Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier
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Gregory, Fred, 221
Grissom, Gus, 66
Gulf War of 1991, 27
Gupta, Sanjay, 42–44
Haldane, Richard Burdon, 217
Hawking, Stephen, 42–43, 83, 257
Hayden Planetarium, xiii, 67, 75, 111, 134, 194, 249, 256
Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, 51
Hearst Castle, 87–88
heat shield, 156
Helios-B (solar probe), 195
helium, 31, 36, 101, 240
Henson, Carolyn, 175
Henson, Keith, 175
Herschel, William, 247
Hertz, Heinrich, 90
Hewish, Anthony, 29
Higher Education Act of 1965, 327
High Frontier, The: Human Colonies in Space (O’Neill), 175
History of the Conquest of Peru (Prescott), 196–97
Hornet, USS, 5
House of Representatives, US, 4–5
and appointments to Commission on Future of Aerospace Industry, 316–17
Appropriations Committee of, 321, 329
Committee on Science and Astronautics of, 272, 288, 321, 323, 324, 329
Hubble, Edwin, 101
Hubble Space Telescope, 5, 68, 72, 73–74, 82, 135, 139, 175, 198, 210, 212, 228, 239
age of universe and, 142
cost of, 80
images returned by, 141–42
repair missions to, 23, 135–36, 142–43, 147
scientific legacy of, 142
humans, 30, 49, 103
DNA of, 240–41
intelligence of, 240–41
universe within, 241
Human Space Flight Innovative Technologies program, 324
Huygens probe, 138–39
hydrogen, 31, 35–36, 91, 158, 240, 258
in Sun, 101
hydrogen cyanide, 92
IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun), 167
Independence Day (film), 38, 43
India, xiv, 22, 23, 49, 127, 226
Industrial Revolution, 95, 253
infrared light, 90, 92–93, 129
in-space propulsion, 170
Integral satellite, 139
intelligence, 36–39, 257
Intelligent Design movement, 204–5
International Federation of Aeronautics, 23
International Space Station (ISS), xiii, 6–7, 10, 13, 15, 25–26, 72, 76, 116, 119, 161, 167, 218, 228
commercialization management of, 323
contingency funding of, 321–22
contingency plan for, 319–23
launch costs of, 320–21
operational costs of, 320
research on, 322–23
Internet, 141
In the Shadow of the Moon (film), 5
Io, 169
ion-thruster engines, 164
Iran, xiv, 23
Islam, 206
“island universes,” 98–100
Israel, 23
Italy, xiv, 7, 72
Jackson, Michael, 203
James Webb Space Telescope, 139, 143, 176
Jansky, Karl, 90–91
Japan, xiv, 7, 22, 168, 215
atomic bombing of, 50, 95–96
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 167
Jarvis, Greg, 243
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 13, 130, 131, 248–49, 324
Jobs, Steve, 136
John F. Kennedy, USS, 5
Johnson, Lyndon B., 66–67, 124
Johnson Space Center, 8, 220
Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover, A: Moon, Mars and Beyond, 146
Jupiter, 32, 33, 37, 40, 46, 52, 85, 88, 102, 112, 115, 117, 128, 157, 201, 245, 246
slingshot effect and, 119–20
Jupiter-C rocket, 126
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), 169–70
Kazakhstan, 121, 123
Kelvin, Lord, 108
Kennedy, John F., 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 79, 136, 219, 225
“Moon” speech of, 13, 79, 148–49, 191–92
Kennedy Space Center, 14–15, 16, 140, 145, 161, 220, 229
Kepler, Johannes, 115
Kinsella, Gary, 249–50
Korea, Republic of (South Korea), xiv
Korean War, 149
Korolev, Sergei, 123–24, 126
Kubrick, Stanley, 128–29
Kuiper Belt, 168, 245
Kuwait, 27
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 173, 176
Lagrangian points, 72, 145, 173–76
gravity and, 172–74
launches from, 177
libration paths and, 174
NASA satellites and, 176
Laika (dog), 122
Langley, Samuel P., 216–17
Laplace, Pierre-Simon de, 117–18
Large Hadron Collider, 80, 82
lasers, 167
Lauer, Matt, 210–11
Launching Science, 169–70
Leno, Jay, 144–45
Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph, 248
L5 Society, 175
life:
chemical components of, 35–36
diversity of, 34–35
extinction episodes of, 49
extraterrestrial, see extraterrestrial life
on Mars, 48, 259
search for, 41, 325
light, 30, 90, 93, 258
speed of, 109, 164, 195
LightSail-1, 167
Lindbergh, Charles, 110
Lindsay, John, 67
Lockheed Martin, 236
Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 23
long-period comets, 46–47
Lovell, Jim, 112
low Earth orbit (LEO), 113
Luna 9 rover, 70
Luna 13 rover, 70
Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project, 149–50
Lunar Orbiter spacecraft, 149
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), 150
MacHale, Des, 234
Madonna, 203
Magellan, Ferdinand, 95, 96
Major Mysteries of Science (Garbedian), 110
Manhattan Project, 80
many-body problem, 117–18
Mars, 7, 8, 14, 40, 46, 55, 77, 115, 129, 168, 188, 195, 200, 209
cratering on, 52
Earth viewed from, 27
life on, 48, 259
methane on, 31, 78, 138
proposed mission to, 78–79, 81–83
rocks ejected from, 48–49
rovers on, 130–33, 134, 138, 163, 198
Soviet achievements and, 122
water on, 48, 134, 138, 201, 227
Mars Express Orbiter, 138
Mars Global Surveyor, 138
Marshall Space Flight Center, 67
Mars Society, 236
mass extinction, 51
McAuliffe, Christa, 243
McDonald’s, 238
McNair, Ron, 234
Mécanique Céleste (Laplace), 117
Mercury (god), 108
Mercury (planet), 52, 115, 118
orbit of, 248
Mercury program, 7, 114
MESSENGER probe, 139
meteorites, 48
Tunguska River impact of, 50
see also asteroids
methane, 30
on Mars, 31, 78, 138
on Titan, 138–39
Mexico, 50
microscope, 85–86
Microsoft, 136
microwaves, 41, 90, 91–92, 129, 141
microwave telescope, 91–92
Milky Way galaxy, 34, 41, 93, 97–101, 143, 147, 259
Andromeda galaxy and, 118–19
orbit of stars in, 118
radio emissions from center of, 90
Shapley-Curtis debate on, 98–101
Mir space station, 6, 165, 319
Mitchell, Edgar, 3
Mongols, 205–6
Moon, xiii–xiv, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 46, 47, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 86, 89, 97, 111–12, 119, 132,
149, 186, 195, 196, 200, 220, 245
cratering on, 50, 57
Earth viewed from, 27
40th anniversary of landing on, 144
proposed return mission to, 55–56, 76–77, 83
rocks ejected from, 48
Soviet achievements and, 122
see also Apollo program, Apollo 11
motion, third law of, 153, 158
multiverse, 259
NanoSail-D, 167
NASA Flexibility Act of 2004, 330
National Academy of Public Administrations, 322
National Academy of Sciences, 11, 98, 325
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, xv, 4, 58, 66, 125, 252, 265–91, 328
access to information in, 273–74
aerospace vehicle in, 282–84
amended text of, 265–91
appropriations in, 284–85, 286
awards in, 278–79
civilian-military liaison in, 271
congressional reporting in, 271
excess land in, 272
insurance in, 281–84
international cooperation in, 271, 291
inventions in, 276–78
jurisdiction in, 290
launch vehicle contracts in, 285–86
lawsuits in, 279–80
misuse of name in, 285
National Advisory Committee in, 272–73
prize authority in, 286
property leases in, 289
property rights in, 276–77
purpose and objectives of, 265–67
recovery authority in, 290
security in, 274–75
transfer of functions in, 273
upper atmosphere research in, 290–91
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000, 326–27
National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), 59–60, 89, 114, 162, 166–68, 192, 199–200, 203, 219, 305, 306, 309
acquisition of space science data and, 314–15
additional activities of, 313–14
aero-space transportation technology integration plan of, 323–24
anchor tenancy contracts and, 308–9
Astronaut Pen of, 194
budget of, xiv, 10, 12, 15, 56, 75, 150, 169–70, 209–10, 212, 228, 237
carbon cycle research program of, 325–26
civil rights movement and, 66–67
creation of, 5–6, 66–67, 125, 267
decision making at, 146
deputy administrator of, 328
divisions of, 9
Earth science data sources and, 315–16
economic impact of, 237
expert input and, 146–47
Exploration Award of, 146–47
functions of, 265–72
future and, 252–53
Human Space Flight Innovative Technology program of, 324
international politics and, 5–7
Mars rovers and, 130–34
new Mars mission and, 77–78
new Moon mission and, 56, 77–78
number of employees of, 236
Obama on role of, 11–12
Obama’s vision of, 11–17
100th anniversary of flight initiative and, 326
payloads of, 313–14
political partisanship and, 4–5, 13–14
reorganization of, 329
scientific value of, 9–11
spending by, xv, 7–9, 25, 193–94, 331–32, 333–35
statutory provisions applicable to, 293–94
use of government facilities and, 309
vision statement of, 68
working capital fund of, 328
see also specific centers, programs, and vehicles
National Air and Space Museum, 7–8, 23, 144
National Commission on Excellence in Education, 58
National Defense Education Act of 1958, 125
National Defense Scholarships, 125
National Geographic channel, 231
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 12, 306–7
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 306
National Institutes of Health, 209
National Museum of Natural History, 98
National Research Council, 169, 322
National Science Foundation, 11–12, 23, 125, 219, 305
National Security Council, 124
National Space Grant College and Fellowship Act of 1987, 295–303
administrative services, 301
appropriations, 303
competitive awards, 303
contracts, 298–99
fellowship program in, 300–301
functions of, 297–98
grants in, 298–99
identity of needs in, 299
personnel services in, 301
purpose of, 295–96
regional consortium in, 300
reports to Congress in, 302–3
review panel in, 301
National Space Institute, 175
National Space Society, 146, 175, 236
National Space Symposium, 222
National Technical Information Service, 304
“Nation at Risk, A,” 58
Natural History, xiii
NBC, 144, 178
Neptune, 27, 36, 46, 115, 119, 157
discovery of, 248
Netherlands, 7
neutrinos, 94
Newcomb, Simon, 216
New Horizons spacecraft, 168
New Scientist, 123
Newton, Isaac, 65, 113–17, 119, 153, 158, 192, 247, 257
New York, N.Y., 96, 124, 224, 238
New York Times, 55, 96, 110, 124, 216–17
NEXT ion propulsion system, 170
Nigeria, 23
nitrogen, 101, 239, 240, 258
Nixon, Richard M., 4–5, 225
Nobel, Alfred Bernhard, 88
Nobel Prize, 88–89, 94, 206
North Atlantic Drift current, 93
North Carolina, 109, 216
Northrop Grumman, 236
Norway, 7
NOVA (TV series), 231
novae, 100
NRA, 236
nuclear power, 159, 168–69
numbers:
Arabic, 205
increasing powers of, 237–38
Obama, Barack, 11, 14–16, 76, 186–87, 252
space policy and, 77
Obama administration, 75
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, 311
Office of Human Spaceflight, 323–24
Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, 323
Office of Management and Budget, 318
Office of Research and Technology Applications, 303–4, 305
Ohio, 4–5, 184–85
O’Neill, Gerard K., 8, 175
Onizuka, Ellison, 243
Opportunity (Mars exploration rover), 130–32, 138
orbits, 113–20
of Earth, 115
elongated, 115–16
free fall and, 119
many-body problem and, 117–18
of Mercury, 248
of Pluto, 115
sling-shot effect and, 119–20
of stars, 118
suborbital trajectories and, 114
three-body problem and, 116–17
of Venus, 115
Orellana, Francisco de, 197
organic chemistry, 36, 48
Origin of Species (Darwin), 98
oxygen, 31, 35–36, 101, 158, 239, 240, 258
ozone, 51, 93
Pakistan, 49
Panama Canal, 87
panspermia, 48–49, 259
Parliament, British, 217
“Passport to the Universe” (Druyan and Soter), 256
Pegasus, 108
Penzias, Arno, 92
perturbation theory, 118
Peru, 196–97
Pfeiffer, Michelle, 203
photosynthesis, 31
/> Pigliucci, Massimo, 75–83
Pioneer anomaly, 244–45, 248–51
Pioneer program:
Pioneer 0, 245
Pioneer 3, 245
Pioneer 4, 245
Pioneer 5, 245
Pioneer 9, 245
Pioneer 10, 118, 244–45, 247, 248–50
Pioneer 11, 168, 244–45, 247, 249
Pioneer 12, 245
Pioneer 13, 245
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 196–97
planetary motion, first law of, 115
Planetary Society, 166–67, 193, 236, 250
Pluto, 82, 112, 118, 128, 168, 195, 201
orbit of, 115
Pravda, 121
Prescott, William H., 196
Presidential Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, 59–60, 146
President’s Commission on Higher Education, 125
Prince (singer), 203