks on turnpikes, 351
Chartist, 494–5
Cold Bath Fields, 665
Evil May Day, 176
following First World War, 695
footmen at Ranelagh, 511
Gordon Riots, 318, 478, 664, 667
in late eighteenth-century, 478–80
Luddism, 482–7
Northamptonshire, 490
at Oxford, 124–8
Peasants’ Revolt, 36–8, 146
price inflation, 691
at public schools, 455–6
rioters pull down workhouse, 493
suppression of fairs, 422
theatre audiences, 414–15
in Tudor times, 176–7
xenophobic, 690
rivers, extension of navigable rivers, 467
hazards of travel by, 71
Humber crossing, 77
pirates, 71
river transport, 70–71, 86, 304
Severn traffic, 284
silting-up, 233
Thames traffic, 300, 361
road accidents, 677
roads, eighteenth-century, 347–9, 352
floods, 73
mediaeval, 63–4
repair and maintenance, 65–6
sixteenth-century, 64–5
Turnpike Trusts, 350–51
Roman Catholicism, 187–92
attendance at university, 279
contraception, 702
emancipation, 314
exclusion from public office, 258
Gordon Riots, 318, 478
Irish immigration and, 641
James II, 258
Skinner and, 315
Sydney Smith’s attitude to, 314
toleration of, 318
Rotherham School, 115, 120, 268
royal households, 75–6
Royal Lodge, The, 326
Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 673, 674
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