1848
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Ferdinand (Emperor of Habsburg Empire)
Ferdinand:
Ferdinand: armed forces; counter-revolution; Sicily; war against Austria
Ferdinand:
Ficquelmont, Count
fighting: Berlin; Messina; Milan; Naples; Paris; Prague; Vienna; women
Fischhof, Adolf
Florence
foreign workers
‘forty-five centimes’ tax
France: 1830s revolutions; Alsace; budget crisis; conservatives; constitution; constitutional monarchy; counter-revolution; countryside; elections; electoral law; European conflict, avoidance of; foreign policy; Hungary; industrialisation; Italy; July Monarchy; middle classes; militias; nationalism; peasants; political divisions; population pressure on land; president; provinces; referendum; republicans; revolutionary tradition; Second Republic; Third Republic; unemployment, see also Paris
franchise: Bohemia/Moravia; Britain; France; Germany; Hungary; Jews; Romanians
Frankfurt
Franz Joseph: emperor; Hübner on; and Kübeck; and Nicholas:; Stiles on
Frata
Frederick:
Frederick Augustus:
Frederick William: absolute monarchy; and Bismarck; and Brandenburg; constitution; counter-revolution 290; Denmark; imperial crown rejected; Poland; revolution; Russia; United Diet; and Wrangel
French Revolution of 1789:
Fröbel, Julius
Fuller, Margaret
Füster, Anton
Gagern, Friedrich von
Gagern, Heinrich von
Gaj, Ljudevit
Galicia: Polish nationalism; serfdom; Ukrainians
Galletti, Giuseppe
Garibaldi, Giuseppe: and Charles Albert; death sentence (in absentia); exile; Italian unification; memoirs; Rome; South America; Tuscany; volunteers
Garibaldini
Garnier-Pagès, Louis-Antoine
Gavazzi, Alessandro
Geissel
General German Workers’ Fraternity
Genoa
Gerlach, Ernst von
Gerlach, Leopold von
German Confederation
Germans, Habsburg Empire
Germany: armed forces; Austria; boundaries; conservatives; constitutions; Denmark; form of state; government; industrialisation; Jews; labour movement; legacy of 1848:; liberals; minority peoples; nationalism; parliament; peasants; Poland; religion; republicans; revolution; Sonderweg; unification; workers; working-class, see also Frankfurt
Gioberti, Vincenzo
Girardin, Émile
Glasgow
Goito
Golescu, Dimitrie (‘the Black’)
Görgey, Arthur: Buda Castle; career; and Kossuth; politics; surrender terms; and Windischgrätz
Gottschalk, Andreas
Graziani, Leone
Greater German (Grossdeutsch) solution
Greece
Grossdeutsch (Greater German) solution
Grundrechte (Basic Rights)
Guerrazzi, Francesco
Guizot, François
Habsburg dynasty
Habsburg Empire; Austria-Hungary 401; concessions; counter-revolution; German unification; government; Hungary; industrialisation; Jews; Kossuth on; Metternich; national minorities; nationalism; peasantry; Radetzky; revolution; Schwarzenberg, see also Austria; Hungary; Lombardy; Venetia; Vienna
harvest failures
Havel, Václav
Havlícek, Karel
Haxthausen, A. von
Haynau, Ludwig
Hecker, Friedrich
Heidelberg Assembly
Held, Friedrich
Herwegh, Emma
Herwegh, Georg
Herzen, Alexander: disillusionment; dream; and Mazzini; Paris; on Pius:; Prussia; Rome; Russia; social order
Holstein
Hrabovszky, János
Huber, Aloysius
Hübner, Alexander von
Hübner, Joseph von: Milan; Radetzky; Vienna
Hugo, Victor
Hungary: counter-revolution; Croatia; government; Habsburg Empire; independence; Jews; leadership; liberals; Magyars; memory of 1848:; Military Frontier; national minorities; nationalism; parliament; peasants; radicalism; revolution; Russia; Turks; Venice; Vienna; war on Austria; War of Independence; workers, see also Budapest; Habsburg Empire; Romanians
‘hungry forties’
individual liberty
industrialisation
insurgents
intellectuals
Ireland
Irinyi, József
Irish League
Islaz Constitution
Italian Club
Italian National Association
Italian unification: development of idea; dynastic interests; European international system; Fascist counter-revolution; fragmentation of; Garibaldi; Piedmont
Italy: Austria see Austrians in Italy; constitutions; Fascist counter-revolution; Mazzini; nationalism; northern; peasants; Piedmontese annexation; pope; republicans; revolutions, see also individual cities; individual states; Italian unification
Itzstein, Adam von
Jacoby, Johann
Jelacic, Josip; and Batthyány; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Military Border; removed; Serbs; Vienna
Jewish emancipation
John, Archduke
Jones, Ernest
Jordan, Wilhelm
July Monarchy
June insurrection: Paris
Karlsbad Decrees
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kinkel, Gottfried
Kleindeutsch (Smaller German) solution
Koch-Gontard, Clotilde
Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Anton
Konrád, György
Kossuth, Lajos: career; counter-revolution; Croatian liberalism; and Görgey; governor-president; Hungarian independence; Hungarian nationalism; Jews; peasants; petition; Russia; speech; as symbol; tried in absentia; Vienna
Kraków
Kreuzzeitung (Neue Preussische Zeitung)
Kübeck, Karl von
Kudlich, Hans
Kulmer, Franz
Kuranda, Ignaz
labour commission
labour movement
Lamartine, Alphonse de: banquets; and Bonaparte; demonstration; foreign policy; president; provisional government
Lamberg, Ferenc
Lamennais, Félicité Robert de
landlords
Latour, Theodor
lazzaroni
Lederer, Ignaz
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre: anti-slavery; June insurrection; leader; president; provisional government; La Réforme; uprising
Legitimists
Leiningen, Karl von
Leiningen-Westerburg, Karl
Leopold of Tuscany
l’Eure, Jacques-Charles Dupont
Lewald, Fanny
liberalism
liberals: achievements defended; aims; Austria; Germany; Hungary; organisations; political polarisation; revolution; social fear; workers
liberty, individual
Lichnowsky, Felix
Liebknecht, Wilhelm
Limoges
literacy
Livorno
Lombardy: Habsburg Empire; Milan; peasants; Piedmont; provisional government; republicans; revolution
London
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte see Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon
Louis-Philippe: abdication; accession; appearance; assassination attempts; Charter; Orléans dynasty; revolution
Ludwig (King of Bavaria)
Luxembourg Commission
‘lyrical illusion’
Magyars: counter-revolution; ethnic conflict; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; nationalism; Transylvania; Vienna
Mamiani, Terenzio
Manara, Luciano
Manin, Daniele: arrest; Italian Club; militia; peasants; provisional government; Venetia; Venice
Marinovich, Captain
Martin, Alexandre (‘Albert’)
Ma
rtini, Admiral
Martini, Enrico
Marx, Karl: Cologne; Cologne Workers’ Association; Communist League; Communist Manifesto; National Assembly; Paris; Vienna
Mathy, Karl
Maximilian:
Mazzini, Giuseppe: career; exile; Milan; northern Italian kingdom; republican vision; Rome; war against Austria
Mazzoni, Giuseppe
Meagher, Thomas Francis
Messenhauser, Wenzel
Messina
Metternich, Klemens von: absolute monarchy; career; counter-revolutionary policies; fall of; Italy; national identity; Prussia; on revolution
middle classes
Middle European (Mitteleuropäisch) solution
Mieroslawski, Ludwik
Milan
Military Frontier
militias, see also National Guard
minority peoples: ethnic; Germany; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; nationalism
Mitchel, John
Mitteleuropäisch (Middle European) solution
moderates see liberals
Móga, János
Mohl, Moritz
Moldavia
Moltke, Helmuth von
monarchies
Montagnards seeémoc-socs
Montanelli, Giuseppe
Montecuccoli, Albert
Moravia
‘Mountain’ (left of National Assembly)
Müller, Josef
Municipal Guard
mutiny
Namier, Lewis
Naples
Napoleonsee Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon:
Napoleonsee Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Narváez, Ramón María
National Assembly (France): Cavaignac; conservatives; demonstration; dissolution; ‘Mountain’; National Workshops
National Guard: Austria; Czech; Hungary; Paris; Prague; Sicily; Vienna
national question
National Workshops
nationalism; authoritarian governments; Central Europe; Czechs; Eastern Europe; ethnic; ethnic conflict; France; Germany; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; internal divisions; Italy; Magyars; minority peoples; Poland; post-Napoleonic political system; Romanian; Slovak; southern Slav; Ukrainians
nationality, threshold principle of
Němcová, Božena
Netherlands
Neue Preussische Zeitung (Kreuzzeitung)
news, speed of relay
newspapers
Niboyet, Eugénie
Nicholas: Decembrist uprising; foreign policy; and Franz Joseph; Hungary; repression; role
Norway
Novara
Nugent, Laval
O’Brien, William Smith
O’Connor, Feargus
O’Donnell, Heinrich
Orléanists
Orléans, Duchess of, Hélène
Orsini, Felice
Oscar:
Osio, Carlo
Oudinot, Nicolas
Pákozd
Palacky, Frantisek
Palermo
Palffy, Aloys
Pannier-Lafontaine, Jean-François
Paolucci, Antonio
Papacy
Papal States, see also Rome
Paris: 1849 uprising ; June insurrection; revolution; revolutionary tradition; slums
Paris, Count of
parliamentary reform
parliaments
Paskevich, Ivan
paupers see poverty
peasantry; Austria; Bohemia; elections; emancipation; ethnic conflict; France; Galicia; Germany; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Italy; newspapers; petitions; politicisation; Prussia; religion; revolutions; Slav; Slovak; Transylvania; urbarial peasants; Wallachia; and workers, see also serfdom
Pellico, Silvio
Pepe, Guglielmo
petitions: Austria; Berlin; Britain (Chartists); Czech (Saintáclav); Galicia; Germany; Hungary (Twelve Points); peasants; Romanian; standard demands
Petofi, Sándor; armed forces; death; elections; foreboding; government; petition; as symbol; workers
Petrashevskii, Mikhail
Petrashevtsy
Pfuel, Ernst von
Piedmont: Austria; constitution; constitutional monarchy; government; Lombardy; republicans
Pillersdorf, Franz
Pius: armed forces; demonstration; election; as figurehead; Gaeta; Galletti; leadership; restoration to Rome; Rossi; withdrawal from conflict
Pius Associations
pluralism
Poerio, Carlo
Poland: Congress of Vienna; exiles; Galicia; Germans; nationalism; restoration; revolution; stateless nation; uprisings
Poles see Poland
policing, secret
Polish Democratic Society
political freedom
political reform, demand for
population
Portugal
potatoes
poverty
Poznania (Posen)
Prague
Prittwitz, von
proletariat see workers
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
Prussia: absolute monarchy; armed forces; conservatives; constitution; constitutional reform; counter-revolution; demonstrations; Denmark; Diet; European conflict, avoidance of; Hungary; middle classes; peasants; Poland; revolution; Schleswig, see also Berlin
Prussia, Prince of
public opinion
Puchner, Anton von
Pujol, Louis
Putz, Franz
Radetzky, Joseph: armed forces; and Jelacic; Milan revolution; tobacco boycott; war in Italy
Radical Democrat
radicals
Raspail, Alexandre
Rastatt
Raveaux, Franz
referendums
La Réforme
refugees
regular troops see armed forces
religion
religious minorities
repression
republicans: Austria; divisions; France; Germany; Italy; and socialists
‘republicans of the day after’
revolutionaries
revolutions; 1989:; consensus, lack of; consequences of; European phenomenon; French Revolution of 1789:; as inspiration; internal divisions; leadership; as missed opportunity; national differences in; peasantry; political polarisation; power; as ‘seed-plot of history’; social question; social unity; underlying factors; women
Rhineland
Ricasoli, Bettino
Ridolfi, Cosimo
Riesser, Gabriel
robot
Rogier, Charles
Romanian nationalism; Golescu; Hungary; Islaz Constitution; Magyars; radical form; stateless nation
Romanians: Banat; revolution; Transylvanian; unification, see also Bucharest
Rome: French attack; papacy; patriotic enthusiasm; Pius:; political polarisation; republic; revolution
Rossi, Pellegrino
Rouen
Ruge, Arnold
Russia: absolute monarchy; Decembrist uprising; European conflict, avoidance of; expansionism; foreign policy; Hungary; repression; Transylvania
Ruthenians see Ukrainians
Saffi, Aurelio
Saguna, Andreiu
Sand, George
Sardinia
Savoy
Saxony
Schleswig
Schmerling, Anton von
Schoder, Adolf
Schoelcher, Victor
Schurz, Carl
Schwarzenberg, Felix zu
Second Republic
secret police
Sedlnitzky, Josef von
Serbs: Banat; Jelacic; Military Frontier; resistance to Hungarians; Voivodina
serfdom: abolition of; Galicia; Poland; Prussia; Romanian; Russia, see also peasantry
Settimo, Ruggero
Sicily
Sigel, Franz
Silesia
Simson, Eduard
Slav Congress
slav
ery, abolition of
Slavs: Austro-Slavism; nationalism; peasants; Slav Congress; southern Slav nationalism
Slovaks
slums
Smaller German (Kleindeutsch) solution
social distress
social fear
social justice
social order
social question
social reform
social unity
socialism, emergence of
socialists, see alsoémoc-socs
Society for Equality
Society of the Rights of Man
Society of Seasons
Society of Ten
Sonderweg
southern Slav nationalism
sovereigns see monarchies
Spain
Speshnev, Nikolai
‘Springtime of Peoples’ (Völkerfrühling)
Stadelmann, Rudolph
Stadion, Franz
Stadion, Rudolf
stateless nations
Stephen, Archduke
Sterbini, Pietro
Stiles, William
Strauss, David
street-fighting see fighting
Struve, Gustav
students: Paris; Prague; Vienna
Stúr, L’udovít
Sturdza, Mihail
Stuttgart
Suleiman Pasha
Sweden
Switzerland
Széchenyi, Istvan
Szeged
Szemere, Bertalan
Táncsics, Mihály
Taschereau, Jules
taxes
Teleki, Adám
Teleki, Lászlo
territorial boundaries
Thiers, Adolphe
Third Republic
Third Section
Thorbecke, Johan
Thouret, Antoine
Thrane, Marcus
threshold principle of nationality
tobacco boycott
Tocqueville, Alexis de: class conflict; foreign minister; Italy; president; revolution; social fear; warns of revolution
Tommaseo, Nicolò
Transylvania: counter-revolution; Hungary; Kossuth; peasants; Romanians; Russia
troops see armed forces
Turin
Turks
Tuscany: constitution; Garibaldi; Guerrazzi; Leopold’s return; loyalties; Piedmont; reaction to Custozza; republic
Twelfth Legion
Ukrainians: Galicia; nationalism
unemployment
unification; Germany; Romanian, see also Italian unification
urbarial peasants
Uvarov, Sergei
Vasvári, Pál
Vay, Miklós
Venetia: Habsburg Empire; loyalties; martial law; peasants; war against Austria
Venice: counter-revolution; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Manin; revolution; war against Austria