Alalia, Corsica, Phocaean colony
Alba Longa
Alexander the Great
death
legacy of
suspected plan to attack Carthage
Alexander, king of Epirus
Alexandria
Allobroges tribe, Alps
alphabet
Greek
Phoenician
Alps
Hannibal’s crossing of
Heracles’s journey over
Via Julia Augusta over
Amathus, port, Cyprus
‘Ambrosian stones’, story of
amphorae, transport
Bruttium
Bruttium
Nuragic
Ampurias, Spain, Greek trading settlement
Amurru
Anaxilas, Greek tyrant of Rhegium
Ancius Marcus, Roman king
Andalusia
Carthaginian colonization
metal ore mines
Phoenician trading settlements
Andronicus, Livius, Tarentine poet
Antaeus, mythical giant
Antas, Sardinia
temple
temple to Sid
Antiochus, Seleucid king (270 BC)
Antiochus, Seleucid king (c.190 BC)
Antiochus, Syracusan historian
Antipolis (Antibes)
Aphrodite, Greek goddess
in Eryx
support for Troy
Apollo, god, statue at Tyre
Apollonius of Tyana
Appian, Greek historian
on democratic faction in Carthage
on Julius Caesar
on new harbours
on news in Rome of destruction of Carthage
on Third Punic War
Appius Claudius Caecus
Appius Claudius Caudex, Roman consul
Apulia
archaeology
earliest occupation layers
evidence for new harbours
last years of Carthage
Roman deposits of debris and rubble
Spanish silver mines
Archagathus, son of Agathocles
archegete, Heracles
Archimedes, death at Syracuse
architecture
Egyptian influences
Greek influences
Kerkouane
public buildings in Gades
Sabratha mausoleum
Sicily
Ardea, Latium
temple of Hercules
Aristogeitos, tombstone at Motya
Aristotle
on Carthaginian colonization
on Carthaginian political system
Arišut-Ba’al, meaning of name
Armenia, Hannibal in
armour
army see Carthaginian army; Hannibal, army of; Roman army
art
Phoenician
Punic
Sicilian Greek
artisans
Arvad
Asherah, Phoenician god
Asheri, David
Ashurnasirpal II, Great King of Assyria
Aspis, Tunisia, Roman landing on (256 BC)
Assur, Assyrian god
Assyria
market for luxury goods
pressure on Tyre
Astarte, Phoenician goddess
as consort of Melqart
cult in Eryx
new temple in Carthage
syncretism
in temple in Pyrgi
Atban, Numidian chief
Athena, goddess
Athens
alliance with Sparta against Persians
invasion of Sicily (410 BC)
Atlantic
exploration of
trade
Attalus, king of Pergamum
Aufidus, River
Augustus Caesar, Emperor
and Heraclean Way
and rebuilding of Carthage
Aurus Atilius Caiatinus
Ausculum, battle of (279 BC)
Avernus, god of death
Avernus, Lake
Avienus, Festus Rufus, account of Himilco’s voyage
Azoros and Carchedon, foundation myth
Baal Hammon, god
Carthage
iconography
Baal Malagê, storm god
Baal Saphon, storm god
Baal Shamen, storm god
Baal Sôr, title for god Melqart
Baalat Gubal, goddess, Byblos
Babi, Nuragic god
Babylon
defeat of Tyre (573 BC)
Baebelo, Spain, silver mine
Baecula, battle of (208)
Balearic slingers
in Carthaginian armies
in Hannibal’s army
banks, Roman state
Banno, Carthaginian envoy
Barcid clan
administration of Spain
and Council of Elders
demagogy
rise of
and tensions with Rome
see also Hamilcar Barca; Hannibal
Barmocar, Carthaginian official
bathrooms
Carthage
Kerkouane
Beirut
Bello Jiménez, Victor
Benevento, plain of
Beneventum, battle of (275 BC)
Bes, Egyptian god
betyls (sacred stones)
Columna Lactaria in Rome
Bible
Ezekiel
and practice of molk
Bithia, Sardinia
Bithynia, Hannibal’s death in
Bodaštart, meaning of name
Boii, Gallic tribe in northern Italy
Bologna, Hannibal’s winter quarters
Bomilcar, stele inscription
Bomilcar, Carthaginian general
attempted coup in Carthage
Books of Fate (Roman)
Bostar, Carthaginian commander
Bostar, Carthaginian governor of Sardinia
bread ovens, Kerkouane
Brecht, Bertolt
Britain
Himilco’s voyage to
Brittany, Himilco’s voyage to
Bronze Age
Near East
nomadic invasions from east
palace societies
Sicily
bronze objects
armour
cauldrons
Entella tablets
hatchet razors
Bruttium (Calabria)
Hannibal in
bucchero nero (Etruscan drinking cups)
burial practices
burial (inhumation)
cremation
Libyan
Byblos
sea-going ships
worship of goddess Baalat Gubal
Byron, Lord
Byrsa, citadel
and Roman rebuilding
streets up to
Cabala, battle of
Cacus, ogre
Rome equated with
Cadmus, envoy from Syracuse to Greece
caduceus plant, emblems
Caecus, Appius Claudius
Caere, Etruscan kingdom spring of Hercules
Calpurnius Piso, Lucius, consul (147 BC)
Camarina, Sicily
Cameroun, Mount
Campania, Italy
Hannibal in
links with Carthage
Campanians, as mercenaries
Canary Islands
Cannae, Battle of (216 BC)
Can’nai, ethnic group
Canusium, Italy
Cap Bon peninsula
see also Kerkouane
Cape Lacinium, temple of Juno
Cape Tyndaris, naval battle of (260 BC)
Capua
alliance with Rome
Hannibal at
omen
rebellion against Rome
siege and sack by Rome (211)
Caralis (Cagliari), Sardinia
/> Carpetani tribe, Spain
carpets and cushions, Carthaginian
Cartagena (New Carthage), Spain
besieged by Scipio
blockade by Scipio
foundation by Hasdrubal
Carthage
ORIGINS AND RISE OF: in context of ancient world; Elissa foundation myth; gods (patron); Levantine heritage and influence; rise as mercantile power; rivalry with Greece; sources for history
CITY; Byrsa (citadel); Cintas’ chapel; construction of ‘Hannibal Quarter’; early city; fortifications; grid; Hannibal’s construction programme; harbours
accused of conspiracy with Persia
and arrival of Scipio Africanus
and assistance to Mamertines in Sicily
besieged by Agathocles
blockaded by mercenaries
defeat at Himera
economic effects of First Punic War
economic recovery after Second Punic War
fall and sack of (146 BC); curse on; destruction; ploughing with salt; preparations for siege (149 BC); siege of (149–146)
famine (256–255 BC)
harbours
hinterland
imperial ambitions
and loss of Sicily
metaphorical references to
as moral antithesis to Rome
political institutions, 130; democratic faction (150s); Hannibal’s reforms; oligarchic government; pro-Barcid faction; rise of power of Popular Assembly
rebuilding: as Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago; Roman proposals
relations with Rome: alliance with Rome against Pyrrhus; embassy to Rome (351 BC); first treaty with Rome (509 BC); possible treaty with Rome (306 BC); Roman embassy to; second treaty with Rome (348 BC); third treaty with Rome (279/278 BC); treaty to end First Punic War (241 BC)
and Syracuse; loss of; wars
and treaty with Philip of Macedon
war with Numidia
see also Council of Elders; Popular Assembly
Carthage, battle at (256 BC)
Carthaginian army
elite suspicion of generals
loyalty to Hannibal
and Mercenaries’ Revolt
military strategy
Sacred Band
in Spain
standing army in Sicily
under command of Xanthippus
use of mercenaries
see also Hannibal, army of
Carthaginian navy
blockade of Strait of Messina
private funding for
raids on Italian coast
under Hamilcar
weakness of
Carthaginians
enslaved by Gelon
in Greece Greek stereotypes
Roman stereotypes
in Rome
Carthalo, democratic leader
Casilinum, Italy
Cassiterides Islands
Cassius Dio
on beginnings of First Punic War
on Hannibal
on military leadership
on Mylae
Cato, Marcus Porcius
embassy to Carthage
hatred of Carthage
opposition to Scipio
Origines
support for Scipio Aemilianus
cedarwood, Tyrian trade in
Celtiberian tribes
Hamilcar Barca and
Hannibal and
Celtiberians, in Hannibal’s army
Celts
in Alpine regions
descent from Heracles
line infantry in Hannibal’s army
cemeteries
early
outside city
Censorinus, Lucius Marcius, consul (149 BC)
and siege of Carthage
Cerne Island
Chaereas, historian
Chalcedon
Chandragupta, Indian king
Cheiromos, metal caster
child sacrifice during siege
chimpanzees
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cinyps, Libya, Spartan settlement
Circeii, Latium
Cisalpine Gaul
Celtic mercenaries from
Hannibal in
Rome and
cisterns, and washrooms in Carthage
Clastidium, betrayed to Hannibal
Claudius Nero, Gaius, consul (208)
Claudius Pulcher, Publius, Roman consul
Cleitarchus, account of child sacrifice
Clement of Alexandria clementia
Clitomachus (Hasdrubal), philosopher
Cnidus, Greek colonists from
Coelius Antipater, Roman writer
coins and coinage
Agathocles
bronze; Numidian; Roman; Syracuse
b’rst superscription
at Capua
Carthaginian, for Syracuse
copper-alloy with arsenic
debased
double shekel (Hannibal)
electrum; Sicily
gold, Sicily
Hannibal’s
Libyan mercenaries’ own
Lilybaeum
military (Sicily)
motifs
to pay mercenaries
silver; Barcid Spanish; denarius (Rome); Roman; Sicily; Syracuse; tetradrachms (Pyrrhus); tetradrachms (Sicily)
triple shekel (Barcid Spain)
see also currency; mints
Colaeus, Greek sea captain
Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, rebuilt Carthage and Carthage of Aeneid
colonies and colonization
Carthaginian
Greek
Phoenician
relocation of surplus population
Roman
in Sicily
Tyrian
see also Gades; Sardinia; Sicily; Spain
Concordia, temple to (120 BC)
Constantine, Emperor
copper
Cyprus
Mauritania
Sardinia
Core, goddess
introduced to Carthage
Corinth
Roman destruction of (146 BC)
threat to Carthage
Cornelius Nepos, Roman biographer
Corsica
corvus, naval grappling device
Cos, Tyrian factories
Cosa, Italy
Council of Elders
and Hamilcar Barca
and Hannibal
and Hasdrubal
and Mercenaries’ Revolt
reaction to Hamilcar’s pact with Agathocles
recall of Hannibal
relations with Barcids
and siege (149–146)
suspicion of generals
Cremona, Roman colony
Crete
Hannibal on
Crimisius, battle of (340 BC)
Crispinus, Titus Quinctius, consul (208)
Cronium, battle of
Cronus, Greek god
crucifixion, use of
Cuccurredus, Sardinia
culture
acculturation in Sicily
diversification
hybridization
Mediterranean complexity
syncretism in North Africa
see also Greek culture
Cumae
temple of Apollo
Cumae, battle of (474 BC)
Curius Dentatus, Manius
currency
coinage to pay mercenaries
metal ingots and bars
see also coins and coinage
Cybele (Magna Mater, ‘Great Mother’), sacred stone of
Cyclades
Cyprus
links with Carthage
synergy of Heracles and Melqart
Tyrians in
Cyrene, Libya, Greek city of
Daly, Gregory
Damaretê, queen of Syracuse
David, king of Judah (Israel)
Deinomenid family, Syracuse
&
nbsp; Delphi, consultation of oracle at
Demerliac, Jean-Gabriel
Demeter, goddess
Demeter Malophoros introduced to Carthage
temple at Messana
Demetrius of Phalerum
Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia
Desanges, Jehan
diadochi (senior Macedonian military commanders)
Dido, Queen
in Vergil’s Aeneid
diet
on Carthaginian warships
early settlers in Carthage
later variety
see also food
Diodorus Siculus, historian
account of child sacrifice
on Agathocles
on Alexander
battle of Himera
on beginnings of First Punic War
on cult of Demeter and Core in Carthage
on fall of Magonids
on Hannibal’s campaigns in Sicily
on Hasdrubal in Spain
on punishment of military leaders
on Regulus
on rise of Hamilcar Barca
on Roman imperial policy
on Scipio Nascia
on siege of Acragas
on siege of Motya
The Library of History
on wealth in Sicily
see also Timaeus
Diomedes
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek writer in Rome
Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse
divination
Roman use of
see also omens and portents
Dorieus, prince of Sparta
Drepana, Sicilian port
Drusus, Nero
Duilius, Gaius, consul and naval commander
Ebusus, Ibiza
Eckstein, Arthur
Ecnomus, Cape, naval battle (256 BC)
economy
6th century crisis
effect of First Punic War on Carthage
effect of loss of Sardinia
effect of wars in Sicily on
effect of wealth of Spain on recovery
loan from Egypt
recovery from Second Punic War
rural
egersis, festival of Melqart
in Carthage
in Gades
Greek interpretation
Egypt
boat-building
magic symbols
relations with Tyre
trade
El, Phoenician god
elephants
at Acragas
on Barcid coins
at battle of Zama
captured by Roman army
crossing of Alps
crossing of Rhône
forest species
in Hannibal’s army
at Panormus
Pyrrhus’ use of
used to trample rebel mercenaries
Xanthippus’ use of
Elissa (Elisshat) of Tyre compared with Dido
and myth of foundation of Carthage
see also Dido
elite
and control over armies
merchants
and rise of popular power
see also Council of Elders
Elymian people, Sicily
emporia
Carthaginian
Phoenician
Enna, Sicily
Ennius, Quintus
Annales
and Vergil’s Aeneid
Entella, Sicily, bronze tablets
ephebes (statues)
Ephorus, Athenian scholar
epic poetry, Roman
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