Peary System, 105, 109, 146, 161–62, 191–92, 195, 201, 294n23
Peck, Anne, 95
penguins, 171–72, 244. See also Adélie penguins
Persuasion (book), xvii
Peter (Peary’s Inuit grandson), 149
Petigax, Joseph, 15, 20, 91–92, 216, 235–36
Petigax, Laurent, 216
Pittsburgh Press, 275
Polar Plateau, 163, 179, 182, 186–90, 247, 268. See also East Antarctic Ice Sheet
Pole of Altitude, ix, 3, 21, 103, 143, 283–84n7. See also Third Pole
Polo, Marco, 20
Pond, James, 27–28, 30
ponies: Antarctic use of, 123–28, 136, 139–42, 163, 167–81, 268, 281; Himalayan use of, 221–23, 261
porters: native, 221–37, 261–62, 308n12
Portland, Maine, 265
Possession Island, Antarctica, 42
pressure ridges, 8, 16–18, 40, 44, 170, 192, 199, 241–42, 248
Priestley, Raymond, 137–38
Ptolemy, Claudius, 89
Pulitzer, Joseph, 154
Quan (pony), 136, 178
Queen’s Hall, 93
Queensland, Australia, 53
racism, 24, 35, 109, 202, 206, 294n18, 301n55
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 220–22
Rdakass. See Urdukas
Regina Elena (ship), 21, 95
religion, 67–68, 219; of polar explorers, 68, 70–71, 149, 202, 247, 251, 301n42, 311n62
Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The (poem), 279
Ritenbeck, Greenland, 23
Roaring Forties, 51
Robeson Channel, 104, 156
Rocky Mountains, 65, 88
Rome, Italy, 93
Roosevelt (ship), 112, 118, 143, 150–52, 194, 255, 258–60, 263; Peary’s vision for, 99–101, 282; performance of, 97, 104–5, 114, 116, 146–48, 156–57, 160, 282
Roosevelt, Theodore: as adventurer, 86–87, 193, 279, 282; Duke of the Abruzzi and, 1, 94; Peary and, xx, 97–101, 115–19, 146–48, 153
Ross, James Clark, 51–53, 132, 163, 166–67, 267
Ross, John, 4, 267
Ross Ice Shelf, xix, 52, 59–64, 131; traversing of, 61–63, 139–43, 163, 176–80, 246–54, 268. See also Great Ice Barrier
Ross Island, 51, 175, 186; winter quarters on, 120, 124, 130–31, 165, 268–69
Ross Sea, 52–56, 127–30, 166, 172, 254
Royal Danish Geographical Society, 273–75
Royal Geographical Society (London), 89, 93; Arctic exploration and, 6–9, 32; Antarctic exploration and, 55, 60, 123, 267; Scott and, 49, 66, 124
Royal Navy, 4, 6–9, 60, 121–22, 125, 141
Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 74–75, 95
Royal Society, 6, 50, 67–68, 137
Rudolph Island, 14, 19–20
Ruskin, John, 85–86
Russia, 30, 96, 217
Ruwenzori Range, 3, 75, 89–93, 230
Sabine, Edward, 6
Sagamore Hill, 97
San Francisco Chronicle, 276
San Francisco Examiner, 153
Saturday Evening Post, 275
Savoia (or Savoy) Glacier, 229
Savoie, Albert, 216
Savoy, House of, xvi, 1, 17, 21, 82, 278, 282
science: practical value of, 49, 71–72; religion and, 67–68; role of in polar exploration, 9–11, 31, 49, 58, 105, 128, 132–37, 165–66
Scotland, 56, 74–75, 95, 133, 168, 172, 185
Scott, Robert Falcon, 48–49, 55–56, 59–60, 64–65, 105, 166, 273, 278; Shackleton and, 61–64, 123–24, 130–33, 138, 176–78, 190, 267, 268
Screaming Sixties, 126–28
scurvy, 8–9, 42, 55, 62–63
sea ice, 7–8, 11–12; traversing, 40, 43–44, 106–14, 273
seasickness, 126–27, 167
Sella, Quintino, 83
Sella, Vittorio, 91, 144, 216, 227–33, 262
Seneca, 37
Shackleton, Emily, 123, 130, 175, 269, 279
Shackleton, Ernest, xvi, xx, 55, 185, 227, 263, 270, 274; Cape Royds activities of, 130–44, 163–67, 175, 239; character of, 60, 123, 181, 190, 265–69, 278–80; health of, 62–64, 142, 178, 186–88, 246–50, 269, 304n77; leadership style of, 58, 120, 128, 131–32, 137, 158–59, 246–48, 269, 280, 298n52; Nimrod Expedition launched by, 47–51, 120–30; Scott and, 57, 61–64, 123–24, 130–33, 178, 268, 290n42, 297n34; southern sledge journey work of, 175–82, 186–91, 195, 206, 214, 236, 246–55
Shebelle River, 278
Shelley, Mary, xvii, 5, 77, 279
Shelley, Percy, 77–78
Shetland Islands, 272
Shigar, Baltistan, 223, 261
Siberia, 10–11, 56
Sigloo, 197, 205, 210
Sind Valley, 222–23
Singh, Pratap, 221
Skardu, Baltistan, 222–23
skiing: Nordic, 10, 12, 62, 70, 124
sledging: Antarctic, 58–59, 61–63, 123, 133–34, 139–43, 163–91, 240–53; Arctic, 11–12, 36–37, 43–44, 158–62, 191–201, 255–59, 272–73, 181; dogs and, 11–20, 36–37, 43, 61–62, 123–24, 158–62, 191, 195–98, 208–14, 255–57; man-hauling and, xix, 62–64, 124, 133–34, 139–43, 163–65, 169–74, 179–90, 240–53, 281; ponies and, 123, 139, 175–81; relaying in, 169, 181
sleeping bags, 134, 139, 170, 266
Smith, Albert, 78–82
Smith Sound, 10, 35–45, 104, 116–17, 146–52, 156
snow blindness, 18, 62, 180, 240–41, 271
Snowy Mountains, 64, 70–71
Socks (pony), 136, 178–81
Somalia, 89, 92, 278, 282
Somervell, Howard, 236
Sorko La (or Pass), 261
South Africa, 60
South African War. See Boer War
South Australia, 69, 73
South Georgia Island, 269
south magnetic pole, 267; as goal, xv, 51–52, 54–55, 58, 124, 163–67, 170–71, 280; route to, 131, 139, 163–64, 183–84; shifting location of, 52, 163, 185, 238–39
South Pacific, 50, 67
South Pole: as goal, xv, 51, 59, 124, 166, 175, 280; dash to, 55, 58–59, 61; race to, 47–51, 101, 268; route to, 124, 131, 139, 163, 176–80, 268
Southern Cross (ship), 57–60, 130–32
Southern Cross Expedition, 56–60, 124, 130
Southern Ocean, 49, 51, 269
southern sledge journey (Discovery), 61–63, 142, 163–64
southern sledge journey (Nimrod), 139, 175–82, 189–91, 246–54
Spanish-American War, 34, 147
Spectator (London), 267
Spitsbergen, 5, 12, 30
Srinagar, Kashmir, 220–22, 261–62
Staircase Peak, 231
Standard (London), 267
Stanley, Henry Morton, 25, 27, 56, 90, 272
starvation, 10, 19–21, 62–63, 112, 171–72, 247–54, 266, 271
Stella Polare (ship), 14, 20
Stephen, Leslie, 87–88
Stewart Island, 266
stoicism, 37–38, 70
survival of the fittest, concept of, 6, 16, 35, 75, 87, 159–60
Sverdrup, Otto, 30, 36, 46
Sweden, 30, 55
Switzerland, 81–87, 219, 221
Sydney, Australia, 47–49, 72–73, 263, 270, 282
Sydney, Nova Scotia, 146, 149, 262–63
Sydney Morning Herald, 48–49
Taft, William Howard, 193, 273
Talilanguaq (Peary’s Inuit grandson), 149
Taylor Valley. See Dry Valley
technology, xv, 4, 75, 145, 220, 265, 280–82; use of in Antarctic exploration, 136; use of in Arctic exploration, xiv, 30–36, 45–46, 99, 148, 156–57
telegraph, 145, 260, 263, 272, 274, 276
Terra Nova Expedition, 268, 280
terrestrial magnetism, 51–55, 58, 73, 164–67
Terror (ship), 52
Third Pole, 280, 283–84n7. See also Pole of Altitude
Thomas, Lowell, 256
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
(book), 87
Tibet, 96, 218, 223
Tilman, Bill, 216
Times (London), 1–2, 7, 63; on mountaineering, 81, 85
Titanic (ship), 169
traditional methods: use by Peary, 11, 34, 105, 147–49, 171; use of in exploring generally, xix, 221–23, 236, 244, 279–81
Trans-Antarctic Mountains. See Victoria Land Mountains; Western Mountains
Trollope, Antony, 86
Turin, Italy, 215
Turner, J. M. W., 76
Twain, Mark, 27
Uganda, 89–92
United States, 51, 95, 260
United States Army Signal Corps, 9–10
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 23
United States Navy, 23, 26–27, 98, 117, 159
University of Adelaide, 50, 68, 270
University of Cambridge, 66, 76, 100, 219
University of Chicago, 276
University of Glasgow, 66
University of Oxford, 68, 79, 127
University of Sydney, 270
Upernavik, Greenland, 259
Urdukas, 225–26, 237, 261
Urubama River, 66
Ussher, James, 68
Vanuatu, 71
Varese (ship), 94
Venice, Italy, 129, 221
Victor Emmanuel II, 1, 82
Victor Emmanuel III, 20
Victoria, Queen, 80, 85
Victoria Land: coast of, 54, 57, 62, 131, 163–64, 172, 176, 239, 243; exploration of, 52–53, 166
Victoria Land Mountains, 53. See also Western Mountains
Vigne Glacier, 226
volcanoes, 131–36
Voyage of the “Discovery” (book), 63
Wales, 64, 90, 137
Washington, Booker T., 27
Washington, D.C., 23–24, 98, 193, 277
Watertown, Maine, 263
Weaver, Stewart, 231
Weddell Sea, 268–69
Wellman, Walter, 30
West Virginia, 2
Western Mountains, 52, 65, 131, 163, 166, 174–82, 247. See also Victoria Land Mountains
whaling, 51, 53
White House, 1, 94, 115
Whitney, Harry, 152, 259–60
Whymper, Edward, 12, 82–88
Wild, Frank, 141–43, 268–69; southern sledge journey work of, 175–82, 188–90, 246–54
Wilson, Edward, 61–64, 176
Windward (ship), 34, 36, 39, 42, 45
Windy Gap, 231–32
Wolf, Louis, 104–5
women: Arctic expeditions and, 12–13, 147–49, 299n11; mountaineering by, 80–81, 86–87, 95, 218
Wordsworth, William, 76–78
Workman, Fanny Bullock, 218
Workman, William, 218, 236
World Geological Congress, 69
World War I, xviii, 169, 189, 220, 265, 269–72, 277, 280–81
World War II, 281
yachting, 3, 21
Yale University, 147, 198
Yeager, Chuck, 281
Younghusband, Francis, 218, 221
Zanzibar, 89–90
Zermatt, Switzerland, 78, 83–85
Zhak, 226
Zoji La (or Pass), 222
zoology, study of, 10, 57–58
Zumtt Ridge, 3, 86
Zurbriggen, Matthias, 219
Photos Section
The Duke of the Abruzzi, on a 1910 Hassan cigarette card from its World’s Greatest Explorers series.
Image owned by the author.
The duke climbing in Africa’s Ruwenzori Range, 1906.
Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.
Popular accounts of the return of the duke’s 1900 Arctic expedition, which set a new farthest-north record, and his 1906 Ruwenzori expedition, which claimed several first ascents in Africa.
Images courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.
The duke lecturing on the Ruwenzori expedition to the Royal Geographical Society in London with King Edward VII in attendance, 1907.
Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.
The duke’s first encounter with American socialite Katherine Elkins, from an Italian magazine, 1908.
Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.
The duke’s K2 expedition crossing a bridge over the Punmah River in Baltistan, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
A railroad map of India in 1909, when the duke traveled by rail from Mumbai (Bombay) to Rawalpindi.
Image from University of Richmond Libraries.
The K2 expedition crossing Zoji La on the way to the Karakoram, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The Upper Baltoro Glacier from the east, showing lines of glacial ice and debris, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The south face of K2 from the Godwin-Austen Glacier with the Abruzzi Ridge (or Spur) on the right, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The west face of K2 from the Savoia Glacier in one of Vittorio Sella’s best-known Karakoram photographs, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The Duke of the Abruzzi’s classic photograph of K2’s east face from Staircase Ridge, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by the Duke of the Abruzzi.
Climbing Chogolisa toward setting a world altitude record, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The east face of 25,000-foot-high Chogolisa with the duke’s route around on the left, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
The view east from the Concordia basin with lines of glacial ice and debris, 1909.
Image from Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909: An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, 2 vols. (New York: Dutton, 1912), photograph by Vittorio Sella.
A popular account of the return of the duke’s 1909 K2 expedition.
Image courtesy of Centro Documentazione Museo Nazionale della Montagna—CAI-Torino, used by permission.
Author’s photograph of a combination sledge and kayak used on the Duke of the Abruzzi’s 1899–1900 polar expedition on display in a popular museum in Turin, Italy, celebrating the duke’s many adventures.
Photograph by the author.
Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, T
he North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Peary with President Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay, New York, before departing for the North Pole expedition, 1908.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Matthew Henson in polar garb, 1910.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
George Borup of Yale at age 22, Peary’s youngest sledge-party leader, 1908.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Robert Bartlett of Newfoundland, captain of the Roosevelt and a senior sledge-party leader, 1908.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Peary on the Roosevelt, trading goods for services with the Inuit, 1908.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
On the Windward in Smith Sound, 1901. (From left to right:) Peary’s Inuit mistress, Allakasingwah; her son with Peary, Anaukak; and Marie, Peary’s daughter with his wife, Josephine.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Ootah, Peary’s most highly acclaimed Inuit sledge driver on the North Pole expedition, 1909.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
An Inuit sledge with dogs, 1909.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
One of Peary’s sledge teams on the trail, 1909.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
A double team of sledge dogs at the North Pole camp, 1909.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
Sledge and dogs ferrying across an open lead on a floating cake of ice, 1909.
Image from Robert Peary as he portrayed himself in his 1910 book, The North Pole (New York: Stokes, 1910)
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