Epicydes, Syracusan officer in Hannibal’s army
epigraphy see inscriptions
Epirus (Albania)
Molossian troops
see also Pyrrhus
Erymanthian boar, legend of
Erythia, mythical island
Erythrae, Greek island
Eryx, king in Sicily
Eryx, Sicily
Aphrodite/Astarte
capture by Pyrrhus
Carthaginian attempt to recapture (244 BC)
Eshmoun, god
and Greek god Aesculapius
Etruria, Italy
alliance with Carthage
and Heracles
trade with
under Roman control
Etruscan language, on Pyrgi Tablets
Etruscans
adoption of Odysseus
trade networks
Euboea, island
pottery
settlement of Ischia
trade
Eudoxius of Cnidus, Greek author
euhemerism (gods as deified humans)
Euhemerus, Greek philosopher
Euhesperides, Greek settlement
Eumenes, king of Pergamum
Evander, mythical king
evocatio, Roman religious ritual
exploration
Carthaginian
Greek
Fabii, Roman senatorial family
Fabius Maximus, Quintus (Cunctator), as autocrat
ambush in Vulturnus valley
consulships
and removal of temple of Hercules to Capitol and Scipio statue of Heracles on Capitol
Fabius Pictor, Quintus, Roman senator
Annales
Fabius, Roman envoy to Carthage
faience, Phoenician
famine, Carthage (256–255 BC)
Fauna, wife of Faunus
Faunus, mythical king
Fides, temple to
fides, Roman virtue
and Roman faithlessness
fides Punica (Roman idiom of faithlessness)
fire
at end of siege
regenerative powers of (egersis)
First Punic War (264–241 BC)
battle of Mylae
build-up to
Carthaginian strategy in Sicily
defeat of Carthage
effect on economy
Roman campaign in North Africa (256–255 BC)
Sicily
terms of peace treaty
fish salting, Morocco
Flaminius Nepos, Gaius, consul (217)
Flaminius, Titus Quinctius, Roman general
Flaubert, Gustave, Salammbô
Flavius Hannibalianus
food
imports
livestock
from Sardinia
variety, from hinterlands
wild birds
Fortuna, Roman goddess
foundation myths
Elissa
Heracles and
Rome
settlement of Azoros and Carchedon
synchronicity of foundation of Rome and Carthage
France
19th-century see also Gaul
Franko, George
Fronda, Michael
Frusino, Italy, hermaphrodite child born
Fulvius Centumalus, Gnaeus, Roman pro-consul
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, censor (174/173)
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, Roman general
furniture, inlays for
Gabon
Gades, Tyrian colony
Barcid mints
Carthage and
Carthaginian retreat to
Hannibal at
Heracles at
public buildings
surrender to Rome (206)
temple of Melqart
Gaius Claudius, Roman tribune
Gammarth, villa estate
garum (fish sauce)
Gades
Kerkouane
Morocco
Gaul (France)
Hannibal in see also Cisalpine Gaul
Gauls
Celts in Alpine regions
equated with Hyperboreans
as mercenaries
sack of Rome (387 BC)
Gela, Sicily, Greek city
Gelon, ruler of Syracuse
and battle of Himera
death of
settlement with Carthage
Geminus, Gnaeus Servilius, consul (217)
Genna Maria, Sicily, shrine of Demeter
Geryon, ogre
earliest versions
at Gades
Geryoneis (poem)
Gielly, Paul, discovery of tophet
Gisco, Carthaginian governor of Lilybaeum (241 BC)
murder of
and negotiation with mercenaries
Gisco, Carthaginian senator (202 BC)
glass, Phoenician
gods
and Greek heroes
list appended to treaty with Philip of Macedon (215)
see also individual gods and goddesses; religion
gold, from Africa
gold objects, Pyrgi Tablets
golden heifer, story of
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, Roman senator
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, consul
grave goods
hatchet razors
graves
mass
see also burials; tophets
Gravisca, Etruscan port
Great Britain
American view of
French view of
see also Britain
Greece
antipathy to Phoenicians
colonization
development of religion
identity as superior
influence of Phoenicia on
lack of silver
myths and legends
rise of
and Syracuse
temple building
trade
war with Persia
see also Athens
Greek culture
influence on Carthage
Near Eastern influences on
Roman elite interest in
in Sicily
Greek literature, influences on
Greek writers, and foundation of Rome
Greeks
mercenaries in Carthaginian armies
narrative of Carthaginian aggression
in Sicily
in Spain
stereotypes of Carthaginians
Green, Peter
Greene, Joseph
guest-friendship
guilds
Guinea-Bissau, Hanno’s voyage to
Gulussa, son of Masinissa
Hadad, Carthaginian god
Hadrumetum, port, Libya
Halaisa, Sicily
Hamilcar Barca (c.270–228)
colonization of Spain
death
expeditionary force to Spain and Mercenaries’ Revolt
popular support for
rise of
Roman embassy to
and use of Heracles/Melqart on coins
Hamilcar, Carthaginian commander (320s BC), and Agathocles
Hamilcar, Carthaginian commander in Sicily (256 BC)
Hamilcar (Magonid leader in Carthage)
and battle of Himera (480 BC)
death
posthumous reputation
Hamilcar ‘Rodanus’ (332 BC),
audience with Alexander the Great
Hamilcar the Samnite
Hamilcar, son of Gisco, commander in Sicily
Hamilcar, son of Mago
(6th century)
Hannibal, meaning of name
Hannibal Barca, son of Hamilcar (247–182 BC)
AS MILITARY COMMANDER; propaganda to ensure support; relations with Carthage/ Council of Elders
army of see below and Saguntum
SECOND PUNIC WAR; advance to Rome
;
Cannae;
at Capua; choice of overland route to Rome;
crossing of Alps,
; dream of divine sanction;
and end of war;
and Fabius cunctator;
intentions after Cannae; journey over the Alps; march to gates of Rome; miscalculation of Rome; policy towards Italians
recalled to Carthage; and sanctuary of Juno
; and Scipio in North Africa; and symbolism of HeraclesMelqart;
Trasimene; treaty with Philip of Macedonia; winter on Adriatic (217)
LAST YEARS: and Antiochus; exile and death; later political career; reburied by Emperor Septimius Severus; Roman view of as hero
Hannibal Barca, son of Hamilcar, army of
Balearic slingers
cavalry
desertions from
infantry
loyalty
need for reinforcements after Cannae
and return to North Africa
Hannibal, co-general with Hamilcar Barca (238 BC)
Hannibal, grandson of Hamilcar (Magonid)
campaign in Sicily (409 BC)
death
and siege of Selinus
Hannibal Monomachus
Hannibal, naval commander (260 BC)
Hannibal Tapapius Rufus, of Leptis Magna
Hannibal ‘the Rhodian’, and blockade of Lilybaeum
Hanno, Carthaginian admiral, (240s BC)
Hanno, Carthaginian commander at Cape Ecnomus (256 BC)
Hanno, Carthaginian commander of garrison at Messana (264 BC)
Hanno, Carthaginian general (310 BC)
Hanno, nephew of Hannibal
at Cannae
and crossing of Rhône
Hanno, opponent of Hamilcar Barca and Hannibal
commander against rebel mercenaries
diatribes against Hannibal
and end of Second Punic War
envoy to mercenaries in Sicily (241 BC)
faction in Council of Elders
and Third Punic War
Hanno, Periplus (voyage of)
Hanno, son of Hannibal, Carthaginian commander
Hanno ‘the Great’ (I) attempted coup (365 BC)
Hanno ‘the Great’ (II), and Numidia (240s BC)
Hanno, character in play (stereotype)
harbours, Carthage
commercial
military
Roman mole to blockade
Harris, William
Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal
crossing to Italy
death
defeat at Hibera
defence of Spain
in Italy
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian commander (First Punic War)
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general
at Cannae
military tyranny
and siege of Carthage (149–146)
wife’s death at end of siege
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general on Numidian campaign
Hasdrubal Gisco
embassy to Rome
in Spain
and Scipio Africanus
Hasdrubal Haedus, Carthaginian senator
Hasdrubal, philosopher see Clitomachus
Hasdrubal, son of Mago (6th century)
Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca
assassination
relations with Carthage
Roman embassy to
as successor to Hamilcar
Heaney, Seamus
Hecataeus of Miletus, geographer
Hecate, Greek goddess
Hecatompylon, Numidian town
Heircte, heights of, Sicily
Hellenicus of Lesbos, Greek writer
Hera, Greek goddess (Juno)
Heraclea, battles of (279 BC)
Heraclea, Sicily
Heraclean Way
Augustus’s new road
Heracleium, spring
Heracles (Hercules), Greek hero
association with Melqart
and early Rome
euhemeristic account of journey to Italy
lionskin headdress
on rebel mercenaries’ coins
significance of
sojourn in Rome
wanderings of
see also Hercules
Heracles/Melqart
association with Hannibal
on Barcid coins
Hercle, Etruscan version of Heracles
Hercules
Italian version of Heracles
popularity in central Italy
Hercules Invictus (‘the Invincible’), Roman cult of
Herdonea, battle of (210)
Hermippus, Athenian poet
Hermocrates, Syracusan general
Herodotus
on barter in Africa
battle of Himera
on battle of Salamis
story of Dorieus
visit to temple of Melqart in Tyre
heroes, Greek
Hesiod, Greek poet
Hesperides, garden of the
Hiarbus, Libyan king
Hibera, Battle of (216)
Hiero, ruler of Syracuse
coinage
death
loans to Rome
Hieronymus, ruler of Syracuse
Himera
battle of (483 BC)
impact in Sicily
repercussions
Himera, Sicily Carthaginian assault on
Himilcar, and siege of Acragas,
Himilco, Carthaginian commander in Lilybaeum (250 BC)
Himilco, Carthaginian general, exploration into Atlantic
Himilco, Carthaginian general (2), campaign against Dionysius of Syracuse
Himilco, pro-Barcid councillor
Hippacritae, besieged by mercenaries
Hippocrates, Syracusan officer in Hannibal’s army
Hipponium, Calabria
Hiram, king of Tyre
historians and historiography
classical
Greek
Greek source of foundation myth
Hannibal and
Roman
Roman epic poets
Sicilian Greek
sources for history of Carthage
Hittite Empire
Homer
Iliad
Odyssey
Horace, and Regulus legend
horse, as symbol of Carthage
Horus, eye of
Hostilius Mancinus, Lucius, Roman general
houses
Carthage
Kerkouane
Selinus
Hoyos, Dexter
Huelva, Spain
Phoenician emporium
smelting furnaces
Hyperboreans, mythical people
Hyperboreos, leader of Hyperboreans
Iberian peninsula
western coast
see also Spain
Iberians
in Hannibal’s army
as mercenaries
Ibiza
see also Ebusus
Icard, François, discovery of tophet
Ida, Mount (near Troy)
Ilergetes tribe, Spain
Ilipa, battle of (206)
Illyria (Slovenia and Croatia)
industries
luxury goods manufacture
see also metalworking; purple dye
inscriptions
bilingual Punic and Latin
Entella bronze tablets
graves
Hannibal Tapapius Rufus in
Leptis Magna
Heracles/Melqart
Punic, in Latium
references to molk
references to Tyre in Carthage
votive offerings
Insubres, Gallic tribe in northern Italy
Ioloas, nephew of Heracles
Ipsus, battle of (301 BC)
Iraq, and metaphor of Carthage
Ireland
Ireland
Himilco’s voyage to
i
ron goods
tools
weapons
iron ores
Ischia
Sardinia
irrigation
Ischia, Greek settlement at Pithecusa
Israel (Judah), relations with Tyre
Israelites, practice of molk
Italy
central
northern
southern see Magna Graecia
see also Campania; Capua; Etruria; Latium; Rome
Ithobaal I, king of Tyre
ivory
carving
plaques
Jefferson, Thomas
Jerusalem, Tyrian-built buildings
jewellery, Phoenician
jewellery-making
Carthage
Sardinia
Jezebel, wife of King Ahab of Israel
Juba II, king of Numidia
Julius Caesar, and dream of rebuilding Carthage
Juno Averna, goddess
Juno, Roman goddess
associated with Tanit and Astarte
and Etruscan Iuni
hostility to Rome
as patron deity of Carthage
temple at Cape Lacinium
Junonia, proposed new colony at Carthage
Justin, Roman historian
on Hamilcar Rodanus
Kaizu
Kerkouane, Cap Bon, Libya, Carthaginian settlement
Khorsabad (Dur-Sharrukin), bas relief
Kition, Cyprus
cult of Melqart
Heracles statuettes
Phoenician kings
Phoenician settlement
revolt against Tyre
kolokasion plant, symbolism of
Kommos, Crete
La Turbie (end of Via Julia Augusta)
Lancel, Serge
land reform, Rome
language
Etruscan
Phoenicia
Punic
on Pyrgi Tablet
see also writing
Latinus, founder of Latin people
Latium
under Roman control
Lavinium, Latium
leather goods, Sicily
Lebanon, modern
Lefkandi, Euboea
Leptis Magna
inscription of Hannibal Tapapius Rufus
libraries, Carthage
Libya
relations between Carthage and Libyans
see also Hadrumetum
Libyans
alliance with mercenaries
in Hannibal’s army
Licinus Crassus, Publius, consul
Ligurians
Heracles and
as mercenaries
Lilybaeum, Sicily (Marsala)
First Punic War
foundation
resistance to Pyrrhus
Roman blockade of
Lipara, Aeolian Islands
Livy
on Cannae
and Carthage as moral antithesis to Rome
on Carthaginian Council of Elders
effect on Romans of Hannibal’s campaign
on Hamilcar Barca
on Hannibal
on Hannibal at Capua
Hannibal’s crossing of Alps
on Hannibal’s intentions towards Rome
on Hannibal’s later years
on Hannibal’s recall to Carthage
Hanno’s attacks on Barcids
on human sacrifice
on Numidia
on Regulus
on Scipio
on Scipio Nascia
Carthage Must Be Destroyed Page 60